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GENEALOGY COLLECTION

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01080 9132

SOUTHERN

Historical Society Papers .

VOLTJIMIE III.

JANUARY TO JUNE, 187T.

RICHMOND, VA.:

Kev. J. WILLIAM JONES, D. D.,

Secretary Southern Historical Society.

GEORGE W. GARY,

PRINTER AND STATIONER,

RICHMOND, VA.

1^92335

CONTENTS.

JANTJARY.

Defence of Mobile in 1865, by General D.
H. Maury 1

Detailed Minutije of Soldier Life, by Carl-
ton McCarthy 13

Defence of Fort Gregg, by General James
H.Lane 19

Address on the Character of Gen. R. B.
Lee, by Capt. John Hampden Chamber-
layne •»

Defence of Fort Morgan— Reports of Gen-
eral R. L. Page 3T

Diary of Captain R. E. Park 43

Editorial Paragraphs 4T

FEBRUARY.

General R. H. Anderson's Report of the
Battle of Gettysburg 49

Diary of Captain R. K. Park 55

Battle of Atchafalaya River— Letter from
General Thomas Green 62

Lieutenant-General S. D. Lee's Report of
the Tennessee Campaign 64

General J. E. B. Stuart's Report of his Ex-
pedition into Pennsylvania 72

Letters on the Treatment and Exchange

of Prisoners 7T

The Defence of Fort Gregg 82

Dahlgren's Ride into Fredericksburg 8T

Editorial Paragraphs 91

MARCH.

Resources of the Confederacy in 1865—
Report of Gen. L M. St. John, Commis-
sary General 9T

General Early's Valley Campaign, by Gen-
eral A. L. Long 112

Diary of Captain R. B. Park 123

Letter from General A. S. Johnston 128

Maryland Troops In the Confederate Ser-
vice, by Lamar Hollyday 130

Comments on the First Volume of Count
of Paris' Civil War in America, by Gen-
eral J. A. Early 140

The Last Confederate Surrender, by Lleu-
tenant-General Richard Taylor 155

Editorial Paragraphs 169

APRIL.

Report of Major-General Carter L. Steven-
son of the Tennessee Campaign 161

The Peace Commission of 1865, by Hon.
R. M. T. Hunter 168

Cavalry Operations in May, 1863— Report
of General J. E. B. Stuart ITT

Diary of Captain R. E. Park 183

Field Letters from Stuart's Headquarters, 190

Zagonyi's Charge with Fremont's Body-
Guard, by Col. Wm. Preston Johnston. . 195

The Nation on our Discussion of the Pri-
son Question WT

Garnett'a Brigade at Gettysburg 215

Part taken by the Ninth Virginia Cavalry
in Repelling the Dahlgren Raid 219 •

Editorial Paragraphs 222

MAY AND JUNE.

Dalton- Atlanta Campaign— Report of Ma-
jor-General C. L. Stevenson 225

Battle of Chancellorsville— Report of Gen-
eral R. E. Lee 230

Diary of Captain R. E. Park 244

Torpedoes, by General G. J. Rains, Chief
of the Confederate Torpedo Service — 255

Report of Major-General Samuel Jones of
Operations at Charleston, S. C 261

Sketch of the Late General 8. Cooper, by
General Fitz. Lee 269

Battle of Seven Pines— Report of General

James Loiigstreet 2T7

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland

Campaign— Report of General J. K. B.

Stuart 281

Field Telegrams *»»

Editorial Paragraphs 301

Colonel Charles C. Jones' Confederate

Roster 306

siiiEi imim sMEii mm.

Yol. III.

Kichniond, Ya., January, 1877.

No.l.

The Defence of Mobile in 1865.

By General Dabney H. Maury.

[We deem it a valuable service to tlie cause of historic truth to be able to
present from time to time careful reviews of books about tiie war. And our
readers will consider us fortunate in liaviiig secured the following review of
General Andrews' book from the pen of tiie able soldier who made the gal-
lant defence of Mobile against such overwlielming odds.]

History of the Campaign of Mobile.
trand, Publisher, &c.

By Brevet Major-General C. C. Andrews. D. Van Nos-

This is an octavo volume of more than 250 pages, prepared in
1865-6, and entirely devoted to the campaign of Mobile.

The author manifests extreme pride in the success accomplished
by the Federal army, in which he held high command. He has
avowedly endeavored to set forth fairly the facts of the history he
has undertaken to record, but has shown how difficult was the task
when the passions of the recent strife were so fresh, j

The first and second chapters are devoted to the capture by
Farragut of Forts Morgan and Gaines and Powell. Though they
are not very accurate, we let them pass.

Chapter four is very short, but it contains as many errors as can
well be found in any other chapter not longer.

It vindicates, as the author thinks, Canby's selection of his base
of operations, which was made upon the eastern shore of Mobile
bay, and from which he operated against detached outworks of
comparatively little importance.

We were infinitely relieved when we found the attack would be
there — but never knew why ; and until General Andrews told us
in this chapter why General Steele's column moved from Pensacola
up to Pollard, we had been at a loss to account for that movement.
He says it was to prevent us from escaping Canby's army on the
eastern shore and making our way to Montgomery ! Such a route
of escape had never been contemplated by us. We always feared

2 Southern Historical Society Papers.

lest he might intercept us on the Mobile and Ohio railroad, by
which we ultimately moved away unmolested.

Had Canby landed on Dog river, west of Mobile, and invested
the city, he would hf»,ve found his work shorter and easier, and
might have captured my whole army. The city was level and ex-
posed thr.ughout the whole extent to fire from any direction.
There were near 40,000 non-combatants within its lines of defence,
whose sufferings under a seige would soon have paralyzed the de-
fence by a garrison so small as ours was; and the early evacuation
would have been inevitable, while it would have been exceedingly
difficult of accomplishment. Had Canby not made the indefen-
sible blunder of landing his army at Fish river to attack Mobile,
the sending of Steele's corps towards Pollard would not have been
a blunder, for then I might have been forced to try to bring out
my garrison on that side, and to lead it to Mongomery, and have
had to drive Steele from my path or surrender to him.

On page 41 we have an illustration of the Puritan origin of our
author, in the following:

"Such of the soldiers as were disposed aesembled in religious
meetings when circumstances permitted. One pleasant evening,
in Gilbert's brigade 1,000 men were assembled and * * *
* * * poured forth their fervent prayers and joined their
voices in sacred hymns. Nor will those who remember such heroes
as Havelock deny that piety is a help to valor."

A little reflection on its illogical results would, perhaps, have
caused General Andrews to spare us this appeal to the cant loving
community for whom he writes, and adopt the more simple style
becoming a military historian of his opportunities.

Canby was moving with 60,000 soldiers and Farragut's fleet to
attack 8,000 ill-appointed Confederates, and to capture them. And
after our little army had withstood his great armament and armada
for three weeks, and had then bravely made good its retreat. Gen.
Andrews calls upon his readers to admire the great valor, supple-
mented by the piety^, of the attacking army, because one pleasant
night they had prayers and sang hymns in their bivouac in the
piney woods.

He tells us Canby's base on Fish river was only twenty miles
below Spanish Fort; that he occupied nine days in marching that
distance; that his wing entrenched itself every night — all in a
strain of grandiloquence conformable with his illustration of its
piety, and rendered especially absurd to us, who knew that there

Defence of Mobile. 3

was no force in Canby's front except about five hundred cavalry
under Colonel Spence.

It is true, Spence handled his men with excellent skill and cour-
age, and no doubt had even praying in a quiet way every night-
for he made 40,000 Federals move very circumspectly every day',
and entrench themselves every night against him; and herel will
say Colonel Spence was one -of the most efficient and comfortable
out-post commanders I ever had to deal with. He always took what
was given him and made the most of it. He was devoted, active,
brave and modest, and did his whole duty to the very last day of
our existence as an army.

In my comments on the allusion of General Andrews to praying
in his camp, I do not mean to dissent from the well understood
fact that valor and piety often go together, and we do not, above
all things, wish to incur the suspicion of irreverence. The simple
unpretending piety which prevailed in the Confederate camps has
always been the subject of our genuine respect. There has never
been in any army of modern times a soldiery so sober, so continent,
so religious or so reliant, as was to be found in the armies of the
Southern Confederacy ; from our great commander down to the
youngest privates in the ranks, in all might have been observed
one high purpose — to stand by the right — and to maintain that
the support and aid of the God of Battles was daily invoked; and
that it was not invoked in vain, let the unsurpassed achievements
of the Confederate troops bear witness. There was never a day
from the beginning to the end of the war that the chaplains of our
regiments did not discharge their duty, and as a class there were
none in our armies who held and who still retain more of the con-
fidence, the respect and the affection of the Confederate soldiers
than the Confederate chaplains. No matter what was his sect —
whether Roman Catholic or Protestant — every soldier knew he had
in his chaplain a friend, and for many weary weeks after the time
General Andrews commemorates, he might, had he been with us,
have daily attended mass performed by the brave priests in the
camps of our Louisianians, or joined in the simpler devotions
which were led by the devoted ministers ol the regiments of Ector's
fierce Texans.

The piety and the valor which went hand in hand through
our armies, were not working for naught — and it may yet be,
even in the lifetime of General Andrews, that Providence, who
works in a misterious way, may manifest how surely the right will

4 Southern Historical Society Papers.

triumph in the end — and that he will live to see and understand
that the principles we fought to uphold are essential to civil liberty
in its highest perfection, and the time seems near at hand when
all the world will know it.

Page 44, the statement of the strength of the garrison of Mobile
is very inaccurate. Including 1,500 cavalry and all the available
fighting men for defence of Mobile, and all its outposts, batteries
and dependencies, my force did not exceed 9,000 men of all arms!

The cavalry constituted no part of the defensive force of the
places attacked, and all of our infantry and a large part of our
artillery was sent away from Mobile to Spanish Fort and Blakely.
During the fighting on the eastern shore, the city of Mobile and
all the works and forts immediately around it were garrisoned by
scarce 3,000 artillerists ! And by a bold dash, the place could have
been carried any night during the operations against Spanish Fort.

Page 48, the author is mistaken in saying we had Parrott guns
in Spanish Fort. The only Parrott gun we had at that time
about Mobile was a thirty-pounder Parrott, named " Lady Richard-
son." We had captured her at Corinth in October, 1862, my Divi-
sion Chief of Artillery, Colonel William E. Burnett, brought her
off, and added her to our park of field artillery, and we had kept
her ever since.

But we had some cannon better than any Parrott had ever made.
They were the Brooke guns, made at Selma in the Confederate,
naval works, of the iron from Briarsfield, Alabama — the best iron
for making cannon in the world.

Our Brooke guns at Mobile were rifles, of 11-inch, 10-inch, 7-
inch and 6/^-inch callibres. They out-ranged the Parrotts, and,
though subjected to extraordinary service, not one of them was
ever bursted or even strained.

The mistakes into which General Andrews has fallen are natu-
ral and almost inevitable. His real desire to write fairly is evinced
by the handsome compliments he pays to Confederate officers on
several occasions, as in case of Lieutenant Sibley, who, with six
men, boldly attacked the wagon train of Canby's army, brought
off his spoils, and created a little flutter of alarm all throughout
the post.

General Andrews persists in his mistake as to the numbers of
the garrisons of the respective places, and he counts the same forces
twice in the same place. Thus, when the "boy brigade" was re-
lieved in Spanish Fort by the Alabama brigade, the boys were sent

Defence of Mobile. 5

away to Blakely: but the author continues to count them as if
still forming part of Spanish Fort garrison.

But despite the defects of the work, some of which we have en-
deavored to illustrate, it is a valuable addition to the history of
the times, and will probably be the accepted authority on that side
about the essential history of the last great battle of the war be-
tween the States, as it is not probable that anybody else will have
the painstaken industry and, at the same time, the direct personal
interest in the subject to embody in a form so permanent the events
of a campaign so brief and so bootless— a campaign which was
begun when scarce a hope was left of that independence for which
we had fought four years and was ended after Lee's surrender at
Appomattox had enshrowed in the pall of utter despair every
heart that could feel a patriot's glow throughout all our stricken
land.

Because it was my honor to command that Confederate army at
Mobile, and my privilege to share its fortunes to the very end, it
is my duty to record its story. T cannot do so more briefly than
in the narrative I now reproduce, which was originally written by
me soon after Mr. Davis, our late honored President, was released
from arrest on account of his participation in the war of secession.

He had entrusted me with the command of the Department ot
the Gulf and the defence of Mobile. I felt a soldier's natural de.
sire to inform him how that trust had been executed.

General Andrews' book and excellent maps, in connection with
the report and comments herein given, will afford to the military
reader all that is essential to a proper understanding of the last
great battle which has yet been fought to uphold the rights of the
States against the encroachments of the Federal power.

Dabney H. Maury,

Mojor-General late Confederate Army.

New Orleans, Louisiana, December 25, 1871.

To Hon. Jeffeeson Davis.

Late President Southern Confederacy :

My dear sir— I avail myself of your permission to narrate
to you the history of the last great military operation between tlie
troops of the Confederate States and the troops of the Lniled

Immediately after the battle of Nasliville, preparations were
commenced for the reduction of Mobile. Two corps which had

6 Southern Historical Society Papers.

been sent to reinforce Thomas at Nashville were promptly returned
to Canby in New Orleans, and the collection of material and trans-
portation for a regular siege of Mobile commenced. General Taylor
agreed with me in the opinion that ten thousand men in Mobile
would compel a siege by regular approaches, would occupy the
Federal troops in the Southwest for a long time, and would be as
much as the Confederacy could spare for such objects. He thought
he could send me such a force ; and believed that the cavalry under
Forrest would be able to defeat Wilson and succor me, and prevent
the successful siege of the place if I could hold out for seven days.
The general orders given me by General Beauregard and General
Taylor were to save my garrison, after having defended my position
as long as was consistent with the ultimate safet}^ of my troops
and to burn all the cotton in the city, except that which had been
guaranteed protection against such burning by the Confederate
authorities.

Canby organized his forces in Mobile bay and at Pensacola.
Two army corps rendezvoused on Fish river under the immediate
command of Canby ; another army corps asseniblt-d at Pensacola
under General Steele. The whole expeditionary force against
Mobile consisted of fifty thousand infantry, seven thousand cavalry,
a very large train of field and siege ariillery, a fleet of more than
twenty men-of-war, and about fifty transports, mostly steamers.
The preparations having commenced in December, the attack
began on the 25th of March.

My total effective force was seven thousand seven hundred ex-
cellent infantry and artillery, fifteen hundred cavalry, and about
three hundred field and siege guns. A naval force of four small
gunboats co-operated with my troops.

The column under Canby marched from Fish river against the
position of Spanish Fort. On March 25th information received
through the advanced cavalry induced me to believe that the
column from Fish river was not more than twelve thousand strong;
and expecting it would march by the river road with its left covered
by the fleet, I origanized a force of four thousand five hundred in-
fantry and ten guns, and resolved to give battle to Canby at the
crossing of D'Olive creek, about two miles distant i'rom the works
of Spanish Fort. The troops ordered for this service were the
Missouri brigade of Cockrell, Gibson's Louisiana brigade, Ector's
Texas and North Carolina brigade, and Thomas' brigade of Ala-
bama boy-reserves, the third Missouri battery and Culpeper's
battery, I felt confident then, and the light of experience justifies
the confidence, that had Canby marched upon us with only twelve
thousand troops, we should have beaten him in the field; but lie
moved by a road which turned our position far to the lelt, and his
force was near forty thousand men. I therefore moved the troops
into Spanish Fort and Blakely, and awaited his attack in them. I'
assigned General St. John Liddell to tlie immediate command of
Blakely, and General Randall Gibson to the immediate command

Defence of Mobile. 7

of Spanish Fort. They were both gentlemen of birth and breeding,
soldiers of good education and experience, and entirely devoted to
their duty. Spanish Fort was garrisoned by Gibson's Louisiana
brigade, the brigade of Alabama boy-reserves, part of the twenty-
second Louisiana regiment (heavy artillerists), Slocomb's battery
of light artillery, Massenberg's (Georgia) light artillery company,
and a few others not now remembered.

The works of Spanish Fort consisted of a heavy battery of six
guns on a blufi" of the left bank of the Apalachie river, three
thousand yards below Battery Huger. This was strongly enclosed
in the rear. On commanding eminences five hundred to six
hundred yards to its rear were erected three other redoubts, which
were connected by light rifle-pits with each other. The wl)ole crest
of the line of defence was about two thousand five hundred yards,
and swept around old Spanish Fort as a centre, with the right flank
resting on Apalachie river, the left flank resting on Bayou Minette.
At first the garrison consisted of about two thousand five hundred
efl'ectives, but I reduced its numbers by transferring the brigade of
boy-reserves to Bhikely, and replacing it by veterans of Ector's
brigade and Holtzelaw's Alabama brigade. After this change was
made (about the fourth day of the siege) the position wtis held by
fifteen hundred muskets and less than three hundred artillerists

On the twenty-sixth of March, Canby invested tlie position with
a force of one corps and two divisions of infantry, and a large siege
train; another division of infantry invested Blakely on the same
day. The siege of Spanish Fort was at once commenced by regular
approaches, and was prosecuted with great industry and caution.
The defence was active, bold and defiant. The garrison fought all
day and worked all night, until the night of April 8th, when the
enemy eff"ected a lodgment on the left flank which threatened to
close the route of evacuation for the garrison. I had caused a
plank road or bridge about one mile long to be made on trestles
from the left flank of the lines of Spanish Fort, over the Bayou
'Minette and the marshes, to a. point opposite Battery Huger; and
General Gibson's orders were to save his garrison, when tlie siege
had been protracted as long as possible without losing his troops,
by marching out over this bridge. On the eighth of April 1 ordered
Gibson to commence the evacuation that nigiit, by sending over to
Mobile all surplus stores, etc., for which ])urpose I sent him some
of the blockade steamers. They arrived in good time to save his
garrison, for at 10 P. M. Gibson, finding the enemy too firmly estab-
lished on his left to be dislodged, in obedience to his orders inarched
his garrison out on the plank road, and abandoned the position of
Spanish Fort and its material to the enemy. He lost some
pickets and about thirty-five cannon and mortars. I moved the
troops to Mobile, anticipating an early attack on the city. I con-
sider the defence of Spanish Fort by General Gibson and the
gentlemen of his command one of tlie most spirited defences ot
the war.

g Southern Historical Society Papers.

Blakely was atta<;ked by regular siege on the 1st of April, Steele's
corps came down from the direction of Pollard, and with the divi-
sions that had been lying before Blakely since the 26th, broke
ground very cautiously against the place. The position of Blakely
was better for defence than that of Spanish Fort. The works con-
sisted of nine lunettes connected by good rifle-pits, and covered in
front by a double line of abatis, and of an advanced line of rifle-
pits. The crest was about three thousand yards long. Both flanks
rested on Apalachie river, on the marsh. No part of the line was
exposed to enfilade fire. Thtf garrison was the noble brigade of
Missourians, Elisha Gates commanding, the survivors of more than
twenty battles, and the finest troops I have ever seen; the Alabama
boy-reserve brigade under General Thomas, part of Holtzelaw's
brigade, Barry's Mississippi brigade, the First Mississippi light
artillery armed as infantry, several light batteries with about thirty
five pieces of field and siege artillery, besides Cohorn and siege
mortars. The whole eff"ective force was about 2,700 men under
General St. John Liddell. The gallant General Cockrell of Mis-
souri was next in command.

During Sunday, the day after the evacuation of Spanish Fort,
the enemy was continually moving troops from below towards
Blakely, and Sunday evening about five o'clock he assaulted the
centre of the line with a heavy column of eleven brigades (about
22,000 men in three lines of battle) and carried the position,
capturing all of the material and of the troops, except about 150
men, who escaped over the marshes and river by swimming. On
the loss of Blakely I resolved to evacuate Mobile. My effective
force was now reduced to less than 5,000 men, and the supply of
ammunition had been nearly exhausted in the siege of the two
position which the enemy had taken from me. Mobile contained
nearly forty thousand non-combatants. The city and its population
were entirely exposed to the fire which would be directed against
its defences. With the means now left me an obstinate or pro-
tracted defence would have been impossible, while the consequences
of its being stormed by a combined force of Federal and negro
troops would have been shocking — my orders were to save my
troops, after having made as much time as possible — therefore I
decided to evacuate Mobile at once. BlakeJy was carried on Sunday
evening at 5 o'clock; I completed the evacuation of Mobile on
Wednesday morning, having dismantled the works, removed the
stores best suited for troops in the field, transferred the commissary
stores to the Mayor for the use of the people, and marched out
with 4,500 infantry and artillery, twenty-seven light cannon, and
brought off all the land and water transportation.

During the night of Tuesday I remained in the city with the
rear guard of 300 Louisiana infantry, commanded by Colonel Robert
Lindsey, and marched out on Wednesday morning with them at
sunrise. I left General Gibson to see to the withdrawrl of the
cavalry pickets and the burning of the cotton. At 11 o'clock,

Defence of Mobile. ' $

the whole business of evacuation being completed, General Gibson
sent a white flag to the fleet to inform the enemy that he might
take quiet possession of Mobile, since there was" no Confederate
force to oppose him. Soon after midday Canby marched in. Six
thousand cavalry had been sent up the country from Pensacola to
prevent my escape; but they could not get across the Alabama
and Tombigbee rivers, which with their bottoms were flooded, and
I reached Meridian with my army unopposed. No active pursuit
was made. By General Taylor's orders I moved the troops to Cuba
station, refitted the transportation and field batteries, and made
ready to march across and join General Joseph E. Johnston in
Carolina. The tidings of Lee's surrender soon came, then of the
capture of the President of the Confederacy. But under all these
sad and depressing trials, the little army of Mobile remained
steadfastly together, and in perfect order and discipline awaited
the final issue of events.

On the 8th of May we marched back to Meridian to surrender,
and on the 13th of May we had completed the turning in of arms
(to our own ordnance officers), and the last of us departed for his
home a paroled prisoner of war.

Nothing in the history of those anxious days appears to me
more touching and devoted than the conduct of the garrison of
Mobile. Representatives of every State in the Southern Confede-
racy, veterans of every army and of scores of battles, they resisted
an army of ten-fold their numbers, until near half their force was
destroyed, and then made good their retreat in good order. After
reaching their encampment near Cuba, they preserved the dignity
of brave and devoted men who had staked all and lost all save
honor. Every night they assembled around the camp-fires of their
generals and called for tidings from the army of the Conl'ederacy
and from their President. After receiving ail of the information
we could impart, they would give us "three cheers'' and return to
their bivouacs. I think there was no day on which they would
not have attacked and beaten a superior force of the enemy.

During the fourteen days of siege of Spanish Fort, the daily loss
of the garrison in killed and wounded ranged from fifteen to twenty.
During the eight days of the siege of Blakely, the losses were from
twenty to twenty-five daily. The only officer of rank killed was
my Chief of Artillery, Colonel W. E. Burnett, son of the venerable
ex-President of Texas. He was a man of rare attainments, of
extraordinary military capacity, of unshrinking courage, and pure
character. On the morning of April 4th I took him with me to
Spanish Fort to establish a new battery: a sharpshooter shot him
in the forehead, and he died in a few hours.

There were many instances of fine conduct during these opera-
tions. You may remember there were two little batteries con-
structed on the right bank of the Apalachie river, several miles
below Blakely, called "Huger"and "Tracey"; they were to defend
that river, they had but little over two hundred rounds ot am-

I

10 Southern Histcrlcal Society Papers.

munition to each gun; therefore I made them hold their fire during
the whole siege. The garrisons of these batteries were 300 men of
the Twenty-second Louisiana, under the command of Colonel
Patton, of Virginia. Early in the action the enemy opened some
Parrott batteries on these forts, and for more than ten days they
silently received the fire which they might not reply to. After
Blakely fell, these two little outposts remained close to the centre
of the army of the enemy (50,000 men), who were continually
opening new guns upon them and incrensing their fire; still they
replied not. On their right lay the great Federal fleet; ten miles
to their rear was their nearest support — in Mobile — and a waste of
marshes and water lay between. At last came to them the long
looked for order: "Open all your guns upon the enemy, keep up
an active fire, and hold your position until you receive orders to
retire." And so they did, until late on Tuesday night I sent Major
Cummins, of my staff, to inform them the evacuation of Mobile
was complete, their whole duty was performed, and they might
retire. The first steamer I sent for them grounded, and I had
(about 2 A. M.) to dispatch another. Every man was brought
safely off, with his small arms and ammunition — they dismantled
their batteries before they abandoned them — and it was nine o'clock
Wednesday morning before they left the wharf of Mobile for
Demopolis.

These garrisons fired the last cannon in the last great battle of
the war for the freedom of the Southern States. I believe the
enemy's loss during all these operations was not less than 7,000
killed and wounded. Two of his ironclads were sunk on Apalachie
bar by torpedoes; four other armed vessels and five transports were
sunk during and after the siege — making, with the Tecumseh, twelve
hostile vessels destroyed in Mobile bay by the torpedoes.

Our own little fleet did all they could to aid the defence, but
there Avas little opportunity for them. On the morning of the
evacuation, the two floating batteries were sunk in the river by
their own crews. The other vessels were moved up the Tombigbee
river to Demopolis, in convoy of the fleet of transports.

I reflect with satisfaction that it was my privilege to command
Confederate troops in our last great battle, and that those troops
behaved to the last with so much courage and dignity.
With highest respect, I remain truly yours,

Dabney H. Maury,

Major-General late Confer! er ate Army^
Frisoner of War on Parole.

Remarks, Etc.

During the siege of Spanish Fort the expenditure of small-arm
ammunition was very great. The garrison at first fired 36,000
rounds per day ; the young reserves spent it freely. The old Texans
and veterans from North Carolina and Alabama, who replaced the

Defence of Mobile. H

brigade of boys, were more deliberate and careful of their ammu-
nition, and we reduced its expenditure to 12,000 rounds per day.

Tiie torpedoes were the most striking and effective of the new
contrivance for defence which were used during these operations.
Every avenue of approach to the outwnrl<s or to the city of Mobile
was guarded by submarine torpedoes, so that it was impossible for
any vessel draAving three feet of water to get within effective cannon
range of any part of our defences. Two ironclads attempted to get
near enough to Spanish Fort to take part in the bombardment.
They both suddenly struck the bottom on Apalachie bar, and
thenceforward the fleet made no further attempt to encounter the
almost certain destruction which they saw awaited any vessel which
might attempt to enter our torpedo-guarded waters. But many
were sunk when least expecting it. Some went down long after
the Confederate forces had evacuated Mobile. The Tecumseh was
probably sunk on her own torpedo. While steaming in lead of
Farragut's fleet she carried a torpedo affixed to a spar which pro-
jected some twenty feet from her bows; she proposed to use this
torpedo against the Tennessee, our only formidable ship; but while
passing Fort Morgan a shot from that fort cut away the stays by
which the lecuwseK's torpedo was secured; it then doubled under
her, and exploding fair]}'- under the bottom of the ill-fated ship,
she careened and sunk instantly in ten fathoms of water. Only
six or eight of her crew of one hundred and fifty officers and men
were saved — the others still lie in their iron coffin at the bottom of
the bay. Besides the Tecumseh, eleven other Federal vessels, men-
of-war and transports, were sunk by torpedoes in Mobile bay; and
their effectiveness as a means of defence of harbors was clearly
established by the results of this siege. Had we understood their
power in the beginning of the war as we came to do before its end,
we could have effectually defended every harbor, channel or river
throughout the Confederate States against all sorts of naval attacks.
It is noteworthy that the Confederate ironclad Virginia, by her
fearful destruction of the Federal war-ships in Hampton Roads
early in the war, caused all the maritime powers of the world to
remodel their navies and build ironclads at enormous expense,
only to learn by the Confederate lessons of Mobile that ironclads
cannot avail against torpedoes; for, as the Federal naval captain
who had been engaged in clearing Mobile bay of the torpedoes and
of the wrecks they had made, after the close of the war remarked
to the writer: "It makes no difference whether a ship is of wood,
or is tin clad, or is iron-clad, if she gets over a torpedo it blows the
same size hole in the bottom of all alike, which I found on an
average to be just twelve feet by eight square." He furthermore
stated that he- had ascertained that in every instance but one of
the wrecks in Mobile bay, the vessel had been sunk while backmg—
only one exploded a torpedo while going ahead.

During the fight in Spanish Fort our cannoniers found effectual
protection from the extraordinarily heavy fire of sharpshooters m

12 Southern Historical Society Papers.

mantlets or screens, made by plates of steel about two feet by three
square, and about half-inch thick; they were so secured to the
inner faces of the embrasures that thoy were quickly lowered and
raised as the gun ran into battery or recoiled. General Beauregard,
before the battle began, gave me the model of a capital sort of
wooden embrasure, to be used by our own sharpshooters; they were
to be covered over by sand-bags as soon as the rifleman should
establish himself in his pit. The old veterans of the Army of
Tennessee at once acknowledged their superiority over " head logs,*'
or any other contrivance for covering sharpshooters, and the demand
for them was soon greater than I could supply.

The Brooke guns, of which I had a large number, of calibres
ranging from six and four-tenths up to eleven inches, were more
formidable and serviceable than any which the Federals used
against me. These guns were cast at Selma of the iron about
Briarfield in North Alabama. It must be the best gun-metal in
the world. Some of our Brooke guns were subjected to extraordi-
narily severe tests, yet not one of them burst or was in any degree
injured: nt the same time they outranged the enemy's best and
heaviest Parrotts, which not unlrequently burst by overcharging
and over-elevation.

By a capital invention of Colonel William E. Burnett, of Texas,
our gun-carriages were much simplified; we were enabled to dis-
pense with eccentrics entirely, and our heaviest cannon could be
run into battery with one hand.

In every })art of this narrative I have been thinking of the staff
officers who were with me throughout the whole of those trying
tinjes — friends who have always been true and soldiers who were
tried by every test. Whatever efficiency attended the operations en-
trusted to my conduct throughout the war, was due to their intelli-
gence, courage and devotion. Three of them sleep in their soldier's
graves, and were in mercy spared the miseries of the subjugation
against which they fought so nobly. John Maury, m}^ Aidede-
Camp, gave up his young life at Vicksburg, in 1863; Columbus
Jackson, Inspector General, soon followed him, and William E.
Burnett, Chief of Artillery, fell in Spanish Fort, and was almost
the last officer killed during the war.

D. W. Flowewee, Adjutant-General ; John Gillespie, Ordnance
Officer; Edmund Cummings, Inspector-General; Sylvester Nideleh,
Surgeon; Dick Holland and John Mason, Aides-de-Camp, survived
the dangers of those arduous campaigns, and are still manfully
combatting the evils we fought togetlier to avert from our people.
They were gallant soldiers in war, and have shown themselves
good citizens in the "peace" vouchsafed to us.

D. H. M.

Detailed Minutise of Soldier Life. 13

The following farewell order was published to the troops who
remained with me after the battle of Mobile:

Headquarteks Maury's Division,
Camp six miles east of Meridian, Mississippi, May 7, 1865.

Soldiers— Our last march is almost ended. To-morrow we shall
lay down the arms we have borne for four years to defend our rights,
to win our liberties.

We know that we have borne them with honor; and we only
now surrender to the overwhelming power of the enemy, which
has rendered further resistance hopeless and mischievous lo our
own people and cause. But we shall never forget the noble com-
rades who have stood shoulder to shoulder with us until now; the
noble dead who have been martyred; the noble Southern women
who have been wronged and are unavenged; or the noble princi-
ples for which we have fought. Conscious that we have phiyed
our part like men, confident of the righteousness of our cause,
without regret for our past action, and without despair of the
future, let us to-morrow, with the dignity of the veterans who are
the last to surrender, perform the sad duty which has been assigned
to us.

Your friend and comrade,

Dabney H. Maury,
Major-General Confederate Army.

Detailed Minntiee of Soldier Life in the Army of Nortliern Tirgrinia.

By Caklton McCarthy,
Private Second Company Blchmond Howitzers, Cutshaw's Battalion.

Paper No. 3 — On the March.

It is a common mistake of those who write on subjects familiar
to themselves, to omit that particularity of description and detailed
mention which, to one not so conversant with the matters discussed,
is necessary to a clear appreciation of the meaning of the writer.
This mistake is all the more fatal when the writer lives and writes
in one age and his readers live in another.

And so a soldier, writing for the information of the citizen, should
forget his familiarity with the every-day scenes of soldier life and
strive to record even those things which seem to him too common
to mention. Who does not know all about the marching of sol-
diers? Those who have never marched with them and some who
have. The varied experience of thousands would not tell the
whole story of the march. Every man must be heard before the

14 Southern Historical Society Papers.

story is told, and even then the part of those who fell by the way
is wanting.

Orders to move! Where? when? what for? — are the eager ques-
tions of the men as they begin their preparations to march. Gen-
erally nobody can answer, and the journey is commenced in utter
ignorance of where it is to end. But shrewd guesses are made, and
scraps of information will be picked up on the way. The main
thought must be to "get ready to move." The orderly sergeant is
shouting "fall in," and there is no time to lose. The probability is
that before you get your blanket rolled up, find your frying pan,
haversack, axe, &c., and "fall in," the roll-call will be over, and
some " extra duty " provided.

No wonder there is bustle in the camp. Rapid decisions are to
be made between the various conveniences which have accumu-
lated, for some must be left. One fellow picks up the skillet, holds
it awhile, mentally determining how much it weighs, and what
will be the weight of it after carrying it five miles, and reluctantly,
with a half-ashamed, sly look, drops it and takes his place in ranks.
Another having added to his store of blankets too freely, now has
to decide which of the two or three he will leave. The old water-
bucket looks large and heavy, but one stout-hearted, strong-armed
man has taken it affectionately to his care.

This is the time to say farewell to the bread-tray, farewell to the
little piles of clean straw laid between two logs, where it was so
easy to sleep; farewell to those piles of wood, cut with so much
labor; farewell to the girls in the neighborhood; farewell to the
spring, farewell to "our tree" and "our fire," good-bye to the fel-
lows who are not going, and a general good-bye to the very hills
and valleys.

Soldiers commonly threw away the most valuable articles they
possessed. Bhmkets, overcoats, shoes, bread and meat, — all gave
way to the necessities of the march; and what one man threw away
would frequently be the very article another wanted and would
immediately pick up. So there was not much lost after all.

The first hour or so of the march was generally quite orderly —
the men preserving their places in ranks and marching with a good
show of order; but soon some lively fellow whistles an air, some-
body else starts a song, the whole column breaks out with roars of
laughter, ''route step" takes the place of order, and the jolly sing-
ing, laughing, talking and joking that follows none could describe.

Now let any young officer dare to pass along who sports a new

Detailed Minutiae of Soldier Life. 15

hat, coat, saddle, or anything new, or odd, or fine, and how nicely
he is attended to.

The expressions of good-natured fun, or contempt, which one
regiment of inftmtry was capable of uttering in a day for the bene-
fit of passers by, would fill a volume. As one thing or another
in the dress of the "subject" of their remarks attracted attention,
they would shout, "Come out of that hat!! — you can't hide in
thar!" "Come out of that coat, come out — there's a man in it!!"
" Come out of them boots!!" The infantry seemed to know ex-
actly what to say to torment cavalry and artillery.

If any one on the roadside was simple enough to recognize and
address by name a man in the ranks, the whole column would
kindly respond, and add all sorts of pleasant remarks, such as,
"Halloa, John, here's your brother!" "Bill!! oh Bill!!! hers's
your ma ! " " Glad to see you ! — How's your grandma? " " How-
dey do!" "Come out of that 'biled shirt'!"

Troops on the march were generally so cheerful and gay that an
outsider looking on them as they marched would hardly imagine
how they suffered. In summer time, the dust, combined with the
heat, caused great suffering. The nostrils of the men, filled with
dust, became dry and feverish, and even the throat did not escape.
The "grit" was felt between the teeth, and the eyes were rendered
almost useless. There was dust in eyes, mouth, ears and hair. The
shoes were full of sand, and penetrating the clothes, and getting in
at the neck, wrists, and ankles, the dust, mixed with perspiration,
produced an irritant almost as active as cantharides. The heat
was at times. terrific, but the men become greatly accustomed to it,
and endured it with wonderful ease. Their heavy woollen clothes
were a great annoyance. Tough linen or cotton clothes would
have been a great relief; indeed, there are many objections to
woollen clothing for soldiers even in winter. The sun produced
great changes in the appearance of the men. Their skins were
tanned to a dark brown or red, their hands black almost, and,
added to this the long, uncut beard and hair, they too burned to a
strange color, made them barely recognizable to the homefolks.

If the dust and the heat were not on hand to annoy, their very
able substitutes were. Mud, cold, rain, snow, hail and wind took
their places. Rain was the greatest discomfort a soldier could have.
It was more uncomfortable than the severest cold with clear
weather. Wet clothes, shoes and blankets; wet meat and bread ;
wet feet and wet ground; wet wood to burn, or, rather, not to burn;

16 Southern Historical Society Papers.

wet arms and ammunition; wet ground to sleep on, mud to
wade through, swollen creeks to ford, muddy springs, and a thou-
sand other discomforts attended the rain. There was no comfort
on a rainy day or night except in "bed"— that is, under your
blanket and oilcloth. Cold winds, blowing the rain in the faces
of the men, increased the discomfort. Mud was often so deep as
to submerge the horses and mules, and at times it was necessary for
one man or more to extricate another from the mud holes in the
road.

Marching at night, when very dark, was attended with additional
discomforts and dangers, such as falling ofif bridges, stumbling into
ditches, tearing the face and injuring the eyes against the bushes
and projecting limbs of trees, and getting separated from your own
company and hopelessly lost in the multitude.

Of course, a man lost had no sympathy. If he dared to ask a
question, every man in hearing would answer, each differently, and
then the whole multitude would roar with laughter at the lost man,
and ask him "if his mother knew he was out?"

Very few men had comfortable or fitting shoes, and less had
socks, and, as a consequence, the suffering from bruised and in-
flamed feet was terrible. It was a common practice, on long
marches, for the men to take ofif their shoes and carry them in
their hands or swung over their shoulder.

When large bodies of troops were moving on the same road
the alternate "halt" and "forward" was very harassing. Every
obstacle produced a halt and caused the men at once to sit and lie
down on the road-side where shade or grass tempted them, and
about the time they got fixed they would hear the word "for-
ward!" and then have to move at increased speed to close up the
gap in the column.

Sitting down for a few minutes on a long march is pleasant, but
it does not always pa3^ When the march is resumed the limbs
are stiff and sore, and the man rather worsted by the rest.

About noon on a hot day, some fellow with the water instinct
would determine in his own mind that a well was not far ahead,
and start ofif in a trot to reach it before the column. Of course
another followed and another, till a stream of men were hurrying
to the well, which was soon completely surrounded by a thirsty mob,
yelling and pushing and pulling to get to the bucket as the wind-
lass brought it again and again to the surface. Impatience and
haste soon overturn the windlass, spatter the water all around the

Detailed Minutix of Soldier Life. 17

well till the whole crowd is wading in mud, and now the rope is
broken and the bucket falls to the bottom. But there is a substi-
tute for rope and bucket. The men hasten away and get long,
slim poles, and on them tie, by their straps, a number of canteens,
which they lower into the well and fill, and unless, as was fre-
quently the case, the whole lot slipped off and fell to the bottom,
drew them to the top and distributed them to their owners, who
at once threw their heads back, inserted the nozzles in their mouths
and drank the last drop, hastening at once to rejoin the marching
column, leaving behind them a dismantled and dry well. It was
in vain the officers tried to stop the stream making for the water,
and equally vain to attempt to move the crowd while a drop re-
mained accessible. Many who were thoughtful carried full can-
teens to comrades in the column who had not been able to get to
the well, and no one who has not had experience of it knows the
thrill of gratification and delight which those fellows knew when
the cool stream gurgled from the battered canteen down their
parched throats.

In very hot weather, when the necessities of the service allowed it,
there was a halt about noon, of an hour or so, to rest the men and
give them a chance to cool oflf and get the sand and gravel out of
their shoes. This time was spent by some in absolute repose —
but the lively "boys told many a yarn, cracked many a joke, and
sung many a song between " halt " and " column forward ! " Some
took the opportunity, if water was near, to bathe their feet, hands
and face, and nothing could be more enjoyable.

The passage of a cider cart (a barrel on wheels) was a rare and
exciting occurrence. The rapidity with which a barrel of sweet
cider was consumed would astonish any one who saw it for the first
time, and generally the owner had cause to wonder at the small
return in cash. Sometimes a desperately enterprising darkey would
approach the column with a cart load of pies "so called." It
would be impossible to describe accurately the taste or appearance
of these pies. They were generally similar in appearance, size
and thickness to a pale specimen of "Old Virginia" buckwheat
cakes, and had a taste which resembled a combination of rancid
lard and crab apples. It was generally supposed that they con-
tained dried apples, and the sellers were careful to state that they
had "sugar in 'em" and "was mighty nice." It was rarely the
case that any "trace" of sugar was found, but they filled up a
hungry man wonderfully.
3

18 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Men of sense, and there were many such in the ranks, were neces-
sarily desious of knowing where or how far they were to march, and
suffered greatly from a feeling of helpless ignorance of where they
were and whither bound — whether to battle or camp. Frequently,
when anticipating the quiet and rest of an ideal camp, they were
thrown, weary and exhausted, into the face of a waiting enemy;
and at times, after anticipating a sharp fight, having formed line of
battle and braced themselves for the coming danger, suffered all
the apprehension and gotten themselves in good fighting trim^
they would be marched off in the dryest and prosiest sort of style
and ordered into camp, where, in all probability, they had to "wait
for the wagon," and for the bread and meat therein, until the pro-
verb, "Patient waiting is no loss," lost all its force and beauty.

Occasionally, when the column extended for a mile or more, and
the road was one dense moving mass of men, a cheer would be
heard away ahead and increasing in volume as it approached until
there was one universal shout. Then some general favorite officer
would dash by, followed by his staff, and explain the cause.

At other times, the same cheering and enthusiasm would result
from the passage down the column of some obscure and despised
officer, who knew it was all a joke, and looked mean and sheepish
accordingly.

The men would generally help each other in real distress, but
their delight was to torment any one who was unfortunate in a
ridiculous way. If, for instance, a piece of artillery was fast in the
mud, the infantry and cavalry passing around the obstruction
would rack their brains for words and phrases applicable to the
situation and most calculated to worry the cannoniers who, waist
deep in the mud, are tugging at the wheels.

Brass bands, at first quite numerous and good, became very rare
and the music very poor in the latter years of the war. It was a
fine thing to see the fellows trying to keep the music going as they
waded through the mud. But poor as the music was, it helped the
footsore and weary to make another mile, and encouraged a cheer
and a brisker step from the lagging and tired column.

As the men became tired, there was less and less talking, until
the whole mass became quiet and serious. Each man was occupied
with his own thoughts. For miles nothing could be heard but the
steady tramp of the men, the rattling and jingling of canteens and
accoutrements, and the occasional "close up, men, — close up!" of
the officers.

Defence of Fort Gregg. jg

As evening came on, questioning of the officers was in order, and
for an hour it would be, "Captain, when are we going into camp?"

"I say, lieutenant! are we going to or to blank?" "Seen

anything of our wagon?" "How long are we to stay here?"—
"Where's the spring?" Sometimes these questions were meant
simply to tease, but generally they betrayed anxiety of some sort,
and a close observer would easily detect the seriousness of the man
who asked after "our wagon," because bespoke feelingly as one
who wanted his supper and was in doubt as to whether' or not he
would get it.

Many a poor fellow dropped in the road and breathed his last in
the corner of a fence, with no one to hear his last fond mention of
his loved ones. And many whose ambition it was to share every
danger 'and discomfort with their comradrs, overcome by the heat
or worn out with disease, were compelled to leave the ranks, and
while friend and brother marched to battle, drag their weak and
staggering frames to the rear, perhaps to die, pitiably alone, in
some hospital, and be buried as one more "Unknown."

An accomplished straggler could assume more misery, look more
horribly emaciated, tell more dismal stories of distress, eat more
and march further (to the rear), than any ten ordinary men
Most stragglers were real sufferers, but many of them were inge-
nious liars, energetic foragers, plunder hunters and gormandizers. *
Thousands who kept their place in ranks to the very end were
equally as tired, as sick, as hungry and as hopeless as these scampp,
but too proud to tell it or use it as a means of escape from hard-
ship.

Defence of Fort Gregg.

[The heroic defence of Fort Gregg showed the spirit of the remnant of onr
grand old army, and illumines the sad page of its history which tells of the
closing scenes of the '•'•Defence of Petersburg.'''' We have never seen in
print ony official account of the brilliant aft'air, and are glad to be able to
present the following from the original MS. report kindly furnislied us by
General James H. Lane.]

BRIGADIER-GENERAL LANE's OFFICIAL REPORT.

Appomattox Courthouse, April 10, 1865.
Major :

I have the honor to report that on the night of the 1st of
April, four regiments of my brigade, with intervals between the
men varying from six to ten paces, were stretched along the works

20 Southern Historical Society Papers.

between Battery Gregg and Hatchers' run, in the following order
from right to left: Twenty-eighth, Thirty-seventh, Eighteenth,
Thirty-third — the right of the Twenty-eighth resting near the brown
house in front of General McRae's winterquarters, and the left of
the Thirty-third on the branch near Mrs. Banks'.

The enemy commenced shelling my line from several batteries
about nine o'clock that night, and the picket lines in my front
opened fire at a quarter to two o'clock the following morning. The
skirmishers from McGowan's brigade, who covered the works held
by my command, were driven in at a quarter to five o'clock, and
my line was pierced by the enemy in strong force at the ravine in
front of the right of the Thirty-seventh near General McGowan's
headquarters. The Twenty-eighth, enfiladed on the left by this
force, and on the right by the force that had previously broken the
troops to our right, was forced to fall back to the Plank road. The
enemy on its left took possession of this road and forced it to fall
still further back to the Cox road, where it skirmished with the
enemy and supported a battery of artillery, by order of Brigadier-
General Pendleton. The other regiments fought the enemy between
McGowan's winterquarters and these occupied by my brigade, and
were driven back. They then made a stand in the winterquarters
of the right regiment of my command, but were again broken, a
part retreating along the works to the left, and the remainder going
to the rear. These last, under Colonel Cowan, made a stand on
the hill to the right of Mrs. Banks ', but were forced back to the
Plank road, along which they skirmished for some time, and then
fell back to the Cox' road, where they supported a battery of
artillery, by order of Lieutenant- General Longstreet. That portion
of my command which retreated along the works to the left, made
two more unsuccessful attempts to resist the enemy, the last stand
being made in the Church road leading to the Jones House. It
then fell back to Battery Gregg and the battery to its left; but
udder Major Wooten, and assisted by a part of Thomas' brigade,
it soon after charged the enemy, by order of Major-General Wilcox,
and cleared the works as far as the branch on which the left of the
Thirty-third rested the night previous. Here we were rejoined by
Colonel Cowan, and we deployed as skirmishes to the left of the
Church road and perpendicular to the works, but did not hold this
position long, as we were attacked by a strong line of skirmishers,
supported by two strong lines of battle. A part of us retreated tq

Defence of Fort Gregg. 21

Battery Gregg, and the rest to the new line of works near the
" Dam." Battery Gregg was subsequently attacked by an immense
force, and fell after the most gallant and desperate defence. Our
men bayonetted many of the enemy as they mounted the parapet.
After the fall of this battery, the rest of my command along the
new line was attacked in front and flank and driven back to the
old line of works running northwest from Battery 45, where it
remained until the evacuation of Petersburg. We were here re-
joined by the Twenty-eighth, under Captain Linebarger.

On the afternoon of the 3d, we crossed the Appomattox at
Goode's bridge, bivouacked at Amelia Courthouse on the 4th, and
on the 5th formed line of battle between Amelia Courthouse and
Jetersville, where our sharpshooters, under Major Wooten, became
engaged. Next day, while resting in Farmville, we were ordered
back to a fortified hill to support our cavalry, which was hard
pressed, but before reaching the hill the order was countermanded.
We moved rapidly through Farmville, and sustained some loss
from the artillery fire while crossing the river near that place.
That afternoon we formed line of battle, facing to the rear, between
one and two miles from Farmville, and my sharpshooters were
attacked by the enemy. During the night we resumed our march,
and on the 9th, while forming line of battle, we were ordered back
and directed to stack our arms, as the Army of Northern Virginia
had been surrendered.

By officers and men behaved well throughout this trying cam-
paign, and superiority of numbers alone enabled the enemy to
drive us from the works near Petersburg. Colonel Cowan, though
indisposed, was constantly with his command, and displayed his
usual gallantry, while Major Woolen nobly sustained his enviable
reputation as an officer.

We have to mourn the loss of Captains Nicholson, Faine,
McAulay and Long, and other gallant officers.

Captain E. J. Hale, Jr., A. A. G., and First Lieutenant E. B.
Meade, A. D. C, were constantly at their posts, displaying great
bravery and giving additional evidence of their efficiency as staff"
officers.

I am unable to give our exact loss at Petersburg. I surrendered
at this point fifty-six (56) officers and four hundred and eighty-
four (484) men— many of the latter being detailed, non-arms-bear-
ing men, who were sent back to be surrendered with their brigade.

22 Southern Historical Society Papers.

The Seventh, the other regiment of my command, is absent in
North Carolina on detached service.

I am. Major, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

James H. Lane,

» Brigadier-General,

Major Joseph A. Engelhard,

A. A. General.

Extract from a letter written hy General Lane to General Wilcox.

Concord, X. C, May 20, 1867,
Dear General :

I received a letter from Major Engelhard not long since, in
which be says you wish me to furnish you, as far as I can, the
names of officers killed and wounded in my brigade, and the
number of men killed and wounded in the different battles from
the Wilderness to the surrender, as General Lee had desired a
report of you.

I beg also to call your special attention to the defence of Fort
Gregg, as you may not be aware that Harris' brigade has been given
in print all the credit of that gallant affair. Relative to that, I send
you a letter recently received from Lieutenant George H. Snow, of
the Thirty-third North Carolina regiment, who commanded the
detachment from my brigade which was in the fort at the time of
its fall. Harris' brigade formed on our right after Thomas and I
had cleared the works of the enemy as far as Mrs. Banks ', and
when we were driven back that brigade retired to the fort above
Fort Gregg — I think it was called Fort Anderson — while mine re-
tired along the new line of works to the " Dam," a sufficient number,
however, being sent to Fort Gregg (with the supernumeraries of
Walker's artillery armed as infantry) to man the entire work. You
may perhaps recollect my calling your attention to this, and that
after looking into the fort, you approved of my turning back other
men of my command, though you had previously ordered my
whole brigade into that fort. There were, I think, eight or nine
commissioned officers of my command in the same fort.

The honor of the gallant defence of Fort Gregg is due to my
brigade, Chew's battery and Walker's supernumerary artillerists,
armed as infantry, and not to Harris" brigade, which abandoned
Fort Anderson and retired to the old or inner line of works before
Fort Gregg was attacked in force. Unsupported, I saw our noble

Defence of Fort Gregg. 23

fellows repulse three assults in force in front and one from the
rear; and the enemy did not succeed in mounting the work until
the fire of the fort had ceased, which, as Lieutenant Snow says,
was due to want of ammunition. The enemy, after crowding the
parapet, amid the wildest cheering and waving of numerous flags,
fired down upon our men inside the works.

Chew's battery behaved splendidly; even before I left the work
two or three men were shot down in rapid succession while at-
tempting to discharge a single gun. My men were on the right and
centre, the supernumerary artillerists on the left, and Chew's bat-
tery was in the centre, so as to give the pieces the widest possible
range of fire.

Yours, very respectfully,

James H. Lane.

Letter from Lieutenant George H. Snow, Thirty-third North Carolina

Regiment.

Raleigh, May 13th, 1867.
General James H. Lane :

Dear sir — Your letter I received some time ago, and would
have answered it earlier, but was prevented by unforeseen circum-
stances.

You desire to know the details of the fight at Fort Gregg. I
think it due to the men of that noble old brigade, which stood the
contest from Newberne to the surrender, that some true lover of
patriotism and valor should espouse their cause, and place them
second to none among the true defenders of that memorable fort.
History does not reveal names more deserving of honor and praise
than those of that detachment which I had the honor to command,
and my mind painfully reverts to the agonizing adieu of each hero
as he closed his eyes in death.

I cannot speak positively when I attempt to give the number of
men belonging to your brigade or the miscellaneous commands in
the fort, but I speak confidently when I say that at least three-
fourths were of your brigade. I think I had between seventy-five
and eighty men all told, with Lieutenants Craige and Howard, and
two or three other officers whose names I do not recollect. I saw
only two officers of Harris' brigade in the fort fighting bravely, but
the number of their command I cannot exactly give, but think
that ten will cover the whole. The artillerists fought bravely, re-
sorting to small arms after being unable to use their cannon, and

24 Southern Historical Society Papers.

appeared to me as if commanding themselves: they were of Cap-
tain Chew's battery. Our stubborn resistance is due to your fore-
sight in supplying the fort with cartridges.

The enemy charged us three times, and after having expended
all our ammunition, rocks were used successfully for over half an
hour in resisting their repeated attempts to rush over us. While
I would most willingly accord to each man within the fort his just
and proper credit, yet I do not think that Harris' brigade should be
mentioned in connection with its defence. I cannot point out a single
instance where one of Lane's brigade failed to perform his duty on
that day. The position we occupied (the right wing and centre)
were the only parts attacked without one moment's interval of
peace, and we repulsed with great loss an attack in the rear which
would have otherwise necessitated our surrender. The credit of
that bloody fight is dae to your men, and I sincerely hope you may
correct so foul a statement as that which appears as history.

With m}-- best wishes for your welfare and success,

I remain as ever, yours most sincerely,

George H. Snow,

Letter from Lieutenant F. B. Oraige, Thirty-third North Crrolina

Regiment.

WiLLIAMSPORT, TENNESSEE, Juiie 4th, 1867.

General James H. Lane :

Dear sir — Yours of the 27th ultimo was remailed to me at
Salisbury, and received to-day. I am happy to know that you
intend making an effort to give our old brigade some of the honor
due her, which has more than once been given others to whom it
does not belong.

I will give you as correct an account of the defence of Fort Gregg
as my recollection will permit. There were but two six-pound
guns in the fort, conducted by a few Marylanders or Virginians
under command of Captain Chew, and a few Louisianians from the
Washington artillery, under Lieutenant Mackelroy. The whole
number of artillerists did not exceed twenty-five. Lieutenant-
Colonel Duncan and his adjutant, of Harris' brigade, both of whom
were wounded in the head and acted with conspicuous gallantry,
had with them not more than twenty men. The remainder of the
troops in the fort belonged to your brigade, numbering between
one hundred and fifty, and one hundred and seventy-five. The

Defence of Fort Gregg. 25

only other officer present of our brigade, whose name you did not
mention in your letter, was Lieutenant Rigler, of the Thirty-seventh
regiment. I do not know whether there were any of General
Thomas' command with us or not. Captain Norwood, of Thomas'
staff, was captured the same morning that I was, but I don't remember
whether on the skirmish line or in the fort. We repulsed the
enemy three times in front and once from the rear. After our
ammunition was exhausted, the men used their bayonets and
clubbed their guns until the whole wall was covered with blue-
coats, who continued a heavy fire upon us for several moments after
they had entered.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

F. B. Craige.

Letter from Lieutenant A. B. TTowtrd, Thirty- third North Carolina

Regiment.

Statesville, X. C Jane 3(1, 1SG7.
General Lane :

Dear Sir — Yours of the 27th instant is at hand, and contents
duly noticed. I take pleasure in giving you all the information I
can in reference to the gallant defence of Fort Gregg. I am fully
confident that three-fourths of the men in the fort, if not more,
were from your brigade.

I am glad, indeed, to know that you will give a full and true state-
ment of the affair to General Lee, and that the gallant men of the Old
North State, and e-speciaUy those of Lane's brigade, may have all the
honor and credit that they so nobly won.

I fully concur with Lieutenant Snoiv in his statement concerning
the number of men from Harris' brigade. I am pretty certain that
there was only one ofiicer instead of two from that brigade: bis
name was Duncan. He said he was lieutenant-colonel, but there
were no stars or bars about him to designate his rank.

The three pieces of artillery belonged to Chew's battery. He
was captured and taken with us to Johnson's island. I am sorry
that I am not able to recall the names of the officers from your
command. I don't remember the name.'^ of any except those
mentioned by yourself I know there were others besides from our
brigade in the Thirty-seventh regiment, etc., but as I was not well
acquainted with them, their names have escaped my recollection.

We kept the enemy back for some time after our ammunition

26 Southern Historical Society Papers.

was exhausted with bayonets and brickbats. 'Tis true, that when
they rushed into the fort upon us, they were yelling, cursing and
shooting with all the frenzy and rage of a horde of merciless bar-
barians.

I could give you a full account of the whole engagement from
beginning to end, hut I suppose you have all the particulars from
Captain Hale and Lieutenant Snow.

I remain yours, very truly, &c.,

A. B. HOWAED.

Letter from Lieutenant D. M. Rigler, Thirty-seventh North Carolina

Regiment.

Charlotte, N. C, June 17tli, 1867.
General James H. Lane :

Dear Sir — Yours of the 14th instant is received, and I hasten
to reply. You wish me to give all the information I can in regard
to the defence of Fort Gregg. As it has been so long since it
occurred, I do not know that I can give all the particulars, but as
far as I can I will.

After the enemy drove us from the works, a portion of the bri-
gade fell back in rear of General Mahone's quarters, and was there
until you ordered us to the fort. 'Tvvas near Mahone's quarters
that General A. P. Hill was killed. When we came to the fort you
were there with some of the brigade. You then ordered all of us
to charge the enemy. We held the Jones road about fifteen min-
utes. Harris' Mississippi brigade came up; the ^nemy fired on
them, and they retreated. Captain Hale then ordered us up to the
fort. General Wilcox and some of his staff were there: he re-
mained there until they opened on the fort with artillery. Captain
Hale called myself. Snow and Craige out in the rear of the fort
and asked how many men we had of the brigade and how much
ammunition. He then told us to send some reliable man after
ammunition. By this time the Yanks had got the range of the
fort, and were doing some damage.

Captain Hale then asked who was the senior officer, and as Snow
was, he put him in command and told him to hold the fort. We
formed the men around, and had about fifty or sixty. Harris' men
came in with a lieutenant-colonel, and about fifteen men more of
our brigade came in, and made in all about seventy-five of our
brigade.

Defence of Fort Gregg. 27

About ten o'clock the enemy commenced charging with four or
five lines. We did not fire until they were within forty yards, and
then we gave them one volley; they wavered, and the first line
gave way; the second came forward, and came within thirty yards
of the fort. We yelled and fired — they stood a few seconds and
then broke. The third retreated also, but the fourth and fifth came
to the ditch around the fort. While this fighting was in the front,
one line came in the rear and almost got inside the fort through
the door. About twenty men charged them, and drove them back.
About eleven o'clock they scaled the walls of the fort, and for sev-
eral minutes we had a hand to hand fight. We used the bayonet,
and killed almost all of them that came on the top.

About half-past eleven they attempted to scale the walls again.
We met them with the bayonet, and for several minutes it was the
most desperate struggle 1 ever witnessed; but it did not last long.
Soon they were all killed or knocked back, and then a deafening
shout arose from our boys. Near twelve, they tried to force their
way through the door in rear of the fort, and succeeded in getting
almost in, but we met them with the bayonet and drove them back.
By this time the ammunition w^as almost out, and our men threw
bats and rocks at them in the ditch. No ammunition could we
get, and after a short struggle, they took the fort, and some few did
fire on us after they got possession, but their officers tried to stop
them.

I think there were twenty -five of Harris' Mississippi brigade,
with a lieutenant-colonel: do not think there were any more. The
lieutenant-colonel was wounded.

There were only two pieces of artillery, and I think they were
six-pound rifle pieces, and they did not have more than twenty-five
rounds of ammunition. Most of the men were wounded and killed
while the enemy were charging. They fought bravely. I do not
know whose battery it was.

There were about seventy-five or eighty men of our brigade, and
five officers, namely : Lieutenants Snow, Craige and Howard, of the
Thirty-third North Carolina regiment: Orman and myself, of the
Thirty-seventh regiment. There were about twenty of Thomas'
Georgia brigade, with Thomas' adjutant-general, or a captain acting
as such, and two lieutenants.

I think there were in the fort, including all, about one hundred
and fifty, or one hundred and seventy-five men— about seventy-
five or eighty of our brigade, about twenty-five of Harris' and about

28 Southern Historical Society Papers.

twenty of Thomas', and twenty-five or thirty of the artillery. Out of
that number at least one-half were killed and wounded.

The adjutant-general or captain of Thomas' brigade was near
me when the fighting commenced, and he said it was ten o'clock,
and that it was twelve when they got the fort.

The above. General, I think is nearly correct. It is certain our
brigade did the most of the fighting, and I think they deserve the
praise. I am glad that you are going to defend it.

Wishing you success, I am very respectfully, yours.

D. M. RiGLER.

Extract from a letter from Colonel Cowan, of Thirty-third North Carolina

Regiment.

Statesville, N. C, June 22, 1S76.
Dear General:

* * * * Lieutenant Howard has doubtless given
you all the particulars more fully than I can, as most of my in-
formation was obtained from him.

Color Bearer James Atkinson made his escape from Fort Gregg
after the enemy had entered it, and brought the colors away safely.

With much respect, your friend,

C. V. Cowan.

I was an eye witness to the above. Atkinson ran from the fort
when the enemy mounted the pMrnpet, and with the colors of the
Thirty-third North Carolina regiment flying, he made his escape
without being struck, though he was a marked tai"get for the enemy.
His exploit was greeted with cheers upon cheers from the men in
the main line of works.

James H. Lane.

Address on the Character of General R. E. Lee,

Dkliveked in Richmond on Wednksdat, Januaky 19Tn,lS76, the Anniversary of General
Lee'8 Birth, by Captain John Hampden Chamberlayne.

[We were urged at the time of iti (Vliverj' by a number of gentlemen who
heard it to publish this admmibla atl(lre>.<, and have always imrpose-l doing
so. It may be well, however, that it lias been postponed, so as to appear on
the eve of another anniversary of the birili of our great cliieftain.]
Fellow Citizens :

I shall not obtrude upon you apologies or explanations, as
if I had the orator'g established fame to lose, or looked that future

Address on the Character of General R. E. Lee. 29

fame to win. You are not come to hear of my small hopes or fears.
Yet, to you and to the gravity of the occasion, it is due to say
that I appear before you on sudden order, to my sense of duty
hardly less imperative than those famous commands under which
we have so often marched at "early dawn."

By telegraph, on last Saturday night, this duty was laid upon
me, and I come with little of preparation, and less of ability, to
attempt a theme that might task the powers of Bossuet or exhaust
an Everett's rhetoric.

It can scarcely be needful to rehearse before you the facts of our
commander's life. They have become, from least to greatest, parts
of history, and an ever-growing number of books record that he
was born in 1807, at Stratford, in Westmoreland county, of a
family ancient and honorable in the mother country, in the Old
Dominion, and in the State of Virginia; that he was appointed a
cadet at the United States Military Academy in 1825, and was
graduated first in his class, and commissioned lieutenant of engi-
neers; that he served upon the staff of General Scott through the
brilliant campaign from Vera Cruz to the City of Mexico, was
thrice brevetted for gallant and meritorious conduct, and was de-
clared by General Scott to have borne a chief part in the counsels
and the battles which ended with the triumph of our arms; that
he was promoted lieutenant-colonel of cavalry, and served for
years upon the Southwestern frontier; that he was in 1861 called
to Washington as one of the board to revise the army regulations,
and that on the 20th day of April, 1861, four days after the with-
drawal of Virginia from the Union, he resigned his commission in
the United States army, and that he became commander-in-chief
of Virginia's forces, and thereafter accepted the commission of
General in the army of the Confederate States.

Still more familiar to you than these facts are the events of which
you and I had personal knowledge: how Lee organized, patiently and
skilfully, the raw resources of Virginia; how he directed the coast
defences of the South Atlantic States, and how he labored against
a thousand difficulties in the mountains of West Virginia, serenely
accepting without a murmur the popular verdict on what ignorant
presumption adjudged a failure. In June of 1862 he was at length
■placed in command to meet whose vast responsibility his life had
been the preparation, and at once his name became forever linked
with the Army of Northern Virginia which met and mastered
army after army, baffled McClellan, and destroyed successively •

30 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Pope, Burnside and Hooker; which twice invaded the enemy's
country, and which, when at last against it was thrown all the re-
sources of the United States, Grant in its front and Sherman in its
rear, Europe for their recruiting ground, and a boundless credit
for their military chest, still stood for eleven months defiantly at
bay, concentrated on itself the whole resources of the United
States, and surrendered at Appomattox eight thousand starving
men to the combined force of two great armies whose chiefs had
long despaired to conquer it by skill or daring, and had worn it
away by weight of numbers and brutal exchange of many lives
for one. We all know, too, how' the famous soldier sheathed his
sword, and without a word of repining, without a look to show the
grief that was breaking his heart and sapping the springs of his
noble; life, accepted the duty that came to him, and bent to his new
task, as guide and teacher of boys, the powers which had wielded
the strength of armies and almost redressed the balances of
unequal fate.

LEE AND WASHINGTON.

Such are the leading facts, in barest outline, of the great life that
began sixty-nine years ago to-day. Well known as they are, it is
wise to recall them when we gather as we have gathered here. In
these hurrying days men pass swiftly away from human sight, the
multitude of smaller figures vanishing behind the curtain of for-
getfulness, the few mighty ones soon wrapt in the hazy atmosphere
of the heroic heights, enlarged, it may be, but oft-times dim and
distorted, always afar ofif, unfamiliar, not human, but superhuman,
demigods rather than men; our wonder and our despair, who
should be our reverence and our inspiration.

Thus has it always been with him who lies at Mount Vernon.
Let it be our care, men of this generation, that it be not so in our
day with him who lies at Lexington ; let it be our care to show him
often to those who rise around us to take our place, to show him
not only in his great deeds and his famous victories, but also as
citizen and as man.

The task is hard to divide what is essentially one, and Lee so
bore himself in his great office as that the man was never lost in
the soldier. Never of him could it be said that he was like the
dyer's hand, subdued to what he worked in: always the sweet
human quality tempered his stoic virtue, always beneath the
soldier's breast beat the tender, loving heart.

Address on the Character of General R. E. Lee. 31

Most of us here have seen and known him, if not in his splendid
youth, fit at once to charm the eye of the Athenian multitude and to
awe a Roman Senate, yet in his maturer years, when time and care
had worn his body but to show more glorious the lofty soul with-
in. Amongst us and ours his life was led, so blameless as mio-ht
become a Saint, so tender as might become a woman, so simple as
might become the little children "of whom is the kingdom of
Heaven." So consistent was that life, so devoted to duty, without
a glance to right or left, so fixed on the golden rule, adopted once
and forever, that his biographer, even now in a time of passion
and distorted truth, hesitates what to choose for his highest praise —
lingering in turn over Lee the son, Lee the husband, Lee the
father, Lee the friend. Idle then it were for me to picture him in
all the relations he bore to those around him, and worse than idle
were I to follow what is much the fashion nowadays and make a
study of Lee the Christian, pry with curious glance into the saured
chamber wherein man kneels to his God, or dare to touch the awful
veil whish fools are swift to rend.

But, says the critic, private virtue is not for public use; a Tor-
quemada may be gentle in his home, and a Stuart seek to enslave
his people, yet lead a life of chastity.

'Tis true, but still our great commander shines flawless and per-
fect, at once in the quiet beams of the household heartli and in
the fierce light that beats upon the throne of him born to be king
of men.

Let one great example show it. None but those who know the
power of lofty ambition can tell what vast temptation beset our
leaders; none can know the heroism of the decision in the dark
days of 1861. He was the favorite soldier of all who followed
Scott; he was the picked and chosen man for high command in
the armies of the United States. He was besought almost with
tears by him he reverenced as a second father; to him was tendered
the baton of general-in-chief Who can tell what visions trooped
upon his sight: of power, that dearest boon to the powerful, of
fame world wide, of triumphs, not easy but certain. And who can
tell but fairer dreams than these assailed him ; hope, nay almost be-
lief, that he and he alone might play the noble part of^)acifi'ator
and redintegrator patrix, that he might heal the wounds of civil
strife, and be hailed by North and South as worthy of the oaktn
garland.

He had been more or less than human, had not these thoughts,

32 Southern Historical Society Papers.

or such as these, arisen when he strove through days and bitter
nights to find his diit}'.

He, we must remember, was wedded to no theory; his mind
grasped concrete truth rather than abstractions. His horizon was
bounded by no lines of neighborhood or of States. He knew the
men of the North, as well as of the South; he had maturely
weighed the wealth of the one and the poverty of the other. Few
knew so well as he, none better, the devotion we could offer to any
cause, but he knew, likewise, the stubborn, deep-resting strength of
the Northern will that we took for a passing whim. He had all
his life obeyed and respected the organized, concentrated form of
the Union, and he, the pupil of Scott, the follower of Washington,
the son of Light Horse Harry, might and should and did jDause
long. Paused long, to decide forever — to decide with never a look
backward, with never a regret, even when the end had come, darker
than his fears had pictured.

Cast away all, to obey the voice of Virginia, his country; to de-
fend Virginia, his mother. Scarcely twice since the world began
has mortal man been called to make such choice.

Will not history consent, will not mankind applaud when we
still uphold our principles as right, our cause as just, our country
to be honored, when those principles had for disciple, that cause
for defender, that country for son, Robert Lee?

The day has by no means come to fix with absolute precision
the rank of Lee among the world's great soldiers. But the day
will come, and it is ours to gather and preserve and certify the
facts to be the record before the dread tribunal of time.

Turning, then, to the soldiership of Lee; from first to last, we
see his labor and exactness, giving always the power to gain from
every means its utmost result. Thus, he so pursued the sciences
which underlie the soldier's art, that he entered the army fully
equipped with all that theory could teach, and whilst yet a subal-'
tern was more than once entrusted with tasks of the engineers'
bureau which had baffled the skill of men far older and more ex-
perienced. The same qualities were shown when he first saw actual
war. To us who look back across the field of a gigantic strife, of
a struggle «vhere not brigades nor divisions but great armies were
the units, where States were fortified camps and a continent the
battle-ground; to us that march on Mexico seems as small as it is,
in fact, far off in time and space. But small and great are relative,
and the little army of Scott which gathered on the sands of Vera

Address on the Character of General R. E. Lee. 33

Cruz was little in much the same sense as that other arm,y, of
Cortez, whose footsteps it followed, and whose prowess it rivaled.
In that campaign

lee's soldiership

first found fit field. It was he whose skill gave us the quick foot-
hold of Vera Cruz. At Cerro Gordo and Contreras his was no
mean part of the plan and its accomplisliraent". At the City of
Mexico it was his soldier's eye and soldier's heart which saw and
dared what Cortez had seen and dared before, to turn the enemy's
strongest position, and assault as well by the San Cosme as by the
Belen gateway, a movement greatly hazardous, but, once executed,
decisive. In the endless roll of wars that campaign of Mexico
must always remain to the judicious critic masterly in conception
and puperb in execution. But to us it is memorable chiefly as the
training school whose pupils were to ])ly their art on a wider scale
to ends more terrible, and Winfield Scott selected from them all
Robert E. Lee as the chosen soldier.

The time was soon to come when he should try conclusions with
many of that brilliant band, and prove himself the master of each
in turn, of McClellan, of Burnside, of Hooker, of Pope, of Meade,
of Grant, of whomsoever could be found to lead them by the mil-
lions he confronted. When the war of secession began, you all
remember how for a time Lee held subordinate place, and how,
when what seemed chance gave him command of the forces defend-
ing Richmond from the hundred thousand men who could hear, if
they would, the bells of our churches and almost the hum of our
streets — you all remember how the home-staying critic found fault
with him, how he was described as a closet-soldier and a handler
of spade and mattock, rather than of gun and bayonet. Sudden
and swilt was the surprise when the great plan disclosed itself, and
the guns at the Meadow Bridges of the Chickahominy cleared the
way for the first of those mighty blows which sent McClellan
in hopeless rout to the shelter of his shipping, thence to hurry as
he might to the rescue of Pope's bewildered divisions, and to
organize home guards in the defences of Washington. That single

CAMPAIGN OF THE SEVEN DAYS

is itself fame. To amuse an army outnumbering his own by fifty
thousand; to watch with a large detachment lest that army should
make a junction with the divisions at Fredericksburg; to bring
3

34 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Jackson's skill and Jackson's devoted men to his aid; to cross a
marshy and often impracticable stream; to attack McClellan on
his flank and to roll up his army like a scroll, whilst, at each step
gained, his enemy should be weaker and himself be stronger and
in stronger position, yet at the same time to guard lest his enemy
should break his centre as Napoleon pierced the Russians on
Austerlitz field — such was the problem. You know, all the world
knows, its execution. Despite the errors of subordinates; despite
the skill of his opponent, a soldier truly great in defence; despite
the rawness of many of his troops; despite the lack in the general
officers of the skill necessary to movements so delicate, and despite
the inferiority of his force, Lee succeeded fully in his main object,
relieved Richmond, inflicted on his enemy losses materially im-
mence and morally infinite; in seven days absolutely undid what
McClellan took six months to do, and by a single combination
threw back his enemy from the hills in sight of Richmond to a
defensive line in Washington's suburbs. This campaign, for its
audacity, its wide combination, its insight into the opponent's
character, its self-reliance, its vigor of execution, and its astonishing
results, may be safely compared with the best campaigns of the
greatest masters in the art of war — with Frederick's Leuthen, to
which it bears as much likeness as a campaign of days can bear
to a battle of hours, or with that greater feat, the amazing concen-
tration by Washington of contingents from New York and from
North Carolina, of new levies from the Virginia Valley, and of a
French fleet from the West Indies to besiege and to capture the
army of Cornwallis.

It is argued that Lee was strong only in defence, and was averse
to taking the off'ensive. Nothing could be more false. He was to
prove in the last year of the war his fertility of defensive resource
and his unrivaled tenacity of resistance. But his genius was
aggressive. Witness the bold transfer of his army from Richmond
to the Rapidan, whilst McClellan's troops still rested on the James
river. Witness the audacity of detaching Jackson from the Rap-
pahannock line to seize Manassas Junction and the road to Wash-
ington in Pope's rear. Witness the magnificent swoop on Harper's
Ferry, of which accident gave to McClellan the knowledge and by
which timidity forbade him to profit. Witness that crowning glory
of his audacity, the change of front to attack Hooker, and that
march around what Hooker called "the best position in America,
held by the best army on the planet." Witness his invasion of

Address on the Character of General R. E. Lee. 35

Pennsylvania, a campaign whose only fault was the generous fault
of over confidence in an army whose great deeds might, if any-
thing, excuse it; an over confidence, as we ourselves know, felt by
every man he led, and which made us reckless of all difficulties,
ready to think that to us nothing was impossible. He was a com-
mander who had met no equal; we were an army who saw in half
the guns of our train the spoil of the enemy, who bore upon our
flags the blazon of consistent victory. If he and we confided in
our daring and trusted to downright fighting for what strategy
might have safely won, who shall blame us and which shall blame
the other? It was a fault, if fault there were, such as in a soldier
leans to virtue's side; it was the fault of Marlbrook at Malplaquet
of Great Frederic at Torgau, of Napoleon at Borodino. It is the
famous fault of the column of Fontenoy, and the generous haste
that led Hampden to his death. 1 i 32-3 3 5

Lee chose no defensive of his own will. None knew better
than he that axiom of the military art which finds the logical end
of defence in surrender. None knew better than he that Fabius
had never earned his fame by the policy some attribute to him,
nor saved his country by retreats, however regular, or the skill,
however great, to choose positions only to abandon them. The
defensive was not his chosen field, but he was fated to conduct a
defensive campaign rivaled by few, and surpassed by none in his-
tory. Of that wonderful work the details are yet to be gathered,
but the outlines are known the world over. The tremendous onset
of Lee in the tangled wilderness upon an enemy three times his
force, who fancied him retreating; the grim wrestle of Spotsylvania;
the terrible repulse of Cold Harbor, from which the veteran com-
manders of Grant shrank back aghast. These great actions will
be known so long as war shall be studied, and future generations
will read with admiration of that battlefield of seventy miles,
where Lee with 51,000 men confronted Grant with his 190,000—
attacked him wherever he showed uncovered front, killed, wounded
and captured more men than his own army numbered, and in a
campaign of thirty-five days, forced the most tenacious soldier of
the Union armies to abandon utterly his line of attack, to take a
new position always open to him but never chosen, and to ex-
change the warfare of the open field for the slow and safe approach
of the earthworks and the siege.

They will read, too, that in the midst of this campaign, Lee was
bold to spare from his little army force enough to take once more

36 Southern Historical Society Papers.

the offensive, to traverse once more the familiar Valley, to break
once more through the gate of the Potomac, and to insult with the
fires of his bivouacs the capital city of his enemy. Reading these
things, they will refuse to believe, what we know, that men were
found here and now to call this marvelous campaign a retreat.
The truth is that Lee took a real defensive, if at all, only in the

TRENCHES OF PETERSBURG;

was driven to that defensive not by one army nor by many armies
in succession, but by the combined force of the armies in his front
and in his rear. Vicksburg it was, not Cemetery Hill, which baffled
the Army of Northern Virginia; at Nashville and Atlanta, not from
the lines of Petersburg came the deadly blows; and the ragged
remnant of Appomattox surrendered not to the valor or skill of
the men they had so often met and overcome, but to the men they
had never seen, and yielded neither to stubborn Grant nor braggart
Sheridan, but to the triumphant hosts of Rosecrans, of Thomas
and of Sherman.

It is not hard, then, my friends, to see that history will hold Lee
to be a great soldier, wise in counsel, patient in preparation, swift
in decision, terrible in onset, tenacious of hold, sullen in retreat, a
true son of that Berserker race that rushed from the bosom of
Europe's darkest age, furious to fight, lovers of battle, destined to
sweep away the old world and to mould the modern.

Rightly to estimate his power as commander is not and may
never be possible. There is no second term of comparison. He
was in a position as novel as were the conditions of a war where
the railroad existed, but the highway was not; where telegraphs
conveyed orders, yet primeval forests still stood to conceal armies;
where concentration was possible at a speed unknown to war
before, but where concentration might easily starve itself before it
could strike its enemy.

Strange as the material, were the moral conditions of Lee's com-
mand. He was hampered by political considerations; he was
trammelled by the supreme importance of one city; and, above
all, on him was complete responsibility, but never commensurate
power. To the integrity of his army — to the morale of half his
force — the successful defence of the South and Southwest was
essential, and on operations in which he had no voice turned the
issue of his campaigns.

Of these things account will yet be taken, let us be sure of that;

Defence of Fort Morgan, 37

for though in barbarous ages conquered peoples write no histories,
yet, as the world grows older, history grows more and more a judge,
less and less a witness and advocate; more and more to every
cause that appeal lies open, which Francis Bacon, of Verulam,
made "to future ages and other countries."

Fit is it that we trust to that great verdict, seeing that nothing
less than the tribunal of mankind can judge this man, who was
born not for a period, but for all time; not for a country, but for
the world; not for a people, but for the human race.

Not for him shall the Arch of Triumph rise; not for him
Columns of Victory, telling through monumental bronze the hideous
tale of tears and blood that grins from the skull pyramids of
Dahomey. Not to his honor shall extorted tributes carve the shaft
or mould the statue; but this day a grateful people give of their
poverty gladly, that in pure marble, or time-defying bronze, future
generations may see the counterfeit presentment of this man — the
ideal and bright consummate flower of our civilization; not an
Alexander, it may be; nor Napoleon, nor Timour, nor Churchill —
greater far than they, thank heaven — the brother and the equal of
Sidney and of Falkland, of Hampden and of Washington.

Defence of Fort Morgan— Reports of General R. L. Page.

[We arc glad to be able to present the following original MS. reports of
General li. L. Page, which have never been in print, and whicli givu a clear
statement of the galUint defence of Fort Morgan. Tliey wonld iiave appeared
most appropriately in immediate connection witli General Maury'd report of
the defence of Mobile, but as ihey were not received in lime for that, they
are given here.]

IIeadquakters Third Brioade. D. G.,

Fort MoRtiAN, August Cth, 1SG4.

General D. II. Maury, Commanding^ Sfc, Mobile:

General — I have the honor to report that at 6 o'clock yester-
day morning the enemy's fleet, consisting of twenty-three men-of-
war, of which four were irionitors, moved up in line to pass this
fort— the monitors leading, the wooden vessels, lashed together in
twos, following; the sloops of-war and larger craft on the inshore
side protecting their consorts, which could convey them in should
they be seriously damnged.
The fir^it monitor, "Tecumseh," single turreted, was sunk under

38 Southern Historical Society Papers.

our guns, immediately abreast the fort. Slie went down rapidly ;
only a few, who were picked up by a boat from the enemy, and
four who swam ashore and are now in our hands, were saved from
her crew.

The wooden gunboat " Phillippi," attempting to pass the fort
alone after the fleet, was sunk by the second shot, and being run
ashore was deserted by her crew, and afterwards burnt by a boat
from the Confederate States gunboat "Morgan." One man was
found on her whose legs had been so shattered that he died while
the officer was on board. He was thrown overboard.

The spirit displayed by this garrison was fine, the guns admirably
served, and all did their duty nobly; and though subjected to a
fire which for the time was probably as severe as any known in
the annals of this war, our casualties were slight. I enclose a list.

Four of the enemy's fleet turned from the fire they would have
to encounter in passing, and assisted other vessels in an enfilading
fire from the Gulf side during the action. As to the damage in-
flicted on those which succeeded in passing, I cannot speak defi-
nitely; shot after shot was distinctly seen to enter the wooden
ships, but, as was evident, their machinery being protected by
chains no vital blow could be given them there. Their loss in
men, I am assured, was very great.

Four hundred and ninety-one projectiles were delivered from
this fort during the passage of the fleet.

Our naval forces under Admiral Buchanan fought most gallantly,

against odds before unknown to history.

Very respectfully your obedient servant,

R. L. Page,
Brigadier^General Commanding.

Kew Orleans, La., 30th August, 1864.
Major-General D. H. Maury, Commanding Mobile^ Alabama :

General — The report of the evacuation of Fort Powell and
the surrender of Fort Gaines I had the honor of addressing you
from Fort Morgan, on the 8th instant. It embraced the military
operations to that date.

After the reduction of Gaines, I felt confident that the whole
naval and land force of the enemy would be brought against
Morgan, and was assiduous in preparing my fort for as good a
defence as possible. For the state of the work I beg leave to refer

Defence of Fort Morgan. 39

you to Chief Engineer Sheliha's letter to Headquarters' Department,
of July 9th, from which time no material change or addition was
made; and further to state, that it had been demonstrated by the
fire from the enemy that the enceinte of the fort (in which was its
main strength) protected the scarp of the main wall only about
one-half its height from curbated shot; that it was now in the
power of the enemy to open fire from every point of the compass,
and consequently none of the casemates, without heavy traverses
in their front, would be safe; that it was manifest, by this concen-
tration of fire, my heavy guns could soon be dismounted ; and my
making a protracted resistance depended on my ability to protect
my men from the heavy fire, and hold the fort from the flank
casemates against an assault. With these views, I employed my
men day and night, most of the time under fire, in erecting traverses
to protect my guns on the main wall as long as possible, to render
the casemate selected for the sick and wounded secure, and to
provide safe quarters for themselves in their rest from the arduous
duties they would have to endure. It was necessary also to put a
large traverse at the Sally Port, which was entirely exposed.

Thus absolutely to prevent the probability of Fort Morgan's
being reduced at the first test and onset by the heavy batteries of
the enemy, it was necessary for my limited garrison (of some
400 efi'ective) to labor to effect a work equal almost in extent to
building a new fort.

On early morning of the 9th the enemy proceeded with monitors
and transports, and disembarked troops at navy cove, commencing
at once their first work of investment by land.

The "new redoubt" (2,700 yards from the fort) from which the
guns had been withdrawn, and the work formerly known as
"Battery Bragg," were destroyed as far as possible by burning the
wood work. The buildings around the fort, hospitals, quarters,
stables, &c., were also at the same time fired and cleared away as
much as possible.

Two monitors, three sloops- of- war and several gunboats engaged
the fort for two or three hours — the wooden vessels at rather long
range — with no material damage apparent to either side. Soon
thereafter a flag of truce was reported from the fleet, and com-
municated to this effect:

Brigadier-General R. L. Page, Commanding Fort Morgan :

Sir — To prevent the unnecessary sacrifice of human life

40 Souihe)-n Historical Society Papers.

which must follow the openinor of our batteries, we demand the.
unconditional surrender of Fort Morgan and its dependencies.
We are very respecfully, your obedient servants,

I). G. Farragut, Rear Admiral
Gordon Granger, Mujur-General.
To which my reply said:

Roar Admiral D. G. Farragut,
Gordon Granger, M'lyjr-General :

Sirs — I am prepared to sacrifice life, and will only surrender
when I have no means of defence. I do not understand that while
being communicated with under fl;ig of truce, the "Tennessee"
should be towed wilhin range of njy guns.

Rtspectfully, ttc,

R. L. Page,

Brigadier-General C S. A.

From this time to the 15th, day and night, we were engaged by
the fleet, sometimes in a brisk fight of several hours' duration, at
other in a desultory firing — without any very effective aamaga
being done to our fort, save a demonstration of the fact that our
brick walls were easily penetrable to the heavy missiles of the
enemy, and that a systfematic, concentrated fire would soon breach
them.

On the 15th, three of the 15-inch shells striking the right-flank
face of Bastion No. 4 breached the wall, and disabled the howitzers
therein.

During this time a pretty continuous fire was kept up on the
fort from the Parrottguns in several batteries erected by the enemy ;
and in the intervals of serving the gims my men were engaged in
the work before mentioned, for their protection, in the anticipation
of a vigorous bombardment.

The sharpshooters in our front had become very numerous and
active, and with these encircling us on the land, and the fire de-
livered from the fleet on the flanks, our guns had to be served with
much care and under great difficulty.

The land forces of the enemy completed their first approach (see
accompanying sketch) on the 9th and 10th across the peninsula;
the second through the 11th and 12th; the third, a bayou, near and
parallel to Gulf shore, 13th and 14th; their first parallel 500 and
700 yards distant, 15th, 16th, 17th, I8th, 19th; approaches on 20th
and 21st to within 200 yards of our glacis.

Such guns as I could use on this force I annoyed them with,
especially at night, and to the extent possible retarded their work ;

Defence qf Fort Morgan. 41

though nothing very eflfective could be accomplished in this way,
as their working parties were well concealed in the sand hills, and
when our fire was concentrated on any one point they would
merely, unseen, remove to' some other.

To the morning of the 22d, our efforts were with the heavy guns
that bore on them to interfere with the investing approaches of the
enemy. The topography of our front, however, was to their ad-
vantage, and they made a steady advance, covering it somewhat
with an irregular fire from the batteries already in position, and
lining their works already completed with sharpshooters to pick
off our gunners.

At daylight the fleet was reported moving up to encircle us, and
shortly its batteries (in conjunction with those on land, which
numbered thirty-six (36) guns and mortars) opened a furious fire,
which came from almost every point of the compass, and continued
unabated throughout the day, culminating in increased force at
sundown; after which the heavy calibres and mortars kept it up
during the night.

This fire disabled all the heavy guns, save two, which did not
bear on the land approach, partially breached the walls in several
places, and cut up the fort to such extent as to make the whole
work a mere mass of debris. Their mortar practice was accurate.

Apprehensive from the great effect already had on the walls,
that my magazines, containing now 80,000 pounds, were in danger
in continuation of the bombardment in the night, with great care
and under continuous fire I had the powder brought out and
flooded.

The guns in the '"Water" and "Lunette" batteries, now un-
serviceable and in jeopardy from the enemy, I ordered spiked and
otherwise effectually damaged ; and all the guns on the main ram-
part dismounted by tlie fire from the enemy were likewise destroyed
as of no further avail in defence. Early in the night the wood-
work of the citadel was fired by the mortar shells, and burned
furiously for some hours— the enemy during the conflagration
pouring in his missiles with increased vigor. With great eflbrts
the fire was arrested, and prevented extending around near the
magazines, which would have been in imminent danger of explo-
sion. In the gallant endeavor to prevent this disaster, I would
especially mention Privates Murphy, Bembough and Stevens, First
Tennessee regiment, for great courage and daring displayed.

At daylight on the 23d (all my powder had then been destroyed).

42 Southern Historical Society Papers.

the citadel was again set on fire in several places by shells, and
burned until it was consumed.

The report made to me now was that the casemates which had
been rendered as safe as possible for the men, some had been
breached, others partially (Captains Johnston, Fisher and Hughes
informed me that another shot on them would bring down the
walls of their company quarters), so that a resumption of the severe
fire from the enemy would in all likelihood inflict great loss of
life, there being no bombproof in the fort. The enemy's approach
was very near the glacis. My guns and powder had all been de-
stroyed ; my " means of defence gone " ; the citadel, nearly the entire
quartermaster store and a portion of the commissariat burnt by
the enemy's shells. It was evident the fort could hold out but a
few hours longer under a renewed bombardment. The only ques-
tion was, hold it for this time, gain the eclat and sustain the loss of
life from the falling of the walls, or save life and capitulate?

I capitulated to the enemy at 2 o'clock P. M., and though they
refused to insert it in the terms there was a full understanding, and
I was assured that my sick and wounded should be sent at once to
Mobile by a flag of truce. This was not done. Considering the
great exposure to which the men were subjected, and the fact that
shells frequently burst among them when in the casemates, the
casualties were unusually small. I enclose a list.

The garrison in this severe test behaved well, and I would make
little distinction.

Captain J. GaUimard, engineer in charge, performed his duties
to my satisfaction. To the officers of the First Alabama battalion
artillery. Major J. T. Gee commanding, and of Captain Cothran's
company. Twenty-first Alabama, I give my thanks for their prompt-
ness and alacrity in every duty; and to Colonel A. J. Jackson,
commanding First Tennessee, and Captains Johnston and Fisher
and their brave companies of that regiment, for very efficient ser-
vice.

To Captain C. H. Smith, A. A. G., and Captain R. T. Thorn, A.
I. G., for prompt performance of all their duties, I am under obli-
gations; and to my aid-de-camp. Lieutenant J. C. Ta3'lor, I owe
much for his promptness and energy, and for his active and gallant
assistance throughout the operations.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. L. Pagk, Brigadier- General

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 43

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park, Twelftli Alabama Regiment.

[Continued from December No.]

February 5th, 1865 (Sunday) — My sleep was a very cold and
uncomfortable one last night, and I rose early to warm myself by
the single stove in the "division." The "pen," as our quarters are
called, embraces an area of near two acres. The building, a mere
shell, unceiled and unplastered, is on three sides, with a high, close
plank fence on the fourth side, separating us from the privates'
barracks. The long side of the building (barracks, as it is called),
parallel with the fence, is about 300 feet in length, running east
and west, and the other two sides or ends are each about 150 feet
long. The campus or exercise ground is low and flat, wet and
muddy. There are narrow plank walks, intersecting each other
and near the building, which are thronged with passing crowds
this wet weather. The bunks or berths in each division are six feet
long and about four feet apart, extending entirely across the room.
Each division is heated by one large upright stove, which the
prisoners keep very hot when sufficient coal can be obtained. The
room is so open and cold, however, that a half-do"en or more stoves
would be required to heat it. Several poor fellows, who have no
bunk-mates and a scarcity of covering, sit up around the stoves
and nod all night. The mess-room is next to "22" and near " the
rear." It is a long, dark room, having a long pine table, on which
the food is placed in separate piles, either on a tin plate or on the
uncovered, greasy table, at meal hours, twice a day. No knives
nor forks, nor spoons are furnished. Captain Browne kindly
brought my meals to me. The fare consists of a slice of baker's
bread, very often stale, with weak coffee, for breakfast, and a slice
of bread and piece of salt pork or salt beef, sometimes alternating
with boiled fresh beef and bean soup, for dinner. The beef is
often tough and hard to masticate. It is said to be thrown, bloody
and unwashed, in huge pots, filled with water of doubtful clean-
liness, and boiled. Many prisoners club together and form messes,
and with such money as they receive from Northern friends, or as
they can make by their own ingenious work, buy such eatables as
can be obtained from the sutler. The prison allowance is poor
and scant indeed, and I eagerly consume all I receive. Being on
crutches I am unable to run and scuffle for a place at the mess-
room table, where all stand to eat, after pushing and crowding in.

44 Southern Historicnl Society Papers.

Many bring their rations to their bunks, and eat there. All eat as
if hungry and ill-fed. Tubs, made of barrels, are placed at night
in front of the doors, and used as urinals. These are emptied by
details of prisoners early every morning. Each division has its
daily details to make fires, sweep up, etc. I spent much of the
day writing to friends, informing them of my "change of base"
from the Old Capitol to Fort Delaware.

February Qth and 7</i— Captain W. M. Dwight, A. A. G., of South
Carolina, is "chief" of 22. His duties are to keep a roll of the
inmates, make all the details, look after the sweeping and cleaning
the room, report names of the«sick, preserve order in the division,
preside over meetings, etc. Captain D. is an active, gentlemanly
officer, and quite popular. I have met Captain E. J. Dean, Colonel
P. A. McMichael, Lieutenant James Campell and Adjutant G. E.
Manigault, of South Carolina; Adjutant John Law, of Tennessee;
Colonel Isaac Hardeman, Captain W. H. Bennett, Captain E. W.
Crocker, Captain C. S. Virgin, Adjutant G. C. Conner, of Georgia,
and others, but saw them only a few minutes. They are polite
and intelligent gentlemen, excellent representatives of their re-
spective States. The majority of the prisoners are worn and feeble
by sickness, want of necessary food, wounds, scurvy, personal care,
anxiety and privation. Many are sadly depressed on account of
long confinement and cruel delay in exchanges. Some are in
complete despair. Others make Dixie and home themes of con-
stant thought and conversation. They dream and sigh, and talk
and long for home and its loved ones. A few constitutional cowards,
who have a mortal horror of the battlefield, seem contented here.
They prefer to risk the annoyances, inconveniences, hunger, insults
and deseases of prison to the lesser but more dreaded dangers of
the field of battle. This class of persons is very limited. Over
2,000 officers and 7,000 non-commissioned officers and privates are
in the two prison pens. Brigadier-General A. Schoeff", a Hungarian,
is in command, and has two very unpopular and insolent officers,
Captain G. W. Ahl and Lieutenant Woolf, as his adjutants. These
uniformed plebeians delight in exercising petty tyranny over
their superiors in the prison. They are rude, coarse men, with no
conception of sentiments of generosity and magnanimity. Woolf
is generally drunk, boastful and boisterous. Ahl is more genteel
in speech and manner, but less obliging and more deceitful and
cruel. General Schoeff is disposed to be lenient and kind, but is
terribly afraid of his superior officers, especially Secretary Stanton.

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 45

He is a moral coward, and as false and faithless as the notorious
French liar and revolutionist, Barere. General Schoeff, the Hun-
garian, and General Meagher, the Irishman, surely forget the op-
pressions they pretend to lament in their native lands, while assisting
our enemies to enslave and destroy ours. "Consistency is a jewel"
they do not prize. Mercenary motives control them.

February 8th — With Captain Browne and Lieutenant Arrington,
I left 22, and found somewhat better quarters in division 28. Here
we have to climb over two bunks to the uppermost one. Puttino-
my crutches on the bunks above as I ascend, I climb with difficulty,
by means of my hands and knees to my bunk, leaving it as seldom
as possible. This division is called "The Gambling Hell," and
games of faro, keno, poker, euchre, vingt et vn, seven-up, chuck-a-
luck, etc., are played incessantly, day and night. Gamblers from
all the divisions resort to " 28." The fascination for games of chance
is wonderful, and the utter recklessness with which some men will
venture their last "check" is really painful to behold. Many pen-
niless fellows, "dead broke" from repeated fights with the "tiger,"
stand near and eagerly watch the games for hours in succession.
The " faro-bankers," two officers from West Virginia, seem to be
flourishing, have plenty of money, and live well from the sutler's.
Lieutenant C, C. Carr, of Uniontown, Alabama, bunks next to me.
He is in the Fourty-fourth Virginia regiment. Carr is an Alabamian
in a Virginia command, while I am a Georgian in an Alabama
regiment. Lieutenant George R. Waldraan, also of the Forty-
fourth Virginia, from Baltimore, Maryland, is the popular and
accommodating postmaster of the division. He carries off our
letters for inspection and mailing, and delivers those received, after
the authorities have opened and read them. He also attends
" money calls," and brings sutler's checks in lieu of the greenbacks
sent to prisoners. It is an interesting sight to see the crowds gather
around him, as he calls out the names of those receiving letters.
The eyes of the fortunate recipients sparkle with pleasure, and
smiles light up their countenances, while the disappointed turn
reluctantly and sadly away, with sighs of regret, when the roll has
been finished, and their names not called. Some poor fellows
never join these expectant crowds, as they have no acquaintances
North, and never receive any letters; they are to be pitied. It is
a great consolation to know you are not forgotten, though a prisoner.
We find it difficult to sleep at night in our new quarters; so many
noisy men remain awake, gambling, talking, swearing and walking

46 Southern Historical Society Papers.

about. Loud bursts of laughter and horried oaths sometimes
arouse and startle us. Such confusion should be stopped after 10
o'clock. Prayers are held by some of the officers in each division
at 9 o'clock at night. Wicked 28 is not neglected, and its occupants
are usually very quiet and respectful during the exercises, but
gambling is actively resumed as soon as "amen" is pronounced.
Captain E. A. Jeffress, Twenty-first Virginia regiment, from Clarkes-
ville, Virginia, is one of the few inmates of our room who will
lead in prayer. Officers from other divisions assist him.

February 9th — A few officers were paroled to-day for exchange.
Why am I not among the number? Very few here are more
helpless than I, and the fortunate parties are strong and well. It
is difficult to be patient and calm under such treatment. The
paroled officers are buoyant and happy, while those who have to
remain are correspondingly depressed and wretched. The anxious,
increasing desire to be exchanged is positively painful. Nostalgia
or homesickness is alarmingly prevalent, and its effects, combined
with poor food and rough treatment, are often fatal. Sometimes a
paragraph from an eagerly scanned newspaper, or a "grape vine"
telegram, having no foundation whatever, makes all hopeful and
jubilant, but soon a counter report fills them with gloom and
despair. Many declare they would prefer to fight in battle every
day to remaining longer in their wretched quarters. Gaming
occupies the minds of many. Some read novels and histories,
others study ancient and modern languages and mathematics, and
thus divert, for the time, their minds from the painful, desperate,
hopeless surroundings. A few are actually losing their memories
and are in danger of either becoming gibbering idiots or dangerous
madmen. A speedy change to home life is the only salvation for
them.

Editorial Paragraphs. 47

Editarial Ifai^agrapbe.

As WE enter with this issue upon the second year of the publication of
our Fapers, we warmly congratulare the Society on ihe success of the past
year and the prospects for the future.

Despite "hard times" our enterprise has met with a success which en-
courages us to hope that we shall be able to increase our circulation duriii"-
the coming year, and advance all of the interests of the Society.

But we beg our friends to remember that we need their continued sym-
pathy and active help, in order that our expectations may be realized.

Renewals have been coming in with some degree of briskness; but
many have yet failed to renew, and we beg that they will do so at once. We
send this number to all old subscribers who have not notified us to discon-
tinue their subscriptions, in the hope that they will find it convenient to
renew. But we again call attention to our terms, which are strictly cash in
advance.

Lists of Names and the postoflice address of those who might probably
subscribe to our Papers would be very useful. Some of our friends have
sent us such lists, and we beg that others will do so ; but a still better list, of
course, would be lists of subscribers with money. A little effort on the part
of our friends would swell our list and increase our power to be useful in the
erreat work in which we are engaged.

Any Failures to receive our Papers by our subscribers will be promptly
corrected, so far as we are able to do so, when reported to this office. The
Secretary is accustomed to give his personal attention to the making up of
our mail, and is satisfied that few failures have occurred through any fault
of onr oflice. But we beg that if subscribers fail to receive their numbers
they will report to us promptly, that we may seek to rectify it, and not wait
until the close of the year to make their complaints.

Back Numbers for 187G we can furnish only in tAvo bound volumes,
which we mail at $2.00, $2.2.5 or $2.50 per volume, according to style of bind-
ing.

"A Confederate View op the Treatment of Prisoners" (being
our numbers for March and April, 1S7G, neatly bound) we can still mail for
$1.2.5, $1..50 or $1.75, according to binding. And we again suggest that our
friends Avould do a valuable work by placing this little volume (as well as our
oiher publications) on the shelves of every public library in the land.

48 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Contributions to our Archives are as acceptable as ever, and con-
tinue to come in from time to time. Since our last acknowledgment we
have received among others the following:

Fro7n W. H. H. Terrell, Adjutant-General of Indiana (the author) — "In-
diana in the War of the Rebellion," being the otiicial report of the part
borne b}^ Indiana in the "war between the States." Life and Public Ser-
vices of Oliver P. Morton, of Indiana.

From H. C. Wall (the author)— "The Pee Dee Guards" (Company D,
Twenty-third North Carolina regiment), from 1S61 to 1865.

From the Vermont Historical Society — "History of the Saint Albans Raid,"
by Hon. Edward A. Sowlcs.

From the author {Napier £flr^Ze«)—" Military Annals of Louisiana" during
the late war.

From the author {Dr. R. Randolph Stevenson)— '•'■ The Southern Side, or
Andersonville Prison."

From the author {Rev. Joseph H. Martin, of Atlanta, Georgia)— '■^ The De-
claration of Independence — A Centennial Poem."

From Robert Clarke 8c Co., Cincinnati— "C. W. Moulton's reply to Boyn-
ton's Review of Sherman's Memoirs."

From John McCrae, Esq., Camden, South Carolina — A complete tile of
Charleston Daily Mercury, from the 8th of July, 1859, to the 10th of Feb-
ruary, 1865, and from the 19th of November, 1866, to the 16th of November,
1868. The Charleston Daily Neios, from June, 1866, to 5th of April, 1873.
Charleston News and Courier, from April 7th, 1873, to November 27th, 1875.
Daily South Carolinian, from 1855 to October, 1864, and Daily Columbia
Guardian, from November 14th, 1864, to February 15th, 1865. The Southern
Presbyterian, from September 11th, 1858, to December 29th, 1865, and from
May 7th, 186'1, to December 30th, 1875.

Tliese, added to the valuable files received from Mr. McCrae some months
ao-o, constitute a most important addition to our collection, and place the
Society under obligations to Mr. McCrae, which are only increased by the
courteous manner in which he has made the donations, and the real pleasure
which it seems to have afforded him.

From Mrs. C. A. Hamilton, Beaufort, South Carolina — A large collection of
war issues of the Charleston and other papers. (The Society is anxious to
secure even odd numbers of papers published during the war, as they help to
complete our files, and are valuable as duplicates.)

From Major H. B. McClellan, Lexington, Kentucky (formerly of General
Stuart's staff)- A package of MSS. containing the following: General J. E.
B. Stuart's report of operations of his cavalry, from October 30th, 1862, to
November Gth, 1862. An original letter from Major-General John Pope to
Major-General Banks, dated July 21 st, 1862, enclosing dispatch from Brigadier-
General Rufus King, at Falmouth (giving account of his raid on Beaver Dam
depot), and oKdering Banks to send Gimeral Hatch at once to make cavalry
raid on Gordonsvllle, Charlottesville, &c. (This letter was probably found
when Stuart captured Pope's headquarters).

iTira Himm iim pims

Tol. III.

Riclimond, Ya., February, 1877.

No. 2.

General R. H. Anderson's Report of the Battle of Gettysburg.

[Carrying out our purpose of giving preference in our publications to
original MSS. reports, wliich have never been published, we have the pleas-
ure of adding to the reports of the battle of Gettj^sburg, which we have al-
ready published, that of General R. H. Anderson, who commanded a divi-
sion in Hill's corps.]

Headquarters Anderson's Division,
Third Army Corps,
Orange Courthouse, Fa., August 7th, 1863.

Major — I have the honor to submit the following report of the
operations of my division from its departure from Fredericksburg
to its return to Culpeper Courthouse, Virginia, during the months
of June and July, 1863:

Pursuant to instructions received from Lieutenant-General A.
P. Hill, commanding the Third Army corps, my command, com-
posed of Wilcox's, Mahone's, Wright's, Perry's and Posey's bri-
gades, and Lane's battalion of artillery, moved on the afternoon of
the 14th of June from the position which it had been occupying
in line of battle near Fredericksburg for ten days previously, and
followed the march of the First and Second corps towards Cul-
peper Courthouse. The night of the fourteenth it lay near Chan-
cellorsville. On the fifteenth it moved to within four miles of
Stevensburg, having been detained two hours at the Rapidan, clear-
ing away obstructions from the road approaching the ford.

On the sixteenth it arrived at Culpeper Courthouse. On the
seventeenth it moved to Hazel river, forded it and encamped on
its left bank. On the eighteenth to Flint Hill, and on the nine-
teenth to Front Royal, at which place it halted early in the day
and encamped, in obedience to the directions of the Lieutenant-
General commanding. At four o'clock in the afternoon orders
were received to resume the march, and during that night the
troops and part of the wagon train crossed the two branches of

50 Southern Historical Society Papers.

the Shenandoah — rain and darkness preventing the greater part ot
the wagons from crossing until the following morning. As soon as
all the wagons had crossed on the morning of the twentieth, the
march was continued, and in the afternoon the command halted
two miles beyond White Post. Moved on the twenty-first to Berry-
ville, on the twenty-second to Roper's farm, on the road to Charles-
town, and on the twenty-third to Shepherdstown.

On the twenty-fourth it crossed the Potomac, and moved to
Boonshoro', on the twenty-fifth to Hagerstown, on the twenty-sixth
two miles beyond Greencastle, and on the twent3^-seventh through
Chambersburg to Fayetteville, at which place it halted until the
first of July.

Soon after daylight on the first of July, in accordance with the
commands of the Lieutenant-General, the division moved from
Fayetteville in the direction of Cashtown — arrived at the latter
place early in the afternoon, and halted for further orders.

Shortly before our arrival at Cashtown, the sound of brisk can-
nonading near Gettysburg announced an engagement in our front.
After waiting about an hour at Cashtown, orders were received
from General Hill to move forward to Gettysburg. Upon ap-
proaching Gettysburg, I was directed to occupy the position in
line of battle which had just been vacated by Pender's division,
and to place one brigade and a battery of artillery a mile or more
on the right of the line, in a direction at right angles with it and
facing to the right. Wilcox's brigade and Captain Ross' battery of
Lane's battalion were posted in the detached position, whilst the
other brigades occupied the ground from which Pender's division
had just been moved. W^e continued in this position until the
morning of the second, when I received orders to take up a new
line of battle, on the right of Pender's division, about a mile and
a half farther forward.

Lane's battalion of artillery was detached from my command
this morning and did not rejoin it.

In taking the new position, the Tenth Alabama regiment, Wil-
cox's brigade, had a sharp skirmish with a bod}'' of the enemy,
who had occupied a wooded hill on the extreme right of my line.
The enemy was soon driven from the wood, and the line of battle
was formed with the brigades in the following order: Wilcox's,
Perry's (commanded by Colonel David Lang), Wright's, Posey's
and Mahone's.

The enemy's line was plainly in view, about twelve hundred

i

General Anderson's Report of the Battle of Gcttyshimj. 51

yards in our front, extending along an opposite ridge somewhat
more elevated than that which we occupied, the intervening ground
being slightly undulating, enclosed by rail and plank fences and
under cultivation.

Our skirmishers soon became engaged with those of the enemy,
and kept up an irregular fire upon one another. Shortly after the
line had been formed, I received notice that Lieutenaiit-General
Longstreet would occupy the ground on the right— that his line
would be in a direction nearly at right angles with mine— that he
would assault the extreme left of the enemy and drive him towards
Gettysburg, and I was at the same time ordered to put the troops
of my division into action by brigades, as soon as those of General
Longstreet's corps had progressed so far in their assault as to be
connected with my right flank. About two o'clock in the after-
noon the engagement between the artillery of the enemy and that
of the First Army corps commenced, and was soon followed by fu-
rious and sustained musketry, but it was not until half-past five
o'clock in the evening that McLaw's division (by which the move-
ment of my division was to be regulated) had advanced so far as
to call for the movement of m)^ troops.

The advance of McLaw's division was immediately followed in
the manner directed by the brigades of mine.

Never did troops go into action with greater spirit or more de-
termined courage. The ground afforded them but little shelter,
and for nearly three-quarters of a mile they were compelled to
face a storm of shot and shell and bullets, but there was no hesitation
nor faltering. They drove the enemy from his first line and pos-
sessed themselves of the ridge and of much of the artiller}'- with
which it had been crowned, but the situation discovered the enemy
in possession of a second line, with artillery bearing upon both our
front and flanks. From this position he poured a destructive fire
of grape upon our troops — strong reinforcements pressed upon our
right flank, which had become detached from McLaw's left, and
the ridge was untenable. The brigades were compelled to retire.
They fell back in the same succession in which they had advanced —
Wilcox's, Perry's, Wright's and Posey's. They regained their po-
sition in the line of battle. The enemy did not follow. Pickets
were again thrown to the front, and the troops lay upon their arms.

In Wilcox's, Perry's and Wright's brigades the loss was very
heavy.

On the third of July nothing of consequence occurred along that

52 Southern Historical Society Papers.

portion of the line occupied by my division until the afternoon, when
at half-past three o'clock a great number of pieces of our artillery,
massed against the enemy's centre, opened upon it and were replied
to with equal force and fury.

After about an hour's continuance of this conflict, the enemy's
fire seemed to subside, and troops of General Longstreet's corps
were advanced to the assault of the enemy's centre. I received
orders to hold my division in readiness to move up in support if
it should become necessary. The same success at first and the
same repulse attended this assault as that made by my division on
the preceding evening. The troops advanced gallantly, under a
galling and destructive storm of missies of every description,
gained the first ridge, were unable to hold it, gave way and fell
back — their support giving way at the same time.

Wilcox's and Perry's brigades had been moved forward so as to
be in position to render assistance or to take advantage of any suc-
cess gained by the assaulting column, and at what I supposed to
be the proper time, I was about to move forward Wright's and
Posey's brigades, when General Longstreet directed me to stop the
movement, adding that it was useless and would only involve un-
necessary loss, the assault having failed.

I then caused the troops to resume their places in line, to afford
a rallying point to those retiring, and to oppose the enemy should
he follow our retreating forces. No attempt at pursuit was made,
and our troops resumed their line of battle.

Some loss was sustained by each of the brigades of the division
from the cannonading — Wilcox's, which was supporting Alexan-
der's artillery, suffering the most seriously.

There was nothing done on the fourth of July, Late in the
evening I received orders to draw off the division as soon as it be-
came dark, and take the road towards Fairfield. On the fifth I
was directed to hold the gap in the mountains between Fairfield
and Waynesborough. In the evening I moved to a place called
Frogtown, at the base of the mountain.

At six o'clock P. M. on the sixth moved towards Hagerstown —
halted on the morning of the seventh about two miles from the
town, and remained in camp until the tenth of July.

On the afternoon of the tenth moved about three miles beyond
Hagerstown, in the direction of Williamsport, and on the morning
of the eleventh moved two miles and took a position in line of
battle with the right resting on the Boonsboro' and Williamsport

General Anderson'' s Report of the Battle of Getty ahurg. 53

turnpike— the general direction of the line being at right angles to
that road.

The enemy was in view on the hills in our front— skirmishers
were advanced at once, and the troops were diligently employed in
strengthening the position.

We lay in this line until the night of the thirteenth, when we
marched just after dark towards the Potomac, which we crossed
the following day (the fourteenth) at Falling Waters. On the fif-
teenth moved to Bunker Hill, at which place we remained until
the twenty-first, when the march was resumed, and the division
encamped on that night two miles south of Winchester.

On the twenty-second crossed the Shenandoah and halted for the
night at Front Koyal. On the twenty-third the division marched
at daylight — Wright's brigade, under command of Colonel Walker,
being detached to relieve a brigade of the First corps on duty at
Manassas Gap.

This brigade had a very sharp encounter with a greatly superior
force of the enemy at Manassas Gap, and behaved with its accus-
tomed gallantry.

Colonel Walker was severely but not dangerously wounded in
the beginning of the fight, when the command devolved upon
Captain McCurry, who, being incapacitated by ill health and fee-
bleness, subsequently relinquished it to Captain Andrews.

The division encamped on the night of the twenty-third at Flint
Hill. On the twenty-fourth, whilst pursuing the march, and when
near Thornton river, some skirmishing occurred between the lead-
ing division (Heth's) and the enemy. Mahone's brigade relieved
Walker's (Heth's division), which had been posted to support the
artillery and cover the road, and continued in that position until
the rear of the corps had passed, when he followed and rejoined
the division on the south of Hazel river. On the twenty-fifth of
July the command arrived at Culpeper Courthouse.

The total loss sustained by the division in the battle of Gettys-
burg, the fight at Manassas Gap and in minor affairs, is two thou-
sand two hundred and sixty-six.

The reports of the commanders of brigades, including Captain
Andrews' report of the fight at Manassas Gap, are herewith sub-
mitted. The members of my staff". Majors T. S. Mills and R. P.
Duncan, Assistant Adjutant and Inspector-General, Lieutenants
Wm. McWillie and S. D. Shannon, Aides-de-Camp, and Messrs. R.
D. Spann and J. G. Spann, volunteer Aides-de-Camp, by their active

54 Southern Historical Society Papers.

and zealous attention to their duties, rendered valuable service at
all times and upon all occasions. The conduct of the troops under
my command was in the highest degree praiseworthy and com-
mendable throughout the campaign. Obedient to the orders of
the Commanding General they refrained from taking into their own
hands retaliation upon the enemy for the inhuman wrongs and
outrages inflicted upon them in the wanton destruction of their
property and homes. Peaceable inhabitants sufifered no molesta-
tion. In a land of plenty they often suffered hunger and want.
One-fourth of their number marched ragged and barefooted through
towns in which it was well ascertained that the merchants had
concealed supplies of clothing. In battle they lacked none of that
courage and spirit which has ever distinguished the soldiers of the
Army of Northern Virginia; and if complete success did not at-
tend their efforts, their failure cannot be laid upon their shortcom-
ing, but must be recognized and accepted as the will and decree of
the Almighty Disposer of human affairs.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

R. H. Anderson,

Major- General Commanding Division.

Major W. H. Palmer, Assistant Adjutant and Inspector-General
and Chief of Staff Third Armij Corps.

I

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 55

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park, Twelfth Alabama Regiment.

[Continued from January No.]

February 10th, 11th and 12th, 1865 — There is a tent of sutler's sup-
plies near the mess hall, kept by an avaricious Yankee, named Em-
ery, who is believed to be a partner of General SchoefF. Tobacco,
matches, oil for cooking lamps, stationery, baker's bread, pies,
cakes, apples, onions, etc., all of very poor quality, are kept for
sale, and from 500 per cent, to 1,000 per cent, profit is charged.
Emery's position is a paying, if not a very dignified one. Jolly
Sam Brewer, the clever Twelfth Alabama sutler, would have rejoiced
at a quarter of Emery's huge profits. There is very often an eager,
clamorous throng crowded around his tent, checks in hand, and
held aloft, eager to buy the inferior articles, sold at prices so far
above their value. Emery and his clerks are vulgar, impertinent,
grasping Yankees, and elegant Southern gentlemen are frequently
comi^elled to submit to disagreeable familiarties from these ill bred
men. The extortioners are openly denounced and unsparingly
criticised and ridiculed by the impatient, hungry and poverty-
stricken Rebels, as they anxiously await their time to be served.
The enormous prices for very poor articles on sale are very can-
didly and freely complained of and objected to by the needy cus-
tomers. But while they grumble, stern necessity forces them to
buy. In clear weather the prisoners promenade in the open area and
exercise by running, jumping, pitching quoits, etc.

February loth, l-lth, 15th and 16th— The privy is on the beach,
where the tide comes in, 150 feet or more distant from the nearest
division. It is open and exposed in front, and is in sight of Dela-
ware city. The seats are very filthy, and cannot be occupied with-
out being defiled. The sea water proves no disinfectant, and the
constant frequenters of the place are sickened by the offensive
odors which are wafted to their sensitive olfactories. Diarrhoea and
dysentery are so prevalent, and the pen is so crowded, that parties
are very often compelled to wait an hour or longer before they
can be relieved. The floor and seats are too filthy and nauseating
for description; yet very many who suffer from the diseases men-
tioned visit the foul place dozens of times, day and night, in
rain, wind, hail, sleet and snow, and in spite of the most intense
oold and blackest, most impenetrable darkness, pollution is scarcely
avoidable on such occasions.

56 Southern Historical Society Papers.

February 17th, ISth and 19th — Plenty of "grape," i. c, rumors
afloat of a speedy general exchange. I have written home by my
old college-mate, Capt. Zeke Crocker, who is on the exchange list.
Much of my time is spent writing to my lady friends in the Valley
of Virginia and Baltimore, and to relatives South. No letters from
home, however, reached me by flag of truce boat, though I know
they have been written. The authorities are intentionally negli-
gent about forwarding and delivering our letters from Dixie to us.
Have read "Macaria," by Miss Evans; "The Caxtons," by Bulwer,
and am reviewing arithmetic and algebra. A number of valuable
books have been sent us by the ever thoughtful and attentive Bal-
timore ladies. They will never know how much they have done,
in various kindly ways, to ameliorate our unhappy condition and
relieve the dull tedium of our monotonous life. God bless the
noble women of Baltimore! They are angels of mercy to us.
The supply of drinking water has been scarce and insuflicient
lately, and those who have been too nice to use the filthy ditch
water, so unpleasant to sight and smell, for bathing purposes, have
been forbidden to use the fresh water in the hogsheads. The
drinking water is brought over from Brandywine creek, and is
dipped out of the hogsheads by means of tin cups, coffee pots,
buckets, etc. It cannot be clean, but is greatly to be preferred to
the brackish ditch water. It is to be hoped we will not have a
water famine. Many pleasant acquaintances have been formed
recently.

February 20th — Mr. Bennett, of Baltimore, sent me one dollar
and a supply of paper, envelopes and stamps. Ahl and Wolf are,
like many other civilians, "clothed in a little brief authority " over
their fellow men, very arrogant and offensive. They seem to de-
light in harassing and annoying the defenceless victims under
their care and control. They evidently regret the prospect of re-
sumption of exchange. When we leave, their occupation as turn-
keys will be gone, and the dreaded "front" stares them in the face.
Their coward hearts quail at the thought. Wolf gave up watches
and Confederate money to most of the prisoners. This is a good
indication of approaching exchange. I am satisfied that President
Davis and the Confederate Government have been ready for it at
any time. No blame is attached to our leaders. Colonel Robert
Ould has labored zealously in our behalf. My hopes of release
have revived.

February 21st, 22d, 2Zd and 2ith — A movement has been on foot

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 57

to stop the gambling and noise after ten o'clock, and many of the
leading gamblers have approved the idea. Colonel Wm. J. Clark,
Twenty -fourth North Carolina troops, has been elected chief of the
division, and made a short speech, announcing that, by vote, it was
agreed that all lights should be put out and quiet observed after
the usual nine o'clock prayers. My friends Arrington and Browne
aided me actively in canvassing in favor of this excellent change.
Colonel Clark is an old army officer. Midshipman Howell, a rela-
tive of Mr. Davis, is an inmate of 28. Lieutenant E. H. Crawley,
Twenty-sixth Georgia; Captain J. H. Field, Eighth Georgia; Lieu-
tenant Q. D. Finley, Eighteenth Mississippi, and Adjutant Alex. S.
Webb, of Forty-fourth North Carolina troops, are among the in-
mates also.

The newspaper accounts of Sherman's march from Georgia
through South Carolina are heartrending. An extract from one of
them says: "Sherman burnt Columbia on the seventeenth instant.
He had burnt six out of seven farm houses on the route of his
march. Before he reached Columbia, he had burned Blackville,
Graham, Bamburg, Buford's bridge and Lexington, and had not
spared the humblest hamlet. After he left Columbia, he gave to
the flames the villages of Allston, Pomaria, Winnsboro', Black-
stock, Society Hill, and the towns of Camden and Cheraw."
Would that the prisoners at Fort Delaware could be exchanged
and sent to confront this ruthless, heartless destroyer of the homes
and subsistence of helpless women and children. We would teach-
him a wholesome lesson. The paragraph quoted reminds me of a
letter written by General Sheridan. After the battle of Fisher's
Hill, he wrote from Strasburg as follows : " Lieutenant J. R. Meigs,,
my engineer officer, was murdered beyond Harrisburg, near Day-
ton. For this atrocious act, all the houses within an area of five
m_ miles were burned. In moving back to this point, the whole
mk country, from the Blue Badge to the North Mountain, has been
Bmade entirely untenable for a rebel army. I have destroyed over
H 2,000 barns, filled with wheat, hay and farming implements, over
^70 mills, filled with flour and wheat; have driven in front of the
I army over 4,000 head of stock, and have killed and issued to the
troops not less than 3,000 sheep. This destruction embraces the
Luray Valley and the Little Fort Valley, as well as the Main Val-
I ley." These two vandals fight with the torch better than the sword,
and seem to glory in their own infamy. The South Carolina pris-

58 Southern Historical Society Papers.

oners are greatly troubled b}'- the terrible accounts of Sherman's
destructive march through their native State.

February 25th and 2Qth — The terrible reports of Sherman's cru-
elty during the burning of Columbia, and of his subsequent march
into North Carolina, are appalling and disheartening to us all.
The Carolinians are specially grieved and indignant. Sherman's
whole course in the South is in bold and dishonorable contrast
with the gentle and generous conduct of Lee and his veterans in
Maryland and Pennsylvania. I well remember that memorable
march into the enemy's territory, far more daring and heroic than
the unapposed marches of the brutal Sherman through Georgia
and Carolina. I was with Lee when he invaded Pennsylvania,
and was wounded at Gettysburg, just before our brigade entered
the town, July first, 1863. General Lee's famous order, dated June
27th, 1863, at Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, is brought forcibly to
my mind. The following immortal words, extracted from that re-
nowned order, ought to be repeated daily in the ears of the inhu-
iman Sherman :

"The Commanding General considers that no greater disgrace
-could befall the army, and through it our whole people, than the
perpetration of the barbarous outrages upon the innocent and de-
fenceless, and the wanton destruction of private property, that have
marked the course of the enemy in our own country. Such pro-
ceedings not only disgrace the perpetrators and all connected with
them, but are subversive of the discipline and efficiency of our
army. The yet unsullied reputation of our army, and the duties
exacted of us by civilization and Christianity, are not less obliga-
tory in the country of the enemy than in our own. It must be
remembered that we make war only upon armed men, and that we
cannot take vengeance for the wrongs our people have suflered,
without lowering ourselves in the eyes of all whose abborrence has
been excited by the atrocities of our enemj^, and offending against
Him to whom vengeance belongeth, and without whose favor and
support our efforts must all prove in vain. The Commanding
General, therefore, earnestly exhorts the troops to abstain, with
most scrupulous care, from unnecessary or wanton injury to pri-
vate property; and he enjoins upon all officers to arrest and bring
to summary punishment all who shall, in any way, ofi'end against
the orders on this subject.

"R. E. Lee, General

This Christian and humane effort to mitigate the horrors of war
confers greater glory on Lee than all the villages, towns, cities and
private residences burnt by Sherman and his cruel followers can
ever reflect upon his dishonored name. Man}!- of Lee's soldiers

Diary of Gainain Robert E. Park. 59

had suffered great mental anguish and immense pecuniary losses
by the cruel devastation and cowardly atrocities of their enemies,
but when they, exultant and victorious, invaded the country of
their inhuman enemy, they nobly restrained their angry passions
and kept pure and bright their unsullied reputations. They hero-
ically resisted the alluring temptation to inflict merited retaliation,
and like brave. Christian soldiers and gallant gentlemen, scrupu-
lously obeyed the humane orders of their beloved chieftain. But
tins sublime lesson of generosity and magnanimity was lost upon
tlie vandal enemy. In base return for Lee's noble. Christian con-
duct they despoiled and desecrated his own home at Arlington,
and the cherished homes of his brave followers in Virginia, Geor-
gia and South Carolina. Sherman's base course, his wicked crimes,
have forever stained his name and cause, dishonored his country
and disgraced his triumph. The grand, glorious and humane Lee
and his chivalrous officers and brave men disdained to retaliate by
imitating the cruel deeds of the malignant Sherman, Sheridan and
Grant and their hordes of reckless ruffians. We have just reason
to be proud of the magnanimous conduct of our peerless leader,
while the Yankees must hang their heads in shame at the evil
deeds perpetrated by their chosen commanders. In Southern par-
lance, the terms soldier and gentleman are synonymous, and our
officers and men pride themselves upon that "chastity of honor,"
which, as Edmund Burke expressed it, "feels a stain like a
wound."

February 27th — A part}^ of ninety or one hundred officers and a
few hundred privates were paroled and left for Richmond. Some
of the officers bribed Ahl and Wolf with gold watches and green-
backs to put their names on the paroled list. Influential Northern
friends aided others, and a few sold their places and remained be-
hind.

February 2Sth — One hundred and three officers, of those earliest
captured, were paroled to-day for exchange. We are growing hope-
ful of a speedy return to our homes and all are in fine spirits.
The despondent are becoming chSSrful and happy at the exhila-
rating prospect of release from durance vile.

March 1st and 2(i— Lieutenant Waldman, our division post-
master, surprised and delighted me by handing me the following
letter this morninor after " letter call'' :

60 Southern Historical Society Papers.

BAliTmoRE, February 22d, 1865.
Captain K. E. Park :

Dear sir — I have lately learned that j'ou are a prisoner at the
Old Capitol, and too delicate to make known your wants. Now
let me beg, as a great favor, that you will write me immediately,
and call on me for whatever you may need. I shall attend
promptly and with the greatest pleasure to your commands. You
don't know how highly we ladies feel ourselves honored to be able
to add in any way to your comfort. The longer your list the bet-
ter I'll be pleased.

Very respectfully,

Miss Eliza Jamison,
43 Calvert street, Baltimore, Md.

This charming, elegantly expressed letter had been reforwarded
from Washington, and its kind, cordial words gave me unqualified
pleasure. The generous writer is one of those earthly angels from
that glorious city of angelic women, Baltimore. My astonishment
was profound, for I had never heard of Miss Eliza Jamison before,
and could not divine how she had heard of me. I promptly and
gratefully responded to her highly valued note, telling her candidly
that my greatest want was a few greenbacks, adding that a cheer-
ful young lady correspondent, who would help to revive my spir-
its and drive away unwelcome thoughts of my depressing sur-
roundings, would prove very acceptable.

March od to 6th — The parapet between our pen and that of the
privates, on which the sentinels walk, had several ladies and gen-
tlemen walking upon it a day or two ago, and they looked kindly
and compassionately upon the emaciated, ragged, suffering Rebels
in the two pens. One of the ladies carried her handkerchief to
her eyes to wipe away the generous tears, as she gazed pityingly
upon the abject misery and wretchedness before her. I hear they
were Delaware ladies, and that Senator Saulsbury was one of the
gentlemen in the party. If these sjmipathizing people could spend
a few hours inside the pens, among the prisoners, and witness the
distressing evidences of hunger to be constantly seen there, they
would have pitied us with truest pity, and not blamed the darring,
starving men for oft-repeated attemps to escape by swimming, un-
der friendly cover of night, across the bay to the Delaware shore.
Hunger seems to have dissipated the pride and self-respect of many
of the prisoners. They will perform the most menial services for
the most trivial gift or smallest articles of food. When the bunks
and floors are swept, pieces of bread crusts and crumbs and stale

Diary of Captaiii Robert E. Park. 61

scraps of food are sought for and eagerly gathered up by hungry
officers, who have no means to purchase from the sutler, and for
whom the rations issued are entirely insufficient. It is a painful
spectacle to see them snatch the dirty scraps and quickly devour
them, or hastily thrust them in their jackets, and stand ready for
another grab. A number gather promptly every morning around
these piles, and contend for the spoils. Their hunger must be tor-
turing to thus humiliate and degrade themselves in the eff'ort to
secure such insufficient and filthy cast away scraps of stale bread.
These poor fellows eat rats and mice whenever they can catch
them. How miserable their good mothers and loving wives would
be if they knew to what wretched straits their imprisoned sons
And husbands were reduced. Surely the powerful Government
ought to feed these poor, suffering, starving men. ■ In Southern
prisons the prisoners are issued the same rations as their guards,
both in quantity and quality. How glad we would be if we were
fed as our guards are. Many work hard all day, unloading vessels,
rolling hogsheads and barrels, etc., and receive an extra ration
only as pa3^ Three crackers ("hard tack," as it is called) and a
cup of coffee for breakfast, and a small piece of beef, cup of soup
and a third of a loaf of bread for dinner, are now our daily rations.
These are for stout and small, sick and well, and are not enough for a
hearty well man. Many eat the rations from dire necessity, as the
only alternative is to starve. Some men require more food than
others, and the small amount given is not enough to satisfy the
least hungry. Guttapercha rings, breastpins, fans, buttons and
■canes are made by ingenious prisoners as a means to raise money.
The patterns are numerous, and many are unique and beautiful,
A few are set in gold, but most are ornamented with silver, tin or
lead, fastened with rivets. These materials are bought at a high
price from the sutler and secretly from the guards. The articles
are bought by visitors occasionally, and by prisoners as prison rel-
ics. I have secured some rings for Sister L. Curiously carved
pipes, and tasteful chains and necklaces, all of guttapercha and ivy
root, are to be found for sale in most of the divisions. They have
very few tools, and work ten or twelve hours sometimes for a mere
pittance as a reward. Barbers can be found, too, and hair cut or
face shaved for only five cents. Captain H., of the Thirteenth
Creoroia, is mv barber.

62 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Battle of Atchafalaj a Rirer— Letter from General Thomas Green.

[The following letter, from one of the most gallant and successful Generals
of the Trans-Mississippi Department, gives, with all the freedom of private
correspondence, a vivid description of a hotly contested fight. "VVe are anx-
ious to obtain more material from the Trans-Mississippi Department, and are
taking steps to secure it.]

Headquarters Forces on Atchafalaya,
October 1, 1S63.
My Dear AVife :

I am yet in the land of the living, after another brilliant
victory near the banks of the Mississippi. I crossed the Atchafa-
laya during the night of the 28th September, and moved upon the
enemy on the 29th in three columns — one column of infantry,
1,400 strong, consisting of Mouton's and Speight's brigades. I
moved on a trail through the swamps and took position behind
the enemy. My own brigade, dismounted, with Wallen's and
Rountree's battalions of cavalry, moved upon the enemy in front.
I sent one of Majou's regiments of cavalry upon the left flank of
the enemy, crossing the Atchafalaya twenty miles below^ my posi-
tion. At about twelve o'clock M. I closed in upon the enemy on
all sides. Speight's brigade of 600 men and Major Boon's cavalry
of 200 were the only troops closely engaged. The fight was a very
hot one for a half or three-quarters of an hour. Boon charged the
enemy's cavalry and dispersed them. Colonel Harrison of Speight's
brigade charged the enemy's infantry in rear during the very heat
of the action. Major Boon having dispersed the cavalry of the
enemy, I ordered him to go to the assistance of Harrison, and
charge the enemy in front, which he did in the most dashing and
gallant manner. Nothing could be imagined more terrible on the
same scale. Boon dashed through and through the entire encamp-
ment of the enemy, sabering* and shooting, and trampling the
living, wounded and dead under the feet of his horses. The whole
affiiir was a most brilliant success, and has added another victory to
our long list. It has cheered the hearts of our soldiers, and cast a
gloom over the enemy. I have five hundred prisoners, many of
whom are officers (say thirty or forty), two colonels, and many
captains and lieutenants.

* Major Boon, mentionea in the foregoing letter, informs me that the writer erred in this
statement, and that the sabre was not used In the engagement by the combatants on either
side.

Austin, Texas, October 6, 1876. V. O. King.

Battle of Atchafalaya River. 65

We have again given the enemy a wholesome lesson, and I have
go far been exceedingly fortunate as commander, beginning with
Val Verde. The last /owr battles fought in Louisiana have been
under my command, three of which are splendid victories, and the
other one of the most desperate fights on record, for the numbers
engaged, and one where there was more fruitless courage displayed
than any other, perhaps, during the war. We did not achieve this
last victory without loss. About thirty of Speight's brigade were
killed dead, and sixty or seventy wounded. My own brigade suf-
fered in the death of Lieutenant Spivey and three or four others of
my cavalry; but the loss which was greater to me than all the
others put together, was the desperate wounding of the best cavalry
officer in the army — Major Boon of my brigade. The Major's
right arm was torn to atoms, and amputated in the socket of the
shoulder. His left hand was also torn up and two-thirds of it am-
putated, leaving him only his little finger and one next to it, hav-
ing lost the thumb and two fingers of that hand and over half the
hand itself I am again encamped at my old headquarters, Mor-
gan's ferry, on Atchafalaya. The Yankees are to-day making dem-
onstrations as though they intended to advance upon us; but if
they do, it will be after very heavy reinforcement, as we gave those
now here such a terrible basting day before yesterday that they
will not again voluntarily engage us.

There has been a torrent of rain. It poured down all day the
day we were fighting, and rained without intermission twenty-four
hours after that day. The mud in these swamps is over the tops
of our highest boots — in fact, the roads now are next to impassa-
ble. I have had a dumb chill to-day — the first one I have had in
Louisiana. I fear we will have serious sickness as tliC winter ap-
proaches. There have been very few deaths so far. If I had a
little good brandy or whisky, or even (Louisiana lightning) rum,
I could break my dumb chill in a minute; but there is nothing of
that kind in the wilderness of the Atchafalaya. I will try very
hard to get a furlough, unless I find that active operations are again
close at hand. Major and Leigh were with me in the fight on the
29th, and are well.

The messenger is waiting for this.

Yours devotedly,
(Signed) Thomas Gueen.

»64 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Lieutenant- General S. D. Lee's Report of the Tennessee Campaig-n,
beginning September 29th, 1864.

[Pursuing our policy of giving the jDreference to reports from original
■MSS., we publish the following from an autograph MS. of the accomplished
soldier who prepared it. So far as we are aware, it has never before been
published in any form, and it will be, therefore, an inipni-taut addition to the
••material of military students, as well as of deep interest to all desiring to see
■some account of that campaign.]

Columbus, Mississippi, January 30th, 1865.

Colonel — I have the honor to offer the following as my official
report of the operations of my corps during the offensive move-
ment commencing at Palmetto station, Georgia, September 29th,
1864. It is impracticable now, in consequence of the movement of
■troops and my temporary absence from the army, to obtain de-
tailed reports from my division commanders.

As a corps commander, I regarded the morale of the army
.greatly impaired after the fall of Atlanta, and in fact before its fall
■the troops were not by any means in good spirits. It was my ob-
servation and belief that the majority of the officers and men were
"SO impressed with the idea of their inability to carry even tempo-
rary breastworks, that when orders were given for attack, and there
was a probability of encountering works, they regarded it as reck-
lessness in the extreme. Being impressed with these convictions, they
did not generally move to the attack with that spirit which nearly
always insures success. Whenever the enemy changed his posi-
tion, temporary works could be improvised in less than two hours,
and he could never be caught without them. In making these ob-
servations, it is due to many gallant officers and commands to
state that there were noticeable exceptions, but the feeling was so
general that anything like a general attack was paralyzed by it.
The army having constantly yielded to the flank movements of
the enemy, which he could make with but little difficulty, by rea-
son of his vastly superior numbers, and having failed in the offen-
sive movements prior to the fall of Atlanta, its efficiency for further
retarding the progress of the enemy was much impaired; and, be-
sides, the advantages in the topography of the country south of
Atlanta were much more favorable to the enemy for the move-
ments of his superior numbers than the rough and mountainous
■country already yielded to him. In view of these facts, it was my

General S. D. Lee's Report of the Tennessee Campaign. 65

opinion that the army should take up the offensive, with the hope
that favorable opportunities would be offered for striking the enemy
successfully, thus insuring the efficiency of the army for future
operations. These opinions were freely expressed to the Com-
manding General.

My corps crossed the Chattahoochee river on September 29th,
and on October 3d took position near Lost mountain, to cover the
movement of Stewart's corps, on the railroad, at Big Shanty and
Altoona. On October 6th, I left my position near Lost mountain,
marching via Dallas and Cedartown, crossing the Coosa river at
Coosaville October 10th, and moved on Resaca, partially investing
the place by four P. M. on October 12th. The surrender of the
place was demanded in a written communication, which was in my
possession, signed by General Hood. The commanding officer re-
fused to surrender, as he could have easily escaped from the forts
with his forces and crossed the Oustenaula river. I did not deem
it prudent to assault the works, which were strong and well
manned, believing that our loss would have been severe. The
main object of appearing before Resaca being accomplished, and
finding that Sherman's main army was moving from the direction
of Rome and Adairsville towards Resaca, I withdrew from before
the place to Snake Creek gap about midday on the 13th. The
enemy made his appearance at the gap on the 14th in large force,
and on the 15th it was evident that his force amounted several
corps. Several severe skirmishes took place on the 15th, in which
Deas' and Brantley's brigades of Johnson's division were princi-
pally engaged. This gap was held by my command till the balance
of the army had passed through Matex's gap, when I followed
with the corps through the latter. The army moved to Gadsden,
where my corps arrived on October 21st. At this point clothing
was issued to the troops, and the army commenced its march to-
wards Tennessee. My corps reached the vicinity of Leighten, in
the Tennesssee Valley, October 29th. Stewart's and Cheatham's
corps were then in front of Decatur. On the night of the 29th I
received orders to cross the Tennessee river at Florence, Alabama.
By means of the pontoon boats two brigades of Johnson's division
were thrown across the river two and a half miles above south
Florence, and Gibson's brigade of Clayton's division was crossed
at south Florence. The enemy occupied Florence with about 1,000
cavalry, and had a strong picket at the railroad bridge. The cros-
sing at this point was handsomely executed and with much spirit
2

66 Southern Hidorical Society Papers.

by Gibson, under tbe direction of General Clayton, under cover of
several batteries of artillery. The distance across the river was
about one thousand yards. The troops landed, and, after form-
ing, charged the enemy and drove him from Florence. The cross-
ing was spirited, and reflected much credit on all engaged in it.
Major-General Edward Johnson experienced considerable difficulty
in crossing his two brigades, because of the extreme difficulty of
managing the boats in the shoals. He moved from the north bank
of the river late in the evening with one brigade. Sharp's Missis-
sippi, and encountered the enemy on the Florence and Huntsville
road about dark. A spirited affair took place, in which the enemy
were defeated with a loss of about forty killed, wounded and pris-
oners. The enemy retreated during the night to Shoal creek, about
nine miles distant. The remainder of Johnson's and Clayton's
divisions were crossed on the night of the 30th and on the morning
of the 31st. Stevenson's division was crossed on November 2d.
My corps remained in Florence till November 20th, when the army
commenced moving for Tennessee, my command leading the ad-
vance and marching in the direction of Columbia via Henryville
and Mount Pleasant. I arrived in front of Columbia on the 26th,
relieving Forest's cavalry then in position there, which had fol-
lowed the enemy from Pulaski.

The force of the enemy occupying Columbia was two corps.
They confined themselves to the main works around the city, and
their outposts and skirmishers were readily driven in. On the
night of the 27th the enemy evacuated Columbia and crossed Duck
river. Stevenson's division of my corps entered the town before
daylight. After crossing, the enemy took a strong position on the
opposite side of the river and entrenched, his skirmishers occupy-
ino- rifle pits 250 yards from the river. There was considerable
skirmishing across the river during the day, and some artillery
firing, resulting in nothing of importance.

On the morning of the 29th Johnson's division of my corps
was detached and ordered to report to the General Commanding.
I was directed to occupy and engage the enemy near Columbia,
while the other two corps and Johnson's division would be crossed
above and moved to the rear of the enemy in the direction of
Spring Hill. The entire force of the enemy Avas in front of Co-
lumbia till about midday on the 29th, when one corps commenced
moving oflf — the other remaining in position as long as they could
be seen by us, or till dark. I had several batteries of artillery put

General S. D. Lee's Report of the Tennessee Campaign. 67

in position, to drive the skirmishers of the enemy from the vicinity
of the river bank, and made a display of pontoons— running sev-
eral of them down to the river, under a heavy artillery and mus-
ketry fire. Having succeeded in putting a boat in the river, Pettus'
brigade of Stevenson's division Avas thrown across, under the im-
mediate direction of Major-General Stevenson, and made a most
gallant charge on the rifle pits of the enemy, driving a much su-
perior force and capturing the pits. The bridge was at once laid
down and the crossing commenced. During the affiiir around Co-
lumbia the gallant and accomplished soldier, Colonel R. F. Beck-
ham, commanding the artillery regiment of my corps, was mortally
wounded while industriously and fearlessly directing the artillery
firing against the enemy. He was one of the truest and best
officers in the service.

The enemy left my front about 2.30 A. M. on the morning of the
30th, and the pursuit was made as rapidly as was prudent in the
night time. The advance of Clayton's division arrived at Spring
Hill about 9 A. M., when it was discovered that the enemy had
made his escape, passing around that portion of the army in that
vicinity. My corps, including Johnson's division, followed imme-
diately after Cheatham's corps towards FrankHn. I arrived near
Franklin about 4 P. M. The Commanding General was just about
attacking the enemy with Stewart's and Cheatham's corps, and he
directed me to place Johnson's, and afterwards Clayton's, division
in position to support the attack. Johnson moved in rear of
Cheatham's corps. Finding that the battle was stubborn, General
Hood directed me to move forward in person, to communicate
with General Cheatham, and, if necessary, to put Johnson's divi-
sion in the fight. I met General Cheatham about dark, and was
informed by him that assistance was needed at once. Johnson
was immediately moved forward to the attack, but owing to the
darkness and want of information as to the locality, his attack was
not felt by the enemy till about one hour after dark. This divi-
sion moved against the enemy's breastworks under a heavy fire of
artillery and musketry, gallantly driving the enemy from portions
of his line. The brigades of Sharp and Brantly (Mississippians),
and of Deas (Alabamians), particularly, distinguished themselves.
Their dead were mostly in the trenches and in the works of the
enemy, where they fell in a desperate hand to hand conflict.
Sharp captured three stand of colors. Brantly was exposed to a
severe enfilade fire. These noble brigades never faltered in this

b

68 Southern Historical Society Papers.

terrible night struggle. Brigadier-General Manigault, commanding
a brigade of Alabamians and South Carolinians, was severely
wounded in this engagement, while gallantly leading his troops to
the fight; and his two successors in command, Colonel Shaw was
killed and Colonel Davis wounded. I have never seen greater
evidences of gallantry than was displayed by this division, under
command of that admirable and gallant soldier, Major-General
Ed. Johnson. The enemy fought gallantly and obstinately at
Franklin, and the position he held was for infantr}' defence one of
the best I had ever seen. The enemy evacuated Franklin hastily
during the night of the 30th. My corps commenced the pursuit
about 1 P. M. on December 1st, and arrived near Nashville about
2 P. M. December 2d. The enemy had occupied the works around
the city. My command was the centre of the army in front of
Nashville; Cheatham's corps being on my right and Stewart's on
my left. Nothing of importance occurred till the 15th. The army
was engaged in entrenching and strengthening its position. On
the 15th the enemy moved out on our left, and a severe engage-
ment was soon commenced. In my immediate front the enemy
still kept up his skirmish line, though it was evident that his main
force had moved. My line was much extended, the greater part
of my command being in single rank. About 12 M. I was in-
structed to assist Lieutenant-General Stewart, and I commenced
withdrawing troops from my line to send to his support. I sent
him Johnson's entire division, each brigade starting as it was dis-
engaged from the works. A short time before sunset the enemy
succeeded in turning General Stewart's position, and a part of my
line was necessarily changed to conform to his new line. During
the night Cheatham's corps was withdrawn from my right and
moved to the extreme left of the army. The army then took po-
sition about one mile in rear of its original line. My corps being
on the extreme right, I was instructed by the Commanding Gen-
eral to cover and hold the Franklin pike. Clayton's division occu-
pied my right, Stevenson's my centre, and Johnson's my left. It
was evident soon after daylight that a large force of the enemy
was being concentrated in my front on the Franklin pike. About
9 A. M. on the 16th the enemy, having placed a large number of
guns in position, opened a terrible artillery fire on my line, princi-
pally on the Franklin pike. This lasted about two hours, when
the enemy moved to the assault. They came up in several lines
of battle.

General S. D. Lee's Report of the Tennessee Campaign. 69

My men reserved their fire till they were within easy range and
then delivered it with terrible effect. The assault was easily re-
pulsed. It was renewed, however, with spirit several times, but
only to meet each time with a like result. They approached to
within thirty yards of our line, and their loss was very severe.
Their last assault was made about 3J P. M., when they were driven
back in great disorder. The assaults were made principally in
front of Holtzclaw's Alabama, Gibson's Louisiana and Stovall's
Georgia brigades of Clayton's division, and Pettus' Alabama brigade
of Stevenson's division, and too much credit cannot be awarded
Major-General Clayton and these gallant troops for their conspicuous
and soldierly conduct. The enemy made a considerable display of
force on my extreme right during the day, evidently with the in-
tention of attempting to turn our right flank. He made, however,
but one feeble effort to use this force, when it was readily repulsed
by Stovall's Georgia and Brantley's Mississippi brigades, which
latter two had been moved to the right. Smith's division of Cheat-
ham's corps reported to me about 2 P. M., to meet any attempt of
the enemy to turn our right flank ; it was put in position, but was
not needed, and, by order of the Commanding General, it started to
Brentwood about 2>l P. M. The artillery fire of the enemy during
the entire day was heavy, and right nobly did the artillery of my
corps, under Lieutenant-Colonel Hoxton, perform their duty. Court-
ney's battalion, under Captain Douglas, was in Johnson's front,
Johnson's battalion was in Stevenson's front, and Eldridge's bat-
talion, under Captain Fenner, was in Clayton's front. The officers
and men of the artillery behaved admirably, and too much praise
cannot be bestowed upon this efficient arm of the service in the
Army of Tennessee. The troops of my entire line were in fine
spirits and confident of success (so much so that the men could
scarcely be prevented from leaving their trenches to follow the
enemy on and near the Franklin pike). But suddenly all eyes
were turned to the centre of our line of battle near the Gracey
White pike, where it was evident the enemy had made an entrance,
although but little firing had .been heard in that direction. Our
men were flying to the rear in the wildest confusion and the enemy
following with enthusiastic cheers. The enemy at once closed
towards the gap in our line and commenced charging on the left
division— Johnson's— of my corps, but were handsomely driven
back. The enemy soon gained our rear and were moving on my
left flank when our line gradually gave away. My troops left their

70 Southern Historical Society Papers.

lines in some disorder, but were soon rallied and presented a good
front to the enemy. It was a fortunate circumstance that the enemy-
was too much cripj)led to pursue us on the Franklin pike. The
only pursuit made at that time was by a small force coming from
the Gracey White pike. Having been informed by an aide of the
General Commanding, that the enemy were near Brentwood, and
that it was necessary to get beyond that point at once, everything
was hastened to the rear. When Brentwood was passed, the enemy
was only half a mile from the Franklin pike, where Chalmer's cav-
alry was fighting them. Being charged with covering the retreat
of the army, I remained in rear with Clayton's and part of Steven-
son's divisions, and halted the rear guard about seven miles north
of Franklin about 10 P. M. on the 16th. Early on the morning of
the 17th our cavalry was driven in in confusion by the enemy,
who at once commenced a most vigorous pursuit, his cavalry
charging at every opportunity and in the most daring manner. It
was apparant that they were determined to make the retreat a rout
if possible. Their boldness was soon checked by many of them
being killed and captured by Pettus' Alabama and Stovall's Geor-
gia brigades and Bledsoe's battery under Major-General Clayton.
Several guidons were captured in one of their charges. I was soon
compelled to withdraw rapidly towards Franklin, as the enemy
was throwing a force in my rear from both the right and left of the
pike on roads coming into the pike near Franklin and five miles
in my rear. This force was checked by Brigader-General Gibson,
with his brigade and a regiment of Buford's cavalry under Colonel
Shacklett. The resistance which the enemy had met with early in
the morning, and which materially checked his movements, enabled
us to reach Franklin with but little difficulty. Here the enemy
appeared in considerable force and exhibited great boldness, but
he was repulsed and the crossing of the Harpeth river effected. I
found that there was in the town of Franklin a large number of our
own and of the enemy's wounded, and not wishing to subject them
and the town to the fire of the enemy's artillery, the town was
yielded with but little resistance. Some four or five hours were
gained by checking the enemy about I2 half miles south of Frank-
lin and by the destruction of the trestle bridge over the Harpeth,
which was effected by Captain Coleman, the engineer officer on my
staff, and a party of pioneers, under a heavy fire of the enemy's
sharpsliooters. About 4 P. M., the enemy, having crossed a con-
siderable force, commenced a bold and vigorous attack, charging

■General S. D. Lee's Report of the Tennessee Campaign. 71

with his cavalry on our flanks and pushing forward his lines in the
front. A more persistent effort was never made to rout the rear
guard of a retiring column. This desperate attack was kept up till
long after dark, but gallantly did the rear guard, consisting of Pet-
tus' Alabama and Cummings' Georgia brigades (the latter com-
manded by Colonel Watkins) of Stevenson's division, and under
that gallant and meritorious officer Major-General C. L. Stevenson,
repulse every attack. Brigadier-General Chalmers, with his di-
vision of cavalry, covered our flanks. The cavalry of the enemy
succeeded in getting in Stevenson's rear and attacked Major-General
Clayton's division about dark, but they were handsomely repulsed;
Gibson's and Stovall's brigades being principally engaged. Some
four or five guidons were captured from the enemy during the
evening.

About 1 P. M. I was wounded while with the rear guard, but did
not relinquish command of my corps till dark. Most of the details
in conducting the retreat from that time were arranged and
executed by Major-General Stevenson, to whom the army is much
indebted for his skill and gallant conduct during the day. I can-
not close this report without alluding particularly to the artillery
of my corps. On the 16th, sixteen guns were lost on the lines — the
greater portion of them were without horses — they having been dis-
abled during the day ; many of the carriages were disabled also.
The noble gunners, reluctant to leave their guns, fought the enemy
in many instances, till they were almost within reach of the guns.
Major-General Ed. Johnson was captured on the 16th ; being on
foot, he was unable to make his escape from the enemy in conse-
quence of an old wound. He held his line as long as it was prac-
ticable to do so. The Army of Tennessee has sustained no greater
loss than that of this gallant and accomplished soldier. To all my
•disvision commanders, Stevenson, Johnson and Clayton, I am in-
debted for the most valuable services; they were always zealous in
the discharge of their duties.

Although it is my desire to do so, I cannot now allude to the
many conspicuous acts of gallantry exhibited by general,_ field and
company officers, and by the different commands. It is my in-
tention to do so in future, when detailed reports are received. To
the officers of my personal staff and also of the corps _ stafi", I am
indebted for valuable services ; they were always at their posts and
ready to respond to the call of duty.

I have the honor to be, yours respectfully,

S. D. Lee, Lieutenant- General.
€olonel A. P. Mason, A. A. G.

72 Southern Historical Society Palmers.

General J. E. B. Stuart's Report of his Caralry Expedition into
Pennsylvania in October, 1862.

[The following report, which we print from an original MS. in General
Stuart's own handwriting, does not appear in the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia reports, published by the Confederate Congress, and has, we believe,
never been in print. Lil<e everj^thing from the great cavalry chieftain, it
will attract attention and be read with interest.]

Headquarters Cavalry Division,
October 14th, 1862.
Colonel E. H. Chilton,

A. A. General Army Northern Virginia:

Colonel — I have the honor to report that on the 9th instant,
in compliance with instructions from the Commanding General
Army of Northern Virginia, I proceeded on an expedition into
Pennsylvania with a cavalry force of 1,800 and four pieces of horse
artillery, under command of Brigadier-General Hampton and Col-
onels W. H. F. Lee and Jones. This force rendezvoused at Darks-
ville at 12 M., and marched thence to the vicinity of Hedgesville,
where it camped for the night. At daylight next morning (Oc-
toher 10th) I crossed the Potomac at McCoy's (between Williams-
port and Hancock) with some little opposition, capturing two or
three horses of the enemy's pickets. We were told here by citi-
zens that a large force had camped the night before at Clear Spring,
and were supposed to be en route to Cumberland. We proceeded
northward until we reached the turnpike leading from Hagerstown
to Hancock (known as the National road). Here a signal station
on the mountain and most of the party with their flags and ap-
paratus were surprised and captured, and also eight or ten pris-
oners of war, from whom, as well as from citizens, I found that the
large force alluded to had crossed but an hour ahead of me towards
Cumberland, and consisted of six regiments of Ohio troops and
two batteries, under General Cox, and were en route via Cumber^
land for the Kanawha. I sent back this intelligence at once to the
Commanding General. Striking directly across the National road,.
I proceeded in the direction of Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, which
point was reached about 12 M. I was extremely anxious to reach
Hagerstown, where large supplies were stored, but was satisfied
from reliable information that the notice the eneni}^ had of my ap-
proach, and the proximity of his forces, would enable him to pre-
vent my capturing it. I therefore turned towards Chambersburg.

General Stuart's Report of his Pennsylvania Expedition. 73'

I did not reach this point until after dark in a rain. I did not
deem it safe to defer the attack till morning, nor was it proper tc
attack a place full of women and children without summoning it
first to surrender. I accordingly sent in a flag of truce, and found
no military or civil authority in the place, but some prominent
citizens who met the officer were notified that the place would be
occupied, and if any resistance were made the place would be
shelled in three minutes. Brigadier-General Wade Hampton's
command, being in advance, took possession of the place, and I
appointed him military governor of the city. No incidents oc-
curred during the night, during which it rained continuously.
The officials all fled the town on our approach, and no one could
be found who would admit that he held office in the place. About
275 sick and wounded in the hospital were paroled. During the
day a large number of horses of citizens were seized and brought
along. The wires were cut and railroad obstructed, and Colonel
Jones' command was sent up the railroad toward Harrisburg to de-
stroy a trestle work a few miles off. He however reported that it was
constructed of iron, and he could not destroy it. Next morning it
was ascertained that a large number of small arms and munitions
of war were stored about the railroad buildings, all of which that
could not be easily brought away were destoyed, consisting of about
5,000 new muskets, pistols, sabres and amunition; also a large as-
sortment of army clothing. The extensive machine shops and
depot buildings of the railroad and several trains of loaded cars
were entirely destroyed. From Chambersburg, I decided after
mature consideration to strike for the vicinity of Leesburg as the
best route of return, particularly as Cox's command would have
rendered the direction of Cumberland, full of mountain gorges,
particularly hazardous. The route selected was through an open
country. Of course I left nothing undone to prevent the inhabi-
tants from detecting my real route and object. I started directly
towards Gettysburg, but having passed the Blue Ridge, turned
back towards Hagerstown for six or eight miles, and then crossed
to Maryland by Emmettsburg, where as we passed we were hailed
by the inhabitants with the most enthusiastic demonstrations of
joy. A scouting party of 150 lancers had just passed towards Get-
tysburg, and I regretted exceedingly that my march did not admit
of the delay necessary to catch them. Taking the road towards
Frederick, we intercepted dispatches from Colonel Rush (lancers)
to the commander of the scout, which satisfied me that our where-

'74 Southern Historical Society Papers.

abouts was still a problem to the enemy. Before reaching Frede-
rick I crossed the Monocacy, and continued the march through
the night via Liberty, New Market and Monrovia, on Baltimore
and Ohio railroad, where we cut the telegraph wires and obstructed
the railroad. We reached at daylight Hyattstown, on McClellan's
line of wagon communication with Washington ; but we found
only a few wagons to capture, and pushed on to Barnsville, which
we found just vacated by a company of the enemy's cavalry. We
had here corroborated what we had heard before — that Stoneman
had between four and five thousand troops about Poolesville, and
guarding the river fords. I started directly for Poolesville, but
instead of marching upon that point I avoided it by a march
through the woods, leaving it two or three miles to my left, and
getting into the road from Poolesville to the mouth of the Monoc-
acy. Guarding well my flanks and rear, I pushed boldly forward,
meeting the head of the enemy's column going toward Poolesville.
I ordered the charge, which was responded to in handsome style
by the advance squadron (Irving's) of Lee's brigade, which drove
back the enemy's cavalry upon the column of infantry advancing
to occupy the crest from which the cavalry were driven. Quick as
thought Lee's sharpshooters sprang to the ground, and engaging
the infantry skirmishers, held them in check till the artillery in
advance came up, which, under the gallant Pelham, drove back
the enemy's force upon his batteries beyond the Monocacy, be-
tween which and our solitary gun quite a spirited fire continued
for some time. This answered, in connection with the high crest
occupied by our piece, to screen entirely my real movement quickly
to the left, making a bold and rapid strike for White's ford to force
my way across before the enemy at Poolesville and Monocacy
could be aware of my design.

Although delayed somewhat by about 200 infantry, strongly
posted in the cliffs over the ford ; yet they yielded to the moral
effect of a few shells before engaging our sharpshooters, and the
crossing of the canal, now dry, and river was effected with all the
precision of passing a defile on drill — a section of artillery being
sent with the advance and placed in position on the Loudoun side,
another piece on the Maryland height, while Pelham continued to
occupy the attention of the enemy with the other, withdrawing
from position to position until his piece was ordered to cross. The
enemy was marching from Poolesville in the meantime, but came
up in line of battle on the Maryland bank only to receive a thun-

General Stuart^s Report of Ms Pennsylvania Expedition. 75

dering salutation, with evident effect, from our guns on Ibis side.
I lost not a man killed on the expedition,, and only a few slight
wounds. The enemy's loss is not known, but Pelbam's one gun
compelled the enemy's battery to change its position three times.

The remainder of the march was destitute of interest. The con-
duct of the command and their behavior towards the inhabitants
is worthy of the highest praise ; a few individual cases only were
exceptions in this particular. Brigadier-General Hampton and
Colonels Lee, Jones, Wickham and Butler, and the officers and
men under their command are entitled to my lasting gratitude for
their coolness in danger and cheerful obedience to orders. Unof-
fending persons were treated with civility, and the inhabitants
were generous in proffers of provisions on the march. We seized
and brought over a large number of horses, the property of citizens
of the United States. The valuable information obtained in this
reconnoissance as to the distribution of the enemy's force was
communicated orally to the Commanding General, and need not
be here repeated. A number of public functionaries and promi-
nent citizens were taken captives and brought over as hostages for
our own unoffending citizens whom the enemy has torn from their
homes and confined in dungeons in the North. One or two of my
men lost their way, and are probably in the hands of the enemy.

I marched from Chambersburg to Leesburg (90 miles), with only
an hour's halt, in thirty-six hours, including a forced passage of
the Potomac — a march without a parallel in history.

The results of this expedition in a moral and political point of
view can hardly be estimated, and the consternation among prop-
erty holders in Pennsylvania beggars description,

I am specially indebted to Captain B. S. White (Confederate
States cavalry), and to Messrs. Hugh Logan and Harbaugh, whose
skillful guidance was of immense service to me. My staff are
entitled to my thanks for untiring energy in the discharge of their
duties.

I enclose a map of the expedition drawn by Captain W. W.
Blackford to accompany this report; also a copy of orders en-
forced during the march.

Believing that the hand of God was clearly manifested in the
signal deliverance of my command from danger, and the crowning
success attending it, I ascribe to Him the praise, the honor and the
glory. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, your obedient
servant, J. E- B. Stuart,

Major- General Commanding Cavalry.

76 Southern Historical Society Papers.

[The following letters from General Lee will be appropriate ad-
denda to General Stuart's report.]

Headquarters Department Northern Virginia,
Camp Near Winchester, October 20, 1862.

Major-General J. E. B. Stuart, Commanding Cavalry:

General — To show my appreciation of the conduct of your-
self and your men in the recent expedition into Pennsylvania, I
enclose a copy of my letter to General Cooper, Adjutant and In-
spector-General, forwarding your report of the expedition.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,
(Signed) R. E. Lee, General.

Headquarters Department Northern Virginia,

October 18, 1862.

General S. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspector-General :

General — In forwarding the report of Major-General Stuart
of his expedition into Pennsylvania, I take occasion to express to
the Department my sense of "the boldness, judgment and prudence
he displayed in its execution, and cordially join with him in his
commendation of the conduct and endurance of the brave men he
commanded.

To his skill and their fortitude, under the guidance of an over-
ruling Providence, is their success due.
I have the honor to be, most respectfully.

Your obedient servant,
(Signed) R. E. Lee, General.

Official :

W. H. Taylor, Major and Aide-de-Camp,

Letters on the Treatment and Exchange of Prisoners. 77

Letters on the Treatment and Exchange of Prisoners.

[The following letters explain themselves, and shed additional light on a
question which we propose to ventilate from time to time.]

Hdrs. Department South Carolina, Georgia and Florida,
Charleston, S. C, July 1, iSG-i.

General — I send with this a letter addressed by five General
■officers of the United States army, now prisoners of war in this
city, to Brigadier-General L. Thomas, Adjutant-General United
States army, recommending and asking an exchange of prisoners
■of war.

I fully concur in opinion with the officers who have signed the
letter, that there should be an exchange of prisoners; and though
I am not instructed by my Government to enter into negotiations
for that purpose, I have no doubt that it is willing and desirous
now, as it has ever been, to exchange prisoners of war with your
•Government on just and honorable terms.

One difficulty in the way of carrying out the cartel of exchange
agreed on between the two Governments would not exist, that I
am aware of, if the exchange were conducted between you and
myself. If, therefore, you think proper to communicate with your
Government on the subject, I will without delay communicate
with mine, and it may be that we can enter into an agreement,
subject to the approval of our respective Governments, by which
the prisoners of war now languishing in confinement may be re-
leased.

I should be glad to aid in so humane a work; and, to the end
that there may be no unnecessary delay on my part, I have di-
rected an officer of my staff, Major J. F. Lay, Assistant Adjutant
and Inspector-General, charged with the delivery of this, to wait
a reasonable time in the vicinity of Port Royal ferry for your an-
swer. He is fully informed of my views on the subject, and, if
jou desire it, will confer with you or any officer you may desig-
nate.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Sam. Jones,
Major- General Commanding.

To Major-General J. G. Foster, U. S. A.,

Commanding Department of the South, Hilton Head, S. C.

78 Southern Historical Society Papers.

[ Unofficial.]

Charleston, S. C, July 1, 1864.

General — The journals of this morning inform us for the first
time, that five General officers of the Confederate service have ar-
rived at Hilton Head, with a view to their being subjected to the
same treatment that we are receiving here.

We think it but just to ask for these ofhcers every kindness and
courtesy that you can extend to them, in acknowledgment of the
fact that we at this time are as pleasantly and comfortably situated
as is possible for prisoners of war, receiving from the Confederate
authorities every privilege that we could desire or expect; nor are-
we unnecessarily exposed to fire.

Respectfully, General, your obedient servants,

(Signed) R. W. Wessels,

Brigadier-General U. S. Volunteers,.

(Signed) T. Seymour,

Brigadier-General U. S. Volunteers,

(Signed) E. P. Scammon,

Brigadier- General,

(Signed) C. A. Heckman,

Brigadier- Gen eral Volunteers,.

(Signed) Alexander Shaler,

Brigadier- General U. S. Volunteers,.

Prisoners of War.
To Major-Goneral J. G. Foster,

Commanding Department of tJie South, Hitton Head, S. C.

Charleston, S. C, July 1, 1SG4.
Brigadier-General L. Tpiomas,

Adjutant- General United States Army, Washington, D. C. :

General — We desire respectfully to represent through you to our]
authorities, our firm belief that a prompt exchange of the prison-
ers of war in the hands of the Southern Confederacy, if exchanges
are to be made, is called for by every consideration of humanity.
There are many thousands confined at Southern points of the
Confederacy, in a climate to which they are unaccustomed, de-
prived of much of the food, clothing and shelter they have habit-
ually received, and it is not surprising that from these and other

Letters on the Treatment and Exchange of Prisoiiers. 79-

causes that need not be enumerated here much suffering, sickness
and death should ensue. In this matter the statements of our own
officers are confirmed by those of Southern journals. And while
we cheerfully submit to any policy that may be decided upon by
our Government, we would urge that the great evils that must re-
sult from any delay that is not desired should be obviated by the
designation of some point in this vicinity at which exchanges
might be made— a course, we are induced to believe, that would
be acceded to by the Confederate authorities.

And we are, General, your most obedient servants,

(Signed) H. W. Wessels,

Brigadier-General U. S. Volunteers.
(Signed) T. Seymour,

Brigadier- General U. S. Volunteers.
(Signed) E. P. Scammon,

Brigadier- General U. S. Volunteers.
(Signed) Alexander Shaler,

Brigadier- General U. S. Volunteers.
(Signed) C. A. Heckman,

Brigadier- General U. S. Volunteers.

Through Major-General J. G. Foster. U. S. V.,

Commanding Department of the South, Hilton Head, S. C.

Hdks. Department South Carolina, Georgia and Florida,
Charleston, S. C, July 13, 1SG4.

General' — I have received your letter of the 1st instant. Mine of
the 13th and 22d ultimo indicate with all necessary precision the
location of United States officers who are prisoners of war in this
city. I cannot be more minute without pointing out the houses in
which they are confined ; and for reasons very easily understood, I
am sure that this will not be expected. If my statements in my
letter of the 22d ultimo are insufficient, the letter of the five Gen-
eral officers, dated the 1st instant, in which they assure you that
they " are as pleasantly and comfortably situated as is possible for
prisoners of war, receiving from the Confederate authorities every
privilege that we (they) could desire or expect; nor are Ave (they)
unnecessarily exposed to fire," gives you all the information in re-
gard to their treatment that you can reasonably desire.

:80 Southern Historical Society Papers.

In conclusion, let me add that I presumed, from a copy of your
■confidential order of the 29th ultimo, found on the battle field on
.John's Island on the 9th instant, that you were commanding in
person the troops operating against this city, and as you had par-
ticularly requested me to communicate with you only by way of
Port Royal ferry, I felt bound to delay my reply until I was as-
sured it would promptly reach you by the route you were pleased
to indicate.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Sam. Jones,

Major- General Commanding.
To Major-General J. G. Foster.

Commanding United States Forces., Hilton Head.

Hdrs. Depaetment South Carolina, Georgia and Florida,

Charleston, July 13, 1864.

'General — Your letter of the 4th in reply to mine of the 1st inst.
i.has been received.

I am pleased to know that you reciprocate my desire for an ex-
change of prisoners of war, but regret that you should require as
a condition precedent to any negotiation for this end that I should
remove from their present location the United States prisoners of
war now in this city. Such a course on my part would be an im-
plied admission that those officers are unduly exposed and treated
with unnecessary rigor, which they have themselves assured you
in their letter of 'the 1st instant is not the case.

I regard the exchange of prisoners as demanded alike by the
rules of civilized warfare and the dictates of common humanity.
To require a change of location, which you have every reason to
know that the prisoners themselves do not desire, is to throw an
unnecessary obstacle in the way of accomplishing this end, and
thus to retain prisoners of war in irksome confinement. The
'Change I most prefer is to send them to your headquarters, and
this may yet be done unless defeated by obstacles interposed by
yourself or your Government.

I was notified of your request that I would send a staff officer
to meet one of yours at Port Royal at 2 P. M. to-day, too late to
comply therewith. I have, however, directed the officer of your
staff to be informed that I would send an officer to meet him at 4
P. M. to-morrow, and I have accordingly directed Major J. F. Lay,

Letters on the Treatment and Exchange of Prisoners. 81

Assistant Adjutant and Inspector-General, to take charge of this
letter and deliver it at Port Royal ferry. I repeat that he is fully
advised of my views, and, should you desire it, will confer with
you, or any officer of your staff whom you may designate.
Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Sam. Jones,

Major- General Commanding.
To Major-General J. G. Foster,

Commanding United States Forces, Hilton Head.

Hdrs. Department South Carolina, Georgia and Florida,
Charleston, S. C, August 2, 1864.

General — I received j^our letter of the 29th ultimo, informing
me that the United States Secretary of War has authorized you to
exchange any prisoners in your hands, rank for rank, or their
equivalents, such exchange being a special one, and that you had
sent Major Anderson of your staff to make arrangements as to
time and place for the exchange. Major Lay of my staff", whose
authority to act I had previously made known to you, and who
met Major Anderson at Port Royal ferry, reports to me that he and
Major Anderson had agreed to make the exchange to-morrow morn-
ing in the north channel leading to Charleston harbor. Having
received authority from my Government to make the exchange, I
will send, five General and forty-five field officers of the United
States service on a steamer for exchange at the time and place
appointed. The details as to equivalents will be settled between
Majors Lay and Anderson, or other officer to whom you may as-
sign that duty, and any balance that may be found due you will
be forwarded, in officers, by flag of truce as agreed upon.

On your assurance, conveyed in your letter of the 16th ultimo,
that Assistant Surgeon Robinson, of the 104th Pennsylvania regi-
ment, was not when captured reconnoitring, I will release and
send him within your lines as soon as it can be done. He had
been sent from here before I received your letter in regard to him
I am, respectfully, your obedient servant,

Sam. Jones,

Major- General Commanding.
To Major-General J. G. Foster,

Commanding U. S. Forces, Department of the South, Hilton Head.

3

82 Southern Historical Society Papers.

The Defence of Fort Gregg.

Since publishing in our last number General Lane's account of the defence
of Fort Gregg, we have received a letter from an officer of the Washington
artillery, complaining that injustice was done that gallant command in
Captain McCabe's note (page -301, December N'umber), by omitting all men-
tion of the part borne by them. In General Lane's account the name of
Lieutenant McElroy of the Washington artillery is mentioned. But in
order that we may give all a fair hearing, we take pleasure in republishing,
as requested, the following account from "A Soldier's Story of the Late
War, by Napier Bartlett." We may add the remark that in the peculiar
circumstances which surrounded the heroic band from different commands
who collected in Fort Gregg, it is perfectly natural that there should be
honest differences of opinion as to the numbers, &c., of the several com-
mands. Bid they were all Confederate soldiers, and they bore themselves
worthily in the hour of trial.

[From "A Soldier's Story of the War."]

A dramatic interest attached to the defence of the forts, aside
from the fact that here was to be the last stand for Petersburg.
This was because of the necessity of here detaining the enemy,
who were advancing, wave after wave around the works, until
Longstreet could get across the James; secondly, the attack on
Gregg was followed by a lull along other portions of the line, and
the men rested upon their weapons to witness, as at a spectacle of
great national interest, the struggle of Secessia, and the last angry
glare of her guns on a formal field of battle. The number of men
on the two sides, 214 in Fort Gregg, about the same in Whitworth,
and 5,000 advancing against them, illustrated the comparative
srrength of the combatants. Fort Gregg was the Confederate La
Tourgue. When it falls, all of the old traditions and usages of the
South fall with it; when the Federal standards wave over it, there
is then to be centralization, negro government, and four times the
ruin inflicted on the South as was put by Germany on France.

The two forts stand 250 yards in the rear of the captured line,
and were built for precisely such an occasion as is suggested by
the cheers of the advancing enemy — namely, for use as an inner
defence when disaster should overtake the Confederate line.
Fronting Gregg is a little fort, the last built by Lee, and called by
the men Fort Owen, after the Lieutenant-Colonel of that name
from the Washington artillery, who was assigned to the command
of Fort Gregg and the surrounding works. Lieutenant Battles, of

I

Defence of Fori Gregg. 33

the Washington artillery, is in "Owen," with two guns, and Lieu-
tenant McElroy, of the same battalion, has charge of a company of
sixty-two artillerymen who have been doing duty here most of the
winter.

The night had been strangely quiet upon this portion of the
lines, but towards daybreak the silence gave place to a little touch
of skirmishing to the right of Gregg— sufficient to cause the order-
ing of the infantry and artillerymen into Fort Owen, although it
was then so dark that scarcely anything could be seen. Our in-
fantry there could be barely detected moving in the trenches,
towards what seemed to be the picket firing. As the men peered
into the darkness in the direction of the flashes, solid shots com-
menced to plow up the earth — the infantry began quitting the
trenches and taking to the fields, leaving the cannoniers under the
impression that the troops were chasing small game of some sort.

Lieutenant-Colonel Owen in his report says he gave orders to
withdraw to Fort Gregg, and hurried off" to rally fugitives — a no
easy matter — who had already been dispersed by the Federal
attack. McElroy reached the latter with his men, but Battles not
receiving his horses in time, found himself suddenly surrounded,
and his command captured by the enemy. McElroy immediately
opened fire from Fort Gregg with his artillery-infantry, drove them
away, and then turning his infantry once more back to artillery,
ran down into Fort Owen and opened fire with the recaptured
pieces on the enemy, two hundred yards to his right. Horses
having been procured, the pieces by order were moved forward a
mile, where the guns fired thirty-five rounds each, and were then
retired to Fort Gregg. Lieutenant McElroy says, in his report,
there were two hundred men in the fort, who were, with the excep-
tion of his command, of Harris' Mississippi brigade, and that his
loss was six killed, two wounded and thirty-two prisoners. Colonel
Owen proceeds to say :

At the time McElroy was put in position in " Gregg" some guns
were placed in Fort Whitworth, a detached work like " Gregg " and
to its right and rear.

Major-General Wilcox, who was then in Gregg, seeing Harris'
brigade in what he thought a dangerous position in front, sent his
Aide to the General to recall his men to the two forts, Harris him-
self going into Whitworth, and Lieutenant-Colonel James II.
Duncan, of the Nineteenth Mississippi, into Gregg.

As the enemy advanced, McElroy was cautioned to have his
ammunition as handy as possible upon the platform for quick

84 Southern Historical Society Papers.

work. Under orders, Captain Walker hurriedly withdrew the guns
from Fort Whitworth.

The enemy, a full corps of at least 5,000 men, advanced in three
lines of battles. Three times the little garrison repulsed them.
The fort seemed fringed with fire from the rifles of the Mississip-
pians.

The cannoniers bravely and skilfully used their guns. The enemy
fell on the clear field around the fort by scores.

The capture of the work was but a question of time. The blue
coats finally jumped into the ditch surrounding the fort, and
presently climbed over each others backs to gain the summit of
the parapets. There was a weak point on the side of Gregg, where
the ditch was incomplete, and over this a body of the enemy rushed.
Presently six regimental standards were distinctly seen waving on
the parapet.

The part taken in the defence of Gregg, by the Mississippians,
is thus described in the Vicksburg Times:

" Fort Gregg was held by the Twelfth and Sixteenth Mississippi
regiments, Harris' brigade, numbering about 150 muskets, under
command of Lieutenant-Colonel James H. Duncan, of the Nine-
teenth Mississippi, who had been assigned by General Harris to
the immediate command of that work. The artillery in the fort
was a section of Third company Washington artillery, commanded
by Lieutenant Frank McElroy. General Harris, with his two other
regiments. Nineteenth and Forty-eighth Mississippi, occupied 'Fort
Whitworth,' distant about 100 yards, and between that work and
the Southside railroad."

General Harris, in a letter designed to be an official report, says,
" General Wilcox ordered me to take position in front of the enemy,
and detain them as long as possible. With this object in view I
advanced about 400 yards, and formed at right angles with the
Boydton plank road. The ground being undulating, I threw both
flanks behind the crest on which I formed, and exposed my centre,
in order that I might induce the enemy to believe that there was a
continuous line of battle behind the ridge. I then advanced a line
of skirmishers well to the front. The enemy being misled by this
device, made the most careful dispositions, two lines of battle, and
advancing with the utmost caution, my position was held until the
enemy was in close range, when a heavy fire was opened upon
both sides.

"The enemy pressing me heavily and out-reaching me on my
flanks, I fell back upon Fort Gregg and Whitworth, the Twelfth
and Sixteenth under Colonel Duncan, being ordered to Fort Gregg,
and to hold it at all hazards.

"The Nineteenth and Forty-eighth were placed in Whitworth.
In Gregg there was a section of the Third company Washington
artillery, commanded by Lieutenant Frank McElroy. Preparations
were now made by the enemy for the assault, and this time Captain

Defence of Fori Gregg. 85

Walker, Adjutant and Inspector-General of General Walker, Chief
of Artillery, came with orders to withdraw the artillery, and against
this I most earnestly protested.

"The four guns were withdrawn from Whitworth under protest;
but the enemy were too close to permit the withdrawal of the guns
from Gregg. Perceiving the guns of Whitworth leaving, the enemy
moved forward to assault us in both works. He assaulted in
columns of brigades, completely enveloping Gregg, and approach-
ing Whitworth only in front. Gregg repulsed assault after assault;
the two remnants of regiments, which had won glorious honor on
so many fields, fighting this, their last battle, with most terrible
enthusiasm, as if feeling this to be the last act in the drama for
them ; and the officers and men of the Washington artillery fight-
ing their guns to the last, preserved untarnished the brilliancy of
reputation acquired by their corps. Gregg raged like the crater of
a volcano, emitting its flashes of deadly fires, enveloped in flame
and cloud, wreathing our flag as well in honor as in the smoke of
death. It was a glorious struggle. Louisiana represented by these
noble artillerists, and Mississippi by her shattered bands, stood
there side by side together, holding the last regularly fortified lines
around Petersburg."

While Gregg and Whitworth were holding out, Longstreet was
hastening with Field's division, from the north side of the James,
to form an inner line for the purpose of covering General Lee's
withdrawal that night. As soon as Harris heard of the formation
of that line, he withdrew with his little band, cutting his way
through.

At 12 o'clock that night the last man and the last gun of the
brave army that had defended the lines of Petersburg for one year,
passed over the pontoon bridges, and the march commenced, that
ended at Appomattox courthouse. I have been induced to write
the foregoing, of which I was eye witness, in the hope of correcting^
history. Many accounts have been published of the defence of
Fort " Gregg," but all that I have seen have been generally far from
the truth. Pollard, who showed but little disposition to waste
compliments on the troops from the Gulf States, says Captain
Chew of the fourth Maryland battery of artillery was in command
of the work, and his account is reiterated by many others. If he
was, it is strange we did not know it. A battery of Mary landers
had in reality been disbanded a short time before the fight, their
time having expired, and they were awaiting their discharge papers
to enable them to go to their homes. If Captain Chew was in the
fort at all, he was simply there as a volunteer or a spectator.

We should give the honor to those who earned it in this fierce
fight of three hours against such fearful odds. Swinton, in his
"Army of the Potomac," in hisdescription of the breaking through
the lines on this historic Sunday, says:

"On reaching the lines immediately around Petersburg, a part
of Ord's command under Gibbon began an assault directed against

86 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Fort Gregg and Whitworth, two strong enclosed works, the most
salient and commanding south of Petersburg. The former of these
redoubts was manned by Harris' Mississippi brigade, numbering
two hundred and fifty men, and this handful of skilled marksmen
conducted the defence with such intrepidity that Gibbons' force,
surging repeatedly against it, was each time thrown back ; at length
a renewed charge carried the work, but not till its two hundred and
fifty defenders had been reduced to thirty. * * Gibbons' loss
was four hundred men."

Swinton does not mention the Washington artillery in the fort :
he also errs in putting the number of Mississippians at 250. Gene-
ral Harris says there were 150. These, with the 64 artillerists, make
a total of 214 men, and these men put liors clu combat 500 of the
enemy, or an average of more than two men each.

Dahlgreri's Ride into Fredericksburg. 87

Dahlg-ren's Ride into Fredericksburg.

This incident is scarcely of sufficient importance to demand a
place in our Papers, except as an illustration of how " history " is
manufactured and a small affair magnified into a brilliant achieve-
ment by a sensational press.

In the Memoir of Ulric Dahlgren, by his father, Rear Admiral
Dahlgren, there is quoted from the account of a newspaper corre-
spondent the following vivid sketch of the affair :

I am sitting in Colonel Ashboth's tent, at General Sigel's head-
quarters, listening to a plain statement of what occurred, narrated
by a modest, unassuming sergeant. I will give it briefly.

General Burnside had requested that a cavalry reconnoissance
of Fredericksburg should be made. General Sigel selected his
body-guard, commanded by Captain Dahlgren, with fifty-seven of
the First Indiana cavalry. It was no light task to ride forty miles,
keep the movement concealed from the enemy, cross the river and
dash through the town, especially as it was known that the Rebels
occupied it in force. It was an enterprise calculated to dampen
the ardor of most men, but which was hailed almost as a holiday
excursion by the Indianians. They left Gainesville Saturday
morning, took a circuitous route, rode till night, rested awhile, and
then, under the light of the full moon, rode rapidly over the worn-
out fields of the Old Dominion, through by-roads, intending to
dash into the town at daybreak. They arrived opposite the place
at dawn, and found to their chagrin that one element in their cal-
culation had been omitted — the tide.

The bridge had been burned when we evacuated the place last
summer, and they had nothing to do but wait till the water ebbed.
Concealing themselves in the woods, they waited impatiently.
Meanwhile, two of the Indianians rode along the river bank below
the town to the ferry. They hailed the ferr3aTian, who was on the
opposite shore, representing themselves to be Rebel officers. The
ferryman pulled to the northern bank, and was detained till he
gave information of the Rebel force, which he said numbered eight
companies, five or six hundred men all told.

The tide ebbed, and Captain Dahlgren left his hiding place with
his fifty-seven Indianians. They crossed the river in single file at
a slow walk, the bottom being exceedingly rocky. Reaching the
opposite shore, he started at a slow trot towards the town, hoping
to take the enemy by surprise. But his advance had been discov-
ered. The enemy w"as partly in saddle. There was a hurrying to
and fro, mounting of steeds, confusion, and fright among the peo-
ple. The Rebel cavalry were in every street. Captain Dahlgren
resolved to fall upon them like a thunderbolt. Increasing his trot
to a gallop, the fifty-seven dauntless men dashed into the town,

88 Southern Historical Society Papers.

cheering, with sabres glittering in the sun — riding recl^lessly upon
the enemy, who waited but a nrioment in the main street, then ig-
nominiousiy fled. Having cleared the main thoroughfare, Captain
Dahlgren swept through a cross street upon another squadron with
the same success. Tliere was a trampling of hoofs, a clattering of
scabbards, and the sharp ringing cut of the sabres, the pistol flash,
the going down of horse and rider, the gory gashes of the sabre
stroke, a cheering and hurrahing, and screaming of frightened wo-
men and children, a short, sharp, decisive contest, and the town
was in the possession of the gallant men. Once the Rebels at-
tempted to recover what they had lost, but a second impetuous
charge drove them back again, and Captain Dahlgren gathered the
fruits of the victory — thirty-one prisoners, horses, accoutrements,
sabres — held possession of the town for three hours and retired,
losing but one of his glorious band killed and two wounded; leav-
ing a dozen of the enemy killed and wounded. I would like to
give the names of these heroes if I had them. The one brave fel-
low who lost his life had fought through all the conflict, but seeing
a large rebel flag waving from a building he secured it, wrapped it
around his body, and was returning to his command, when a fatal
shot was fired from a window, probably by a citizen. He was
brought to the northern shore, and there buried by his fellow-sol-
diers beneath the forest pines.

It thrills one to look at it, to hear the story, to picture the en-
counter — the wild dash, the sweep like a whirlwind, the cheers,
the rout of the enemy, their confusion, the victory. Victory, not
for the personal glory, not for ambition, but for a beloved country;
for that which is dearer than life — the thanks of the living, the
gratitude of unnumbered millions yet to be. Brave sons of the
West, this is your glory, this your reward! No exploit of the war
equals it. It will go down to history as one of the bravest achieve-
ments on record.

The following letters from Judge Critcher and Major Kelly show
how largely the correspondent drew upon his imagination in his
account of this comparatively insignificant aSair. But this ro-
mancing is a fair sample of the style in which many of the so-
called " histories " of the day are manufactured.

The letters of Judge Critcher and Major Kelly were written after
seeing the above account of " one of the bravest achievements on
record."

General Fitzhugh Lee:

My Dear Sir — There is far more of romance than truth in the
newspaper account of Dahlgren's ride into Fredericksburg. The
contributors to the daily newspapers seem to be under the neces-
sity of writing something, if possible, that is marvellous and sen-

DahJgren's Bide into Frcderichhurg. SO*

sational ; and a father may well be pardoned for reproducing what
is so flattering to his pride. But the facts :

There were four companies of cavalry, just mustered into service
and armed with such guns as each man could provide, that had
then their headquarters at Fredericksburg. But these companies
were distributed by order of General Smith (then at Richmond)
from West Point, on the York river, along the lower Rappahan-
nock; at certain points on the Potomac, and on the upper Rappa-
hannock at the various fords twenty-five or thirty miles above
Fredericksburg, leaving at headquarters, besides the sick and such
as had no arms, but few efficient men.

The evening before Dahlgren's raid Captain Simpson's company,
from Norfolk, unexpectedly joined us, but having provided no
quarters, they were distributed for the night in the most conve-
nient houses. Next morning Dahlgren entered the town, conducted
by a deserter from Stafford, who led his men over a ford near Fal-
mouth which had not been used within the memory of man. Our
pickets nearer town were deceived and captured. Our position in
town and our weakness were well known to the surrounding coun-
try, and of course to the deserter. When the attack was made by
Dahlgren on our camp, he found but a few sick and disabled men,
with the usual employees of the quartermaster and commissary,
and perhaps a few others. Captain Simpson placed himself at the
head of a few of his men, attacked the rear guard of the enemy^
pursued them at full speed through Fredericksburg to Falmouth,
killing one and wounding two men. As soon as our scattered
forces could effect a rendezvous on Marye's heights, we crossed the
river and pursued the party five or six miles through Stafford —
capturing, however, but two of their men. Captain Simpson lost
one man killed. Exclusive of Simpson's company, which had not
reported for duty, I question whether we had as many men in
Fredericksburg at the time as Dahlgren, and of these several were
sick and others without arms. So that, knowing our position and
our weakness as he must have done, and as he could have learned
from any one along the road or at Falmouth, the exploit of this
youthful hero, though very creditable to him, seems not so distin-
guished by its boldness or success.

I append a letter from Major Kelly, from whom I hoped to ob-
tain an accurate account of the affair. He was then editor of the
Fredericksburg Herald, in which paper a minute and accurate ac-
count of every incident of the day was published the next morn-
ing. Most respectfully,

John Critciier,
Lieutenant- Colonel Commanding at Fredericksburg^

in the autumn of 18G2.

•90 Southern Historical Society Palmers.

Fredericksburg, April 19, 1S72.
Judge Critcher :

Dear Sir — I regret very much that I am unable to assist you
materially in the review you propose of the article sent in regard
to "Dahlgren's Ride into Fredericksburg."

The files of the Herald during the war fell a prey to the ravages
of the times, and I have not the slightest recollection of any facts
that I may then have written.

The first intimation I had of the affair was a small colored boy's
coming into the chamber (about 8 o'clock in the morning, or pos-
sibly 9) with the announcement, "De Yankees is in town." It
was Sunday morning, as ^ou recollect. Directly thereafter I heard
the clatter of horses' feet, and on going to the parlor window saw
the head of the invading force. The horses were in a walk, and
no dash whatever. I looked for some moments before I realized
that they were indeed Federal soldiers. I saw the blue overcoats,
but thought they belonged to Colonel Bell's company, he having
arrived, as I understood, the evening before.

The invading party could learn at Falmouth all they wanted to
know, and I have not a doubt that when they crossed the river
they were under the impression that only one company of cavalry
occupied the town. I do not suppose any one in Falmouth had
heard of the arrival of Bell and his company — the latter, I believe,
having been quartered below town or in its suburbs late the even-
ing previous.

You know more accurately than I do as to the " fruits of the
victory," &c. The Munchausen story of "prisoners," "holding
the town three hours," &c., is simply ludicrous.

The Federal cavalryman was killed by one of the Confederates,
and not a citizen. The first was on the outside of a. fence on a
cross street and the other on the inside. There was no dash on
his part after a " Rebel flag," but those living in the vicinity said
he was retreating and refused to surrender. This I learned a very
brief period after he was killed, and whilst his body was still lying
on the ground. His " fellow-soldiers " had something else to do
than take his body to the northern shore and bury it. They were
retreating for life. One or two of the Yankees were captured. I
remember to have talked with one, and my impression is that he
was not wounded.

I remember that you took some cavalrymen, crossed the rivei,
and went in pursuit — overtook them, and had a brisk engagement.
You told me afterwards of the gallantry of some of your men on
that occasion.

Regretting that I cannot assist you in giving a narrative, such as
I could if my memory was refreshed by the account I wrote at the
time, I remain, Very truly yours,

J, H. Kelly.

Editorial Paragraphs. 91

EditOTial If anagraphs.

The Kind Notices of the Press have several times elicited our
thanks, but we have not thought proper to publish in our Papers any of
the comniendations of our editorial brethren. We will, however, venture to
give our readers the following from the pen of our gallant friend, Captain J.
Hampden Chamberlayne, the editor of tlie Richmond State :

We have several times had occasion to commend the work of this Society
and the usefulness of its publications. The issue of the Papers for the
month just passed is one of unusual variety, and is, as all its predecessors,
of a positive value to tlie historian and to all interested in reaching tiie truth
of our recent war between tlie States.

Particularlj' welcome are the reports of General IMaurj' of the operations
of his department — headquarters at Mobile — and of General R. L. Page
touching the defence of Fort Morgan. These papers are published for the
first time, and fill an important gap in the story of the militarj'- life of the
Confederacy. Captain Park's diary continues its minute and lifelike descrip-
tions, and Mr. McCarthy's " Soldier Life" is, as all his sketches, faithful and
sparkling. The papers on the Fort Gregg defence lielp to throw light on
aftau's hitherto known but vaguel.y, and the memorial address on General
Lee, confining itself for the most part to mere outline, yet attempts to set
forth clearly the salient points of character and achievement exhibited by
our great commander.

This issue is, we repeat, of positive value as well as not a little of attrac-
tiveness in the various styles of its ditFerent essays and reports.

The Society, indeed, has in a very short time taken honorable rank in its
class, and by the persistent labors, energy, accuracy and knowledge of the
Secretary it has not only acquired for its publications a large and self-sus-
taining circulation, but accumulated a great mass of historical material of
high value to the country and to the truth of history. Establishing close
relations with other societies having analogous ends in view, a system of ex-
change has been adopted which is already of great use, and promises con-
stantly increasing results. Contented with small beginnings and hard work,
the Secretary and the Society have wisely avoided all attempts at show, and
make good use of the poor quarters, which is all that has yet been bestowed
by way of encouragement to its work. It is much to be hoped that no long
time will go by before the valuable material accumulated by its labor will
find better means and place of preservation, and the ofticers be more wor-
thily furnished with facilities for their duties. The publications, however,
by which the Society is chiefly known, though they form as yet but a small
part of what it has done, are worthy of unstinted praise. Giving a due at-
tention to a variety of subjects, and'letting slip no opportunity of sifting out
of conflicting statements the very truth, they already serve, when bound, to
furnish a veritable mine of facts, records, anecdotes, and memoralMlia ni
general which bear upon the history of the Confederacy, both as a civd or-
ganization and as an armed camp. Fortunate, too, in the printer selected,
these Southern Historical Society Papers are admiral>ly prepared (at
the printing house of George W. Gary), and lack nothing of neatness aud
even elegance in material and typography.

Guided by patriotic enthusiasm^ and conducted, down to the details of its
work, with minute and painstaking care, it is not strange that the Society
and its monthly Papers grow fast as well as deservedly in the appreciation
of the public.

I

"92 Southern Miswrical Society Pai^evs.

"General Lee," a New Work by Marshall, the Engraver. —
We have received from the publisher, Oscar Marsliall, 697 Broadway, New
Yorlc, a copy of this superb picture. Wliile we do not thinli the photograpli
from which the engraving is made quite equal to another one of tlie thirty-
two in our possession, we regard the engraving as a very admirable one in
every respect, and are so anxious to see it widely circulated tliat we cheer-
fully give place to the following notice sent us by a competent and apprecia-
tive art critic :

Virginia, if she cannot claim to be the mother of many artists, has more
than once benefited art by furnishing llie subject, the hero, and tlie inspira-
tion. Tims Washington, the noblest of Virginians, inspired Stuart with
that slight but matchless sketch in the Boston Athen;eum, wliich is undoubt-
edly the most celebrated American picture in existence, Henry, another
Virginian, is the subject of th.at historical painting "•Patrick Henry in the
House of Burgesses," which is perhaps the masterpiece of Eothermel, And
now the chief American engravei-, William Edgar Marshall, who has
already, by a strolve or a few strokes of genius, scattered Stuart's master-
piece across the country in an incomparable line engraving, has issued
another print, likewise of very uncommon power, representing that man
who of all cont(-mporary Americans lias perliaps the greatest number of ad-
mirers both in the North and tlie South, General Eobert E. Lee,

This new worlv is very ambitious in size, grasp and treatment. It is a
bust-portrait, tlie head being somewhat larger than life, and the chest being
represented below the shoulders. Although the scale is so large, there is-
none of his works in which this master of pure line has shown more care and
intelligence in representing, by well chosen strokes, the richness and trans-
parenc.y of complexion, the variety of textures, the tilmy lightness of hair
and beard, the fullness of stufts, and the general sense of enveloping air, all
of which combine to give quality to a portrait.

The face, tui-ned somewhat to the spectator's right, represents Lee in the
hale strength f>f middle age, with the eagle force of the eyes slightly veiled
by the influence of time and experience. As in tlie record of his life the
vicissitudes of history only tauglit this grand man a calm and equable dig-
nity, so in the portrait it is tlie endurance, fortitude and unconquerable
nobility of character which ai-e made emphatic. The active and aggressive
traits are held in check by a sense of superior wisdom. If ever the expres-
sion of a modern face deserved to be called Olympian, it is the countenance
delineated in tliis remarkable pi-int. Seldom has an engraver given sucli
liquid depth to a large, grand eye. It looks out straight to the horizon, with
a comprehensive glance of inelfable manliness, repose, and natural com-
mand. It shows the courage to act, and also the courage to bear and to
wait.

The fine, waving, grizzled hair and beard, which gave to Lee tlie soldierly
comeliness of some noble old moustache of the Peninsula, are treated by
Mr. Marshall with a felicity that only his long experience with the burin
could inspire. Tlie light waved lines express, at the proper distance, the
exact character of dry, soft, silky, aged hair, which lifts easily on every
breeze, and always allows the conforination of the cranium and the muscu-
lar anatomy of the face to be distinctly divined. The grand and thought-
worn forehead, the firm mouth, and the general monumental and strong
■character of the face are well understood and rendered. Few heroes have
had so pure and heroic a type of face. The engraver understands his work
so well as to leave on the beholder's mind an impression of magnificent
manhood, of vast resources of energy, and, finallj- of self-communing, self-
respecting calm.

The dress indicated is the old working uniform of warlike days — the suit
three small stars on the collar, the waistcoat carelessly

Editorial Paragraphs. 93

opened, and the white. shU't stiffly tied at the neck with black. Although
this uniform, how^ever, indicates a definite historical period, we cannot help
seeing in the air of the majestic face a somethino; wiiich that particular uni-
form never accompanied — the accomphshed work of life, tlie cliasteningand
visionary sadness of a Lost Cause, the jojrandeur of self-repression. By this
happy inconsistency, tliis hen trovato anacln-onism, we conceive the engraver
to wish to include the whole record of a great career, and to combine at once
the characteristics of tlie time of effort and the time of rptrospeetion. The
technical quality of this head is througiiout peculiarly good : seldom lias jMu-e
line given as good a suggestion of tlie painter's carnation and gray and silver
and warm shadows. Every plane of tlie modeling, every variation of tint in
a rich blood-chased complexion is keenly followed by tiie cliange of line, and
subtly interpreted to tlie eye. The mere technical inventiveness of this large
print is a lesson to l\w line-engraver.

" Wade Hampton, Governor of South Carolina," is now a grand
historic figure whom the world admires. Lieutenant-General Wade Hamp-
ton of the old Cavalry Corps, Army Northern Virginia, won the admiration
•of all w'ho love chivalric skill and daring. But the bold j^et cautious and
prudent campaign which has rescued his native State from "carpet-bag"
rule and plunder, and made '•''Wade Hampton (jovernor of South Carolina.,''^
the idol of his people, and the admiration of the world, has showai him pos-
sessed of even nobler traits of mind and heart than lie ever displayed on the
field of battle, and has made the w^orld more anxious than ever to see the
lineaments of his classic face.

We are greatly indebted to Walker, Evans & Cogswell, of Cliai-loston, S.
C, for a superb engraving of this grand man. The likeness is a very admi-
rable one, the execution is fine, and the picture one which we would be glad
to see extensively hung in the homes of our people, that our children may
study the features of this noble specimen of the soldier, patriot and states-
man.

A Roster of General Ed. Johnson's Dn^isioN, EwcU's corps, had
been prepared along with the other ''copy" of the Army Xorthern Virginia
Roster, and was left out by one of those strange mishaps which will some-
times occur in the Ix-st regulated offices. It will appear at the end of the
entire Roster.

The Confederate Roster is nearly complete, and has excited conside-
rable interest and attention. 'J'liat some errors should have crept into it,
and some omissions have occurred, is not to be wondered at. Indeed, no
one can have any tolerable conception of the immense amount of labor it
has cost to dig out a Roster from the imperfect records to be iiad, without ad-
miring the patient research which our friend. Colonel Jones, has shown, and
Avondering that his work contains so few errors or omissions.

After the publication of the Roster in its present form is completed, it is
designed to thoroughly revise and correct it, make such additions to it as
Miay be necessary, and then publish it in separate book form. Meantime the

94 Southern Historical Society Papers.

author is exceedingly anxious to make it as accurate and complete as possi-
ble, and we would esteem it a favor if any one detecting errors or omissions
would write us tlie necessary corrections.

Renew ! Renew ! Renew ! is now the watcliword at this office. If any
of our subscribers fail to receive this number of our Papers, and sliould
chance to see this paragraph in the copj'" of some more fortunate neighbor,
let them know tliat the trouble probably is that they have failed to pay their
subscj-iption for 1877. We dislike very mucli to part company with anj^ of
our subscribers, but we must adhere to our terms, whicli are cash in advance^

Agents are Wanted to canvass every city, town, village and commu-
nity for our Papers, and to a reliable, efficient agent we can pay liberal
commissions.

But our agents must malve us frequent reports and prompt remittances.
Subscribers are entitled to receive their Papers just as soon as they pay for
them, and we cannot, of course, send them until the agent reports the names
to us.

Contributions to Our Archives continue to come in, and our collec-
tion grows more and more valuable every day. Among otliers received we
acknowledge now the following :

From Mr. Yates Snowden, of Charleston, S. C. : " The Land We Love '^
for 18G8, and two numbers for 1869; a number of war newspapers for '61,
'62, '63 and '64 ; a number of valuable Confederate pamplilets.

From A. Barron Holmes, Esq., of Cliarleston, S. C. : Caldwell's "His-
tory of Gregg's (McGowan's) South Carolina Brigade" ; Holmes' "Phosphate
Rocks of Soutli Carolina " ; Report of the Committee on tlie Destruction of
Churclies in tlie Diocese of South Carolina during the late War, presented
to the Protestant Episcopal Convention, May, 1868. (This report sliows that
in the diocese of South Carolina the enemj'^ burned ten churches and tore
down tlu'ee ; tliat eleven parsonages were burned ; that every church be-
tween tlie Savannah river and Charleston was injured, some stripped even
of weatherboarding and flooring ; that almost every minister in that region
of the State lost home and library ; that almost every church lost its commu-
nion plate — often a massive and venerable set, the donation of an English
or Colonial ancestor, — and that clergy and parisliioners alike had been so
robbed and despoiled that they were reduced to absolute want.) "The
Record of Fort Sumpter during the Administration of Governor Pickens,"
compiled by W. A. Harris ; address of Major Theo. G. Barker at the anni-
versary of the Washington Artillery Club, February 22d, 1876 ; Reinterment
of the South Carolina Dead from Gettysburg, address of Rev. Dr. Girardeau,
odes, &c.; Oration of General Wade Hampton, and poem of Rev. Dr. E. T.
Winkler, at the unveiling of tlie monument of the Washington Light In-

Editorial Paragraphs. 95

fantiy of Charleston, June 16th, 1870; "South Carolina in Arms, Arts, and
the Industries," by John Peyre Thomas, Superintendent of Carolina Mili-
tary Institute ; Map of the Siege of Vicksburg ; Map of the Seat of War in
Mississippi ; " Marginalia, or Gleanings from an Army Note Book," by Per-
sonnel urmY correspondent, &c., Columbia, S. C, 1864; "The Burning of
Columbia, S. C," by Dr. D. H. Trezevant.

From J. F. Maijer, Eichmond : Messages of President Davis for January
18th, February 5th, February 13th and February 14th, 1864. Mr. Mayer is
an industrious collector of Confederate material, and places us under fre-
quent obligations for rare and valuable documents.

From General Carter L. Stevenson, Fredericksburg, Va : A box of his '
headquarter papers, which consist of such valuable material as the following:
Keport of Lieutenant-General S. D. Lee of the operations of his corps from
the time he succeeded General Hood in the command to the arrival of the
army at Palmetto Station ; General Lee's report of Hood's Tennessee Cam-
paign ; General Stevenson's report of the same campaign ; General Steven-
son's report of the operations of his division from tlie beginning of the Dal-
ton- Atlanta campaign up to May 30th, 1864 ; General Stevenson's report of
engagement on Powder Sprhigs road, June 22d, 1864 ; Eeports of General
Stevenson, General Brown, General J. E. Jackson, General E. C. Walthal,
General E. W. Pettus, and a number of regimental and battery commanders
of the Battle of Lookout Mountain.

A large number of general field orders, field letters, field notes, returns,
inspection reports, &c., &c., which are invaluable material for a history of
Stevenson's division, and indeed of the whole army with which this gallant
and accomplished oflicer was connected.

(We are exceedingly anxious to collect a full set of papers bearing on the
operations of our Western armies, and regard this contribution of General
Stevenson as a most valuable addition to the large amount of such material
which we already had in our archives.)

From the Department of State, Washington : Foreign relations of the
United States, 1876.

From General Eaton, Commissioner of Education : Eeport of education
bureau for 1875. Special Eeport on Libraries in the United States.

From Major R. F. Walker, Superintendent Public Printing, Va.: Annual
reports for 1875-76.

From Dr. W. H. Ruffner, Svperintendent of Public Instruction, Va.:
School report for 1876.

From Historical Society of Montana : "Contributions," Vol. I, 1876.

From Major H. B. McClellan, of Lexington, Kentucky (in addition to con-
tributions acknowledged in our last) : Two letters of instructions from Gene-
ral E. E. Lee to General Stuart— one dated August 19, 1862, ami the other
August 19, 1862, 4|P. M.; General Lee's order of battle on the Eapidan, August
19, 1862 ; General Stuart's report of October 24, 1862, giving roster of his
cavalry division and recommending Col. Thomas T. Munford to be promoted
to rank of brigadier-general ; autograph letter from General Stuart to Gene-

"96 Southern Historical Society Papers.

ral Cooper, dated Xovember 11, 1862, recommending the promotion of Major
Pelham to the rank of lientenant-colonel of artillery; original letter from
General R. E. Lee to General Stuart commending the "gallant conduct"
of Sergeant Mickler, of Second South Carolina cavalrj', and liis party in the
fight at Brentsville January 9, 18G3, and stating that he had recommended
their promotion for "gallantry and skill "; confidential letter (dated April
4, 1864), from General Stuart to General J. R. Chambliss, commander of his
outposts on the Lower Rappahannock ; confidential letter of Colonel Charles
Marshall (General Lee's military secretary) to General Stuart conveying im-
portant iiaformation and orders from General Lee.

From General I. M. St. John, last Commissary-General : A report to Presi-
dent Davis of the closing operations of the Commissary Department. Letters
from Ex-President Davis, General R. E. Lee ; GeneralJohn C. Breckinridge,
Secretary of War ; Colonel Thomas G. "Williams, Assistant Commissary-
General ; Major J. H. Claiborne, Commissary Department ; Major B. P.
Noland, Chief Commissary for Virginia ; Hon. Lewis E. Harvie, late presi-
dent of the Richmond and Danville and Petersburg railroads ; and Bishop
T. U. Dudley, late major and C. S. — all confirming the statements made in
General St. John's report. These papers have never been published, and
are of great historic interest and value.

From Robert W. Christian., Esq., Richmond : General J. B. Magruder's
report of his operations on the Peninsula, and of the battles of "Savage
Station," and " Malvern Hill." Maryland's Hope, by W. Jefterson Buchanan.
Richmond, 1864. Letters of John Scott, of Fauquier, proposing constitutional
reform in the Confederate Government. Richmond, 1864.

From Professor L. M. Blackford, Episcopal High-School : A volume of
Confederate battle reports, including Generals Beauregard's and Johnston's
reports of first Manassas, and a number of other reports of the first year of
the war.

From Major I. Scheibert, of the Royal Prussian Engineers : The French
edition of his work on the civil war in America. We are awaiting the pi'omise
of a competent soldier and critic to give us a review of this able book.

TB

k

rr

L lilf PiPK,

Vol. III.

Richmond, Ta., March, 1877.

No. 3.

Resources of the Confederacy in 1865— Report of General I. M. St. John,
Commissary General.

[The following? report of General St. John, from his orignial MS., with the
accompanying letters, will form a necessary supplement to the papers on the
" Resources of the Confederacy " which we published last year, and will be
found to be of great interest and historic value. From these papers it appears
certain that the Departments never received the letter wi-itten by General
Lee requesting the accumulation of supplies for his army at Amelia Court-
house.]

Louisville, Kentucky, July 14th, 1S73.
Hon. Jefferson Davis :

Sir — In pursuance of your suggestion, I have the honor to
report, from, the best accessible data, the closing operations of the
Confederate States commissary service. As you are probably aware,
many of the more important papers of the Subsistence Bureau
were lost during the Richmond fire and the subsequent retreat. It
accordingly became essential to verify in the most careful manner
all statements herein resting simply upon personal recollection.
This has been done; and hence the time which has been allowed
to pass since the first intimation of your wishes.

Early in February, 1865, I received the order of transfer from
the direction of the Nitre and Mining Corps to that of the Subsist-
ence Bureau. A very brief inquiry into the available resources of
the latter sufficed to disclose a state of afiairs calling for extreme
and indeed exceptional measures to meet immediate and very
urgent requisitions. The more remote future I found too critically
involved in the military operations, then progressing in Virginia
and the Carolinas, to require more than general consideration.
Beyond the most trusted confidential officers of the Executive and
the War Department, few knew how far military events and hostile
pressure had come to control the power of the Subsistence Bureau
to execute its ordinary duties. I expected to find greater embar-
rassments in arranging a prompt and ample collection of supplies

98 Southern Historical Society Papers.

for the Southern armies, from the depreciated currency, the failing
condition of the railroads and the general exhaustion of the country ;
but difficulties still more serious lay elswhere. In every military
department, and in the several districts of supply (which I ex-
amined), after the fullest allowance for all local obstacles, and all
possible official shortcomings, the military status was still found to
be the real measure of the ability of the Subsistence Bureau to
collect at that time the required supplies. Cavalry raids, which at
first only occasionally cut the more important lines of communi-
cation, had penetrated at the close of 1864 into the interior districts
and had become very destructive. Travel and the movement of
supplies were in several important instances (as officially reported
to the War Department) suspended for days at a time on every
leading railroad within our lines. Upon some of these roads com-
munications were only restored with great difficulty, and on one
important trunk line not at all. Interior depots of supplies pre-
viously deemed secure against all risk, were frequently captured
and destroyed. Several of the more productive districts of Virginia
and the Carolinas, which were relied upon for certain supply in
last resort, had passed permanently into hostile occupation. All
the remaining districts of supply (in February'', 1865) were either
directly menaced, or remotely disturbed by military preparations
and movements for what proved to be our closing struggle.

Under these depressing circumstances, I found the army of
Northern Virginia with difficulty supplied day by day with reduced
rations. In the other military departments, however, the situation
was better ; and from several it was still possible to draw a con-
siderable surplus for the Richmond and Petersburg depots, whenever
transportation could be procured.

After a brief survey of the work to be done and of our remain-
ing resources as before referred to, I at once proceeded to organize
a system of appeal and of private contribution as auxiliary to the
regular operations of the commissary service. With the earnest
and very active aid of leading citizens of Virginia and North
Carolina, this effort was attended with results exceeding expectation.
Calls were made upon the Quartermaster-General in person, and
the officers in charge of the corn and forage supply for combined
action ; and these calls were met to the extreme limit of their
power. Requisitions were also made upon the reserve stores of
the Nitre and Mining Bureau, which my successor (in hearty co-
operation) arranged to meet without detriment to his own service.

Resources of the Confederacy in 1865, 99

Still further to increase receipts of meat and other supplies from
beyond the Confederate lines, requisitions for coin were approved
by the President and the Secretary of War, and were met as called
for by the Treasury Department. It would be an omission not to
add in this direct connection that all aid and support possible
under the circumstances were rendered to the Commissary-General
by his superior and associate officers, and especially by the old
corps of his predecessor.

With these combined agencies, it was found practicable during
the ensuing three weeks to materially improve the collection of
supplies for the Army of Northern Virginia and in part for their
delivery : sufficiently so to become the subject of special note in
the correspondence of the General Commanding (General Lee)
with the War Department, to which reference is made in the ap-
pended letter of the late Secretary of War (General Breckinridge).
On or before March 15th, 1865, the Commissary-General was able
to report to the Secretary of War that in addition to the daily issue
of rations to the Army of Northern Virginia, there lay in depot
along the railroad between Greensboro' (North Carolina), Lynch-
burg, Staunton and Richmond, at least ten days rations of bread
and meat, collected especially for that army, and subject to the
requisition of its chief commissary officer : also that considerably
over 300,000 rations were held in Richmond as a special reserve,
and that the Post Commissary, Major J. H. Claiborne, had marked
down and was prepared to impress a still larger quantity of flour
and other supplies secretly stored by hoarders and speculators.

In the accompanying statement of the Assistant Commissary-
General, Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas G. Williams (see appended
papers), it will be further observed that there was collected by April
1st, 1865, in depot, subsistence stated in detail as follows :

At Richmond, Virginia, 300,000 rations bread and meat.
At Danville, Virginia, 500,000 rations bread.
At Danville, Virginia, 1,500,000 rations meat.
At Lynchburg, Virginia, 180,000 rations bread and meat.
At Greensboro', North Carolina, and vicinity, 1,500,000 rations
bread and meat.

In addition, there were considerable supplies of tea, coffee and
sugar carefully reserved for hospital issues chiefly. These returns
did not include the subsistence collections by the field trains of
the Army of Northern Virginia under orders from its own head-

100 Southern Historical Society Papers.

quarters, nor the depot collections at Charlottesville, Staunton and
other points upon the Virginia Central railroad to meet requisitions
from the Confederate forces operating in the Valley and Western
Virginia. South and West of Greensboro' (North Carolina) the
depot accumulations were reserved first to meet requisitions for the
forces operating in the Carolinas, and the surplus for Virginia
requisitions.

This collection of supplies was reported daily, as it progressed,
to the Secretary of War. The Quartermaster-General and his offi-
cers were also officially advised as occasion required. It is hardly
necessary to add that every possible effort was made to secure from
the Quartermaster Department prompt transportation from the
railroad depots to the front; but the officers of that Department,
owing to the rapid deterioration and, in many cases, the absolute
failure of the motive power of the railroads, were unable to for-
ward the collected supplies as fast as they were brought into depots.
After every effort to move had been exhausted, the supplies not
transported were placed in temporary sub-depots to await events.

Early in March, 1865, the questions arising out of the status thus
set forth were carefully considered in a conference between the
Secretary of War (General Breckinridge) and the General Com-
manding (General Lee), to which the Quartermaster-General (Gen-
eral Lawton) and the Commissary-General were called. After a
general discussion of the army wants in clothing, forage and sub-
sistence, the Commissary-General, in reply to the inquiry of the
General Commanding, stated that a daily delivery by cars and canal
boat, at or near Richmond, of about five hundred tons of commis-
sary stores was essential to provide for the Richmond siege reserve
and other accumulations desired by the General Commanding;
that the depot collections were already sufficient to assure the
meeting of these requisitions, and if the then existing military lines
could be held, the Commissary-General felt encouraged as to the
future of his own immediate Department. Upon the question of
railroad transportation, the Quartermaster-General then stated that
the rolling stock at command, and especially the engines, had be-
come so much worn and otherwise deficient, and without means or
provision for renewal, that the daily delivery in Richmond and
Petersburg of five hundred tons of commissary stores in addition
to other requirements of the general service and the demands of
the resident population, could not be guaranteed. He engaged
however, to make every possible effort to secure from the railroad

Resources of the Confederacy in 1865. 101

companies the desired improvement in the condition of their roll-
ing stock. These efforts were made; but at that late period of ex-
haustion the situation had passed all human power to amend.

The Commissary-General next submitted the question of mili-
tary protection of stores in transit; but the Commanding General
in reply dwelt upon the increasing military pressure upon his
lines and his own diminishing forces. No better protection was to
be looked for in the coming than in the last campaign.

From the date of this interview until the evacuation of Rich-
mond, the Bureau effort continued to be directed to depot accumu-
lations, and with the general result already referred to, and of which
the annexed statements of the Assistant Commissary-General and
of Majors Claiborne, Noland and Dudley, Confederate States Army,
present details.

Upon the earliest information of the approaching evacuation,
instructions were asked from the War Department and the General
Commanding for the final disposition of the subsistence reserve in
Richmond, then reported by Major Claiborne, Post Commissary, to
exceed in quantity 350,000 rations. The reply — Send up the Dan-
ville railroad if Richmond is not safe — was received from the army
headquarters April 2d, 1865, and too late for action, as all railroad
transportation had then been taken up, by superior orders, for the
archives, bullion and other Government service then deemed of
prior importance. All that remained to be done was to fill every
accessible army wagon; and this was done, and the trains were hur-
ried southward. The residue of the subsistence reserve was then
distributed among the citizens of Richmond, partly in a regular
manner under the direction of the Post Commissary, and thereafter,
what was left, after the evacuation had progressed too far for an
orderly distribution, was appropriated by the crowd.

It may be added that on March 31st, or possibly the morning of
April 1st, a telegram was received at the Bureau in Richmond from
the chief commissary officer of the Army of Northern Virginia
requesting bread stuffs to be sent to Petersburg. Shipment was
commenced at once, and Avas pressed to the extreme limit of trans-
portation permitted by the movement of General Longstreet's corps
(then progressing) southward. No calls by letter or requisition
from the General Commanding, or from any other source, official
or unofficial, had been received, either by the Commissary-General
or the Assistant Commissary-General; nor (as will be seen by the
appended letter of the Secretary of War) was any communication

102 Southern Historical Society Papers.

transmitted through the Department channels to the Bureau of
Subsistence — for the collection of supplies at Amelia Courthouse.
Had any such requisition or communication been received at the
Bureau as late as the morning of April 1st, it could have been met
from the Richmond reserve, with transportation on south-bound
trains ; and most assuredly so previous to General Longstreet's move-
ment.

On the morning of April 3d, the Commissary-General left Rich-
mond with the Secretary of War, for the headquarters of the
General Commanding near Amelia Springs. On the route efforts
were made to press to the same point several trains of army wagons
with subsistence, part of which was captured by hostile cavalry
then operating immediately in the rear of General Lee's army near
Clementon bridge of the Appomattox river, and the remainder were
turned off towards Farmville. The party of the Secretary of War
forced their way with difficulty through to Amelia Springs, pass-
ings long lines of army trains (headquarter and subsistence) still
burning.

After personal conference, early on the morning of the 6th, with
the General Commanding (at General Longstreet's quarters) as to
the disposition of the remaining supplies at Farmville, the Secretary
of War with the Quartermaster-General, the Chief of the Engineer
Bureau and the Commissary-General, proceeded to Farmville, the
latter officer awaiting notification from headquarters whether to
hold at Farmville or to send down the railroad about 80,000 rations
there held on trains for immediate issue. No return communication
coming from the General Commanding or the corps commanders,
couriers were repeatedly sent out : but the military events of the
day were very adverse on the left. During that night and the
morning of the 7th, the remnants of the army passed through
Farmville taking but a portion of the rations there being issued.
On the day before, the Commissary-General asked from the General
Commanding, in the presence of the Secretary of War, instructions
or suggestions as to placing these Farmville supplies at the most con-
venient points of temporary security, the presence of the enemy's
cavalry having caused the supplies of other depots to be moved
westward. General Lee replied in substance that the military
eituation did not permit an answer.

On the evening of the 7th the party of the Secretary of War
again met the subsistence trains on the railroad at Pamphlin's
station, twenty miles west of Farmville. From reports of hostile

Resources of the Confe'deracy in 1865. 103

movements close at hand, the Commissary-General suggested that
the cars be ordered further west, communicating, if possible, with
the General Commanding, then six miles distant on the Appomattox
road. It was, however, on consultation with the Secretary of War
and Quartermaster-General, not deemed advisable, under the extreme
uncertainty of information, to give special orders. The next morn-
ing these cars, or the larger portion, were captured, or burned to
avoid capture. The surrender followed the subsequent day, April
9th.

From Pamphlin's depot, the Commissary-General accompanied
the Secretary of War to Danville, and thence to Greensboro' (North
Carolina), then the headquarters of General Joseph E, Johnston.
At Danville instructions were given to Colonel T. G. Williams and
Major S. B. French (ranking officers) to remain with Major B. P.
Noland, Chief Commissary Officer in Virginia, and reorganize the
commissary service in that State, should events permit.

The Bureau headquarters were continued in North Carolina
until the surrender of that Military Department.

During the interval, preparations were made for the westward
movement of forces as then contemplated. In these arrangements,
the local depots were generally found so full, and supplies so well
in hand, from Charlotte southwest, that the Commissary-General
was able to report to the Secretary of War that the requisitions for
which he was notified to prepare could all be met. The details of
this service were executed, and very ably, by Major J. H. Claiborne,
then and until the end Assistant Commissary-General.

The remaining duties of the Subsistence Bureau from that time
until the final surrender of the Trans-Mississippi Department, con-
sisted chiefly in arranging, so far as was permitted by our rapidly
diminishing territory and resources, for the supply of returning
troops and the hospitals.

Permit me in closing to acknowledge in grateful terms the very
efficient aid of Lieutenant-Colonel T. G. Williams, Assistant Com-
missary-General, Majors French, Claiborne, Noland and Dudley,
and of all Commissary officers who assisted in the execution of the
duties indicated in this report.

Very respectfully,

•^ I. M. St. John,

(Late) Commissary- General C. S. A.

104 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Louisville, Kentucky, 1st November, 1873.
General I. M. St. John :

Dear Sir — I have read with great satisfaction your report of
your administration of the commissariat of the Confederate States.
The facts stated by you, and by those connected with you in your
official duties as Commissary-General, accord with my recollections
and impressions, as well as with your oral report to me soon after
the surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia. Had your ex-
pressions been stronger than they are, they would but the more
fully have corresponded with the oral report referred to, and with
your statement as to the provision made to supply the troops under
the command of General Johnston, had that army made the con-
templated retreat.

With great regard and a grateful remembrance of your zeal and
efficiency in the several offices held by you in the service of the

Confederacy,

I am faithfully, yours,
(Signed) Jefferson Davis.

Phoenix Hotel,
Lexington, Kentucky, May 16th, 1871.

. My dear General — My absence from home for some weeks has
caused a delay in answering your letter in relation to the supplies
for General Lee's army about the time of the evacuation of Kich-
mond.

Without reciting the various points of jouv inquiries, I will
answer them by a general statement.

I took charge of the War Department on the 5th of February, 1865.
The evacuation of Richmond occurred the night of the 2d of April.
When I arrived at Richmond the Commissary Department, from^
the cutting of the railroads by the enemy's cavalry, and other
causes not necessary to mention, was in a ver}'- deplorable condi-
tion. I placed you, much against your wishes, at the head of the
Department. Your conduct of it under all the disadvantages was
so satisfactory that a few weeks afterwards I received a letter from '
General Lee, in which he said that his army had not been so weU
supplied for many months.

A few days before the evacution of Richmond you reported to
me that besides supplies accumulated at different distant points in.
Virginia and North Carolina, you had ten days rations accessible-
by rail, to and subject to the orders of his Chief Commissary.

Resources of the Confederacy in 1865. 105

I have no recollection of any communication from General Lee
in regard to the accumulation of rations at Amelia Courthouse. If
any came to me, it was probably by telegram on the day of the
evacuation, when it was too late to comply.

You and I had daily interviews, and I am sure that all requisi-
tions were promptl}'' considered and filled when possible.

The second or third day after the evacuation, I recollect you said
to General Lee in niy presence that you had a large number of
rations (I think 80,000) at a convenient point on the railroad, and
desired to know where you should place them. The General re-
plied that the military situation made it impossible to answer.

General Lee's letter to me, relative to the improved condition of
the Commissary Department, is probably among the Confederate
archives at Washington city.

I am, General, respectfully and truly,

(Signed) John C. Breckinridge.

General I. M. St, John, Louisville, Kentucky.

Richmond, Va., September, 1SG5.
General :

At your request, I have the honor to make the following

statement, from the best data I could obtain :

On the 1st of April, 1865, the Subsistence Bureau of the Con-
federate States, had available for the army of Northern Virginia:
At Richmond, 300,000 rations bread and meat; at Danville, 500,-
000 rations bread ; at Danville, 1,500,000 rations meat ; at Lynch-
burg, 180,000 rations bread and meat; at Greensboro', North
Carolina, and the vicinity of Danville, there were in addition not
less than 1,500,000 rations of bread and meat; there were also at
the points above named large supplies of tea, coffee and sugar,
which were reserved chiefly for issues to hospital.

These supplies were held ready for distribution upon the requi-
sition of the Chief Commissary of General Lee's army. No requi-
sitions were then on hand unsupplied.

On the morning of 2d April, 1865, the Chief Commissary of
General Lee's army was asked by telegram, what should be done
with the stores in Richmond. No reply was received until night;
he then suggested that if Richmond was not safe, they might be
sent up on the Richmond and Danville railroad. As the evacuation

106 Southern Historical Society Papers.

of Richmond was then actively progressing, it was impracticable
to move those supplies.

For many months previously the army wagon trains had been
employed in collecting subsistence throughout the country and
hauling directly to the army near Petersburg. No report of these
collections was ever made directly to the Bureau ; so no estimate
can be made of the amount of stores held in that way on or about
the 1st of April, 1865.

In reply to your question with regard to the establishment of a
depot of supplies at Amelia Courthouse, I have to say that I had
no information of any such requisition or demand upon the Bureau.
During the month of March, and up to the 1st April, 1865, the
combined exertions of our own officers and those of the volunteer
commissariat kept all of the sub-depots on the lines of railroad in
Virginia nearly always full. The means of transportation were con-
stantly inadequate.

Very respectfully,
(Signed) Thomas G, Williams,

{Late) Lt.-Col. and Act. Asst. Corny.- Gen. C. S. Army.

Richmond, June 3d, 1873.

General — Your communication, calling attention to difference in
my statement of number of rations at this post at the time of the
€vacution of the city (400,000 rations of bread and meat) and that
of Lieutenant-Colonel T. G. Williams, Assistant Commissary-Gen-
eral (300,000 rations of bread and meat), has been duly considered.
This difference has evidently been caused by reports to the Bureau
prior to the latest movements before the evacuation of the city, and
I feel fully assured in reiterating my statement that I controlled
the quantity claimed; and more, that I had under my eye stores
put away by speculators and hoarders that could have been gathered
in short time, and had been permitted to remain undisturbed until
necessity demanded. I distributed a large number of rations on
the day and night of the evacuation to every demand from army
sources, to many of the citizens, and then, with the pressure of the
evacuation, the supplies were taken possession of by the crowd.

No order was received by me, and (with full opportunities of
information if it had been given) I have no knowledge of any plan
to send supplies to Amelia Courthouse.

Resources of the Confederacy in 1865. 107

Under such circumstances, with transportation afiforded, there
could readily have been sent about 300,000 rations, with due re-
gard to the demand upon this post.

During the retreat, supplies were found at Pamphlin's depot,
Farmville, Danville, Salisbury and Charlotte: and being placed
under orders as Assistant Commissary-General, I forwarded sup-
plies from South Carolina to General J. E. Johnston's army, and
also collected supplies at six or seven named points in that State
for the supposed retreat of General Johnston's army through the
State. This duty, with a full determination at the evacuation of
this city to follow the fortunes of our cause, gave me opportunity
of ascertaining the resources of the country for my Department.
The great want was that of transportation, and specially was it felt
by all collecting commissaries for a few months before the sur-
render.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed) J. H. Claiborne,

(Late) Major and C. S. C. S. A.
To General I, M. St. John,

(Late) Commy. Gen. of Subs. C. S. A.

MiDDLEBURG, Va., April 16th, 1874.

Dear General — My absence from home for a month, and the
consequent accumulation of business, imposes on me the necessity
of making but a brief and hurried answer to your inquiries.

Had I the time it would give me pleasure to give you, as desired,
a full statement of the organization and working of the Subsistence
Bureau, and its condition when you were appointed Commissary-
General in February, 1865. I have read with care your statement
to Mr. Davis of the operations of the Subsistence Bureau during
the dark and closing days of the Confederacy, when you were the
chief of that Bureau, and so far as I was cognizant of them, or
was at the time informed, I think the statement entirely correct.
I was Chief Commissary of Virginia, with the rank of Major
and Commissary, was stationed in Richmond, with my office
in the same building with that of the Commissary-General, and
was in close association with him. I think the plan adopted by
your predecessor. Colonel Northrop (which was continued by you),
for obtaining for the use of the army the products of the country,
was as perfect and worked as effectively as any that could have
been devised.

108 Southern Historical Society Pajoers.

Each State had its chief commissary; was laid off in divisions,
with an officer in each, and the divisions subdivided, with agents
in each of them. All these officers had the authority to impress
supplies ; and with this power and the mone}^ which was furnished
them without stint, all supplies which could be spared from the
support of the non-combatants were obtained for the use of the
army. The accumulations at the supply depots were regularly
reported by the subordinate officers to the Chief Commissary of
the State, and by him to the Commissary-General, who, either by
general or special order, directed their disposition.

I recollect well when you took charge of the Bureau, that our
condition was almost desperate, not because our supplies were
exhausted (though exhaustion at a not remote future was looked
to and seriously apprehended), but because our transportation from
points where supplies were accumulated had almost entirely failed
us. All the railroads were in bad condition, and several of the
most imjDortant ones had been so damaged by the enemy's cavalry
as to be unavailing for the transportation of supplies for weeks at
a time.

Your action was prompt, energetic and efficient. Your appeal
for temporary aid from private resources was nobly responded to
by the people. The damaged roads were speedily repaired, and
very soon we felt, as I well recollect, in a comparatively comfort-
able condition ; and thus we continued until the evacuation of
Richmond. I have no means of stating the quantities of supplies
on hand at my several depots at or about that time, for all my
official papers were burned, but I know that in Richmond, Dan-
ville, Lynchburg, Staunton, Charlottesville, &c., the accumulations
were large. I left Richmond at 1 o'clock of the night Richmond
was evacuated, with orders from you to make Lynchburg my head-
quarters, and be ready to forward supplies from that point to the
army. I never heard of any order for the accumulation of sup-
plies at Amelia Springs. If such order was given it must have
been after the evacuation of Richmond was determined on, and when
railroad transportation could not be had ; prior to that time such
order could readily have been complied with.

Regretting that I cannot make a more full and satisfactory re-
sponse to your inquiries,

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed) B. P. Noland,

(Late) Major and Chief Commissary for Virginia, C. S. A.
General I. M. St. John, {Late) Commissary- General C. S. A.

I

Resources of the Confederacy in 1875. 109

January 1st, 1876.
Oeneral I. M. St. John,

Late Covimissary-Gencral Confederate States:
Dear Sir — I have read your report of July 14th, 1873, to Hon.
Jeflferson Davis, giving an account of the operations of the Confede-
rate States commissary service, with great interest, and am confident
of its correctness and accuracy in every essential particular. While
you filled the office of Commissary-General, and during your pre-
decessor's administration of that Department, I was president and in
charge of the Richmond and Danville railroad and the Piedmont rail-
road, and conversant (except for a short interval) with many mat-
ters connected with the commissariat at Richmond. My relations
with two of the Secretaries of War and with Colonel Northrup, as
well as the principal officers of his Department, were numerous,
and frequently confidential. I had ofiicial as well as personal
relations with them at all times, and their views and actions on the
subject of transportation were frequently communicated to me.
I was familiar with the wants of the Government, and when the •
city of Richmond was selected as the Capital of the Confederacy,
I was consulted as to the best plan for systematising the transpor-
tation over all the railroad lines within its limits ; and being presi-
dent of the Richmond and Danville and Piedmont railroads, some
times the only ones open to the city of Richmond, great responsi-
bility was devolved on me. The difliculties of obtaining supplies
were very great, particularly when the roads under my charge
were cut and transportation suspended on them, which was the
case upon one or two occasions for several weeks. Engines and
cars and machinery generally on these roads were insuSicient and
inadequate from wear and tear, to accomplish the amount of trans-
portation required by the Government, barely sufficient to meet
the daily wants. Every other route for obtaining supplies outside
of the State of Virginia was closed long before the surrender, but
after you entered on the discharge of the duties of Commissary-
General, the Richmond and Danville and Piedmont railroads were
kept open, and about that time we added largely to its rolling stock,
by procuring engines and cars from the different roads on the route
of the Virginia and Tennessee railroad west. Starvation had
stared the Army of Northern Virginia in the face ; and the Com-
missary Department organized an appeal to the people on the line
of the Ricfehmond and Danville railroad for voluntary contributions
of supplies, and a number of gentlemen of influence, character and

110 Southern Historical Society Papers.

position, including the most eminent clergymen of the State, ad-
dressed them in several counties, urging them to furnish the sup-
ply wanted.

No one who witnessed can ever forget the result. Contribution
was universal, and supplies of food, sufficient to meet the wants of
the army at the time, were at once sent to the depots on the road,
until they were packed and groaned under their weight; and I
affirm that at the time of the evacuation of Richmond, the difficulty
of delivering supplies sufficient for the support of the Army of
Northern Virginia under General Lee was solved and surmounted*
for I know that abundant supplies were in reach of transportation
on the Richmond and Danville railroad, being massed in Danville,
Charlotte, and at other points; and from the increased motive
powei above referred to, they could have been delivered as fast as
they were required. Moreover, sufficient means — not in Confede-
rate currency, but in specie — just before the evacuation of Richmond,
had been furnished me by Mr. Trenholm, Secretary of the Treasury,
to meet the exigency and pay all pressing demands on the company.
At the time of the evacuation of that city, there were ample sup-
plies in it, as well as on the railroad west of Amelia Courthouse,
to have been delivered at the latter place for the retreating army,
if its numbers had been double what they were. No orders were
ever given to any officers or employee of the Richmond and Dan-
ville railroad to transport any supplies to Amelia Courthouse for
General Lee's arm)'', nor did I ever hear that any such orders were
sent to the Commissary Department on the occasion of the evacua-
tion of Richmond, until after the surrender of the army. On
Saturday, the day before the evacuation of the city, I was officially
informed by the Quartermaster- General (Lavvton), by direction of
President Davis, that the Government had no purpose to evacuate
the city at that time, and no reason to expect it, and that I could
leave Richmond for a fortnight or more, if I desired to do so, with-
out feeling any apprehension of its being evacuated in the mean-
time. This information was given me in answer to a communica-
tion that I wrote to President Davis on Friday night, asking full
information of the purpose of the Government, in order that I
might meet the responsibilities of my position. He not only
directed the Secretary of War to give me all the information pos-
sessed by the War Department, but to procure any ^information
that I might ask for from General Lee himself. Being assured
that there was no reason to apprehend an evacuation of the city, I

Resources of the Confederacy in 1 865. Ill

went on that evening to my home in Amelia, and returned next
day, upon being informed by telegraph of the proposed evacuation.
Neither the superintendent of the road nor myself, up to the time
that the trains left the city, ever heard of supplies being wanted at
Amelia Courthouse, although I had a long interview with the
President and Secretary of War alone in my office in reference to
the route to be taken by the wagon supply train, and a still longer
conversation with the President on the cars during the night on
his way to Danville. I have never believed that any orders to
place supplies of food at Amelia Courthouse were received by the
Commissary Department at the time of the evacuation of the city,
because from Richmond, or from the upper portions of the railroad
if required, they could at once have been transported without any
delay or difficulty. Neither the road nor the telegraph was cut or
disturbed until the day after the evacuation of the city. If orders
were sent to the Commissary Department, I presume they were in-
tercepted or otherwise miscarried.

Respectfully and truly yours,
(Signed) Lewis E. Harvie.

Baltimore, Md., July 7, 1873,

My Dear General — I have read carefully the statement you have
submitted to the Hon. Jefferson Davis of the closing operations of
the Confederate States Commissary Department, and I write to say
that my recollection of the events of that troublous time entirely
concurs with your own.

My duties as assigned by yourself gave me full knowledge of
the effort inaugurated at that time to avail of the influence and
labors of distinguished private citizens, and I distinctly remember
that the results were such as you indicate. With the accumula-
tion of supplies at the general depots I had no official connection,
but I am quite convinced that the statements of yourself. Colonel
Williams and Major Claiborne are entirely accurate.
Very respectfully and truly yours,

(Signed) T. U. Dudley, Jr.,

(Late) Major and C. S. C. S. Army.

General I. M. St. John, (Late) Commissary- General C. S. Army.

k

112 Southern Historical Society Papers.

General Earl3''s Talley Campaigrn.

By General A. L. Long, Chief of Artillery Second Corps Army Northern Virginia.

[The history of this campaign has been ablj'' and fully presented in Gene-
ral Early's "Memoirs" — a book that should be in the library of every one
desiring to know the truth concerning General Lee's splendid campaign of
1864 — but we are glad to be able to present the following outline from the
pen of the accomi^lished soldier who served as Early's Chief of Artillery.]

In compliance with his instructions, General Early, on the 13th
of June, withdrew his corps, consisting of about eight thousand
infantry and twenty-four pieces of artillery, from the Army of
Northern Virginia, and proceeded towards Staunton. The artil-
lery was subsequently increased to forty guns, and his forces were
further augmented by the addition of about fifteen hundred cav-
alry and two thousand infantry. At Charlottesville Early received
intelligence of the rapid advance of Hunter upon Lynchburg with
a force of twenty thousand men.

Promptly shifting his objective point, and availing himself of
the Orange and Alexandria railroad, he moved with such rapidity
that he reached Lynchburg in time to rescue it. At that time the
only force at hand for the defence of Lynchburg was the division
of Breckinridge, less than two thousand strong, and a few hundred
home guards, composed of old men and boys whose age exempted
them from active service. Hunter, finding himself unexpectedly
confronted by Early, relinquished his intended attack uj)on the
city, and sought safety in a rapid night retreat.

The next day Early instituted a vigorous pursuit, which contin-
ued with uninterrupted pertinacity, until Hunter was overtaken in
the neighborhood of Salem, a small town on the Virginia and Ten-
nessee railroad, where he was defeated and forced to a hazardous
and disorganizing retreat through the mountains to the Ohio river.

Having at a single blow liberated the Valley, Early determined
upon an immediate invasion of Maryland and a bold advance on
Washington City. As his instructions were discretionary, he was
at liberty to adopt that course, which at the time was both in a
political and military point of view the best plan of action that
could have been assumed.

The defence of Richmond being the settled policy of the Con-
federate Government, General Lee had on two occasions assumed

General Earlyh Valley Campaign. 113

the offensive in order to relieve that place from the paralyzing in-
fluence of the Federals.

The invasion of Maryland in 1862 and the campaign into Penn-
sylvania the following year had relieved Richmond of the presence
of the enemy for more than a year, but the tide of war had again
returned, and that celebrated city was gradually yielding to the
powerful embrace of her besiegers, which could only be loosened
by a strong diversion in her favor.

This Early undertook with the force at his command, after the
disposal of Hunter's army. By uniting with his own corps the
division of Breckinridge and Ransom's cavalry, Early found him-
self at the head of about twelve thousand men. Though he knew
this force to be inadequate to the magnitude of the work in hand,
nevertheless he determined to overcome his want of numbers by
the rapidity of his movements, thus hoping to acquire a momen-
tum by velocity that would enable him to overcome that produced
by the superior gravity of his opponents.

After the dispersion of Hunter's forces, one day in preparation
sufficed Early for the commencement of his advance upon Mary-
land. His route through the Valley extended over a distance of
two hundred miles or more, but the road was good, and although
the country had been laid waste a short time before by Hunter,
the genial season and fertile soil had already reproduced abundant
subsistence for the horses and mules of the expedition ; but the
greater part of the supplies for the troops were necessarily drawn
from Lynchburg and Richmond. To prevent delay, therefore,
orders were sent to these places directing supplies to be forwarded
to convenient points along the line of march. Staunton was
reached on the 27th of June. This was the most suitable point at
which to supply the army, and there Early made a short halt to
make the necessary arrangements to insure the uninterrupted con-
tinuance of his march. In this he was ably assisted by Colonel
Allan, Majors Harman, Rogers, Hawks, and other members of his
staff. The beautiful Valley of Virginia everywhere gave evidence
of the ravages of w^ar. Throughout the march down the Valley
the unsparing hand of Hunter was proclaimed by the charred
ruins of the once beautiful and happy homes. At Lexington the
cracked and tottering walls of the Virginia Military Institute, the
pride of Virginia and the Ahna Mater of many of the distinguished
sons of the South, were seen, and near them appeared the black-
ened remains of the private residence of Governor Letcher. Mrs.
2

114 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Letcher, with an infant hardly a week old, had been moved from
her bed to witness the destruction of her house.

These melancholy scenes are almost too sad to relate ; neverthe-
less the}'' are facts that must stand in evidence of the cruelty with
which the war was prosecuted by the North against the South.

When Early reached Winchester he learned that there was a
Federal force at Harper's Ferry and another at Martinsburg, which
it was necessary to dislodge before attempting the passage of the
Potomac ; and this was effected by the 4th of July without much
opposition, the Federals having withdrawn without waiting an at-
tack. The way being now clear, the passage of the Potomac was
made on the 5th at Shepherdstown, and the army advanced to
Sharpsburg.

Since the defeat of Hunter the advance of Early had been so
rapid that his design to invade Maryland had not reached the
Federal authorities in time to oppose his passage of the Potomac.
But his entrance into Maryland being now known, it had produced
great consternation as far as Baltimore and Washington. The
boldness of this movement caused Early's forces to be greatly
exaggerated, and rumor soon magnified it to four or five times its
real strength.

The invasion was considered of such magnitude that the cities
of Washington and Baltimore were thought to be in such immi-
nent danger, that the greatest alacrity was instituted in every di-
rection to collect troops for the defence of those places.

The object of General Early being simply a diversion in favor
of the operations about Richmond, he remained a day or two at
Sharpsburg, in order that the impression created by his invasion
might have time to produce its full effect before he exposed his
weakness by a further advance. At this time all the troops in the
vicinity of Washington had been collected, besides which a large]
number of quartermaster's employees had been improvised as sol-
diers, thus making the force at hand exceed twenty thousand men,!
while two corps from the army besieging Richmond and a part of I
another corps from North Carolina, intended to reinforce that army, [
had been detached and put in rapid motion for the defence of the!
Capital.

In the face of these odds Early continued his advance into Ma-
ryland. At Frederick he found General Wallace, with about ten
thousand men, in position to oppose the passage of the Monocacy.
Immediate preparations were made to dislodge Wallace and effect

General Early'' s Valley Cam'paign. 115

a crossing of that stream. Rodes was thrown forward on the Bal-
timore and Ramseur on the Washington City road, while Gordon
and Breckinridge, with a portion of Ransom's cavalry inclining to
the right, moved to the fords a mile or two below the railroad
bridge. At the same time the heights contiguous to the river were
crowned by Long's artillery (consisting of the guns of Xelson,
Braxton, King and McLaughlin), to cover the movement of the
other troops.

When the troops had gained their position, the crossing at the
lower fords was promptly accomplished, and Breckinridge and
Gordon, quickly forming their line of battle, advanced rapidly up
the stream toward the Federal position, and, after a short but spir-
ited conflict, defeated Wallace, whose army soon fell into a panic
and fled in wild confusion, spreading dismay for miles in every
direction by the terrible accounts they gave of the tremendous
force Early vv^as leading through the country. The route being
now open, Early proceeded by rapid marches to within cannon-
shot of the walls of Washington. Since his entrance into Mary-
land his force had been exaggerated by the inhabitants and the
soldiery he had met, until in their terrified imagination it was
magnified to thirty or forty thousand men.

On his arrival before the Federal Capital, the exaggerated rumor
of his strength having preceded him, its occupants were variously
affected. The Federal authorities and all of their adherents Avere
in a state of consternation, while the Southern sympathizers w-ere
full of exultation — for at the time it was thought by many he would
take the city. Had he had twenty or thirty thousand men he would
have done so, with a prospect of holding it, and giving a new turn to
subsequent military operations. But Early was too prudent and
sagacious to attempt an enterprise with a force of eight thousand
men which, if successful, could only be of temporary benefit. He
was therefore content to remain in observation long enough to
give his movement full time to produce its greatest effect, and then
withdrew in the face of a large army and recrossed the Potomac
without molestation.

This campaign is remarkable for having accomplished more in
proportion to the force employed, and for having given less public
satisfaction, than any other campaign of the war. The want of
appreciation of it is entirely due to the erroneous opinion that the
City of Washington should have been taken; but this may be

116 Southern Historical Society Papers.

passed over as one of the absurdities of public criticism on the
•conduct of the war.

By glancing at the operations of Early from the 13th of June to
the last of July, it will be seen that in less than two months he
had marched more than four hundred miles, and with a force not
exceeding twelve thousand men, had not only defeated but entirely
dispersed two Federal armies of an aggregate strength of more
than double his own ; had invaded Maryland, and by his bold and
rapid movement upon Washington, had created an important di-
version in favor of General Lee in the defence of Richmond, and
had re-entered Virginia with a loss of less than three thousand
men. After remaining a short time in the neighborhood of Lees-
burg, he returned to the Valley by way of Snicker's Gap, and
about the 17th of July occupied the neighborhood of Berryville.

Early had no sooner established himself at Berryville, than a
considerable force of the enemy appeared on the Shenandoah, near
Castleman's Ferry, and partially effected a crossing, but were
promptly driven back with heavy loss, after which they retired to
the neighborhood of Harper's Ferry.

About the same time a large force under General Averill was
reported to be advancing from Martinsburg to Winchester. Being
unwilling to receive an attack in an unfavorable position, Early
sent Ramseur, with a division and two batteries of artillery, to
Winchester, to retard Averill, while he withdrew with the main
body of the army and supply trains by way of White Post and
Newtown to Strasburg.

Ramseur, having encountered the enemy a few miles east of
Winchester, was defeated, with a loss of four pieces of artillery, and
forced to retire to Newtown, where he rejoined Early.

Averill, being arrested in his pursuit of Ramseur near Newtown,
fell back to Kernstown, where he was soon joined by General
Crook, with the forces from Harper's Ferry.

From Newtown, Early continued his march to Strasburg without
interrruption. On the 23d he was informed of the junction of
Crook and Averill, and of their occupation of Kernstown ; there-
upon, it was determined to attack them without delay. The
security of the trains having been properly provided for, the army
was put in motion early on the morning of the 24th towards the
enemy.

About noon a position was gained from which it was observed
that the enemy was in possession of the identical. ground which

/

General Earhfs Valley Campaign. 117

had been occupied by Shields when encountered by Stonewall
Jackson in March, 1862. The memory of that battle evidently
did much to inspire the troops to deeds of valor in the approaching
conflict.

Early quickly made his disposition for battle. The divisions of
Breckinridge and Rodes were thrown to the right of the turnpike,
and those of Ramseur and Gordon were deployed to its left, the
artillery being disposed of so as to cover the advance of the in-
fantry, while the cavalry received instructions to close behind the
enemy as soon as defeated.

Perceiving that the left flank of the enemy was exposed, Breck-
inridge, under cover of a wooded hill, gained a position from which
he bore down upon it, and in gallant style doubled it upon the
centre. This success was so vigorously followed up by the other
troops, that the Federals gave way at all points, and were soon in
rapid retreat, which was accelerated by a vigorous pursuit. In this
battle the losses on the part of the Confederates were insignificant,
while those of the Federals in killed, wounded and prisoners were
considerable. While on the retreat a large number of their wagons
and a considerable quantity of their stores were destroyed to
prevent capture.

Finding that the enemy had again sought safety behind his de-
fences, Early determined to re-enter Maryland, for the double pur-
pose of covering a retaliatory expedition into Pennsylvania, and
to keep alive the diversion which had already been made in favor
of the defence of Richmond. Therefore, about the 6th August, he
crossed the Potomac in two columns — the one at Williamsport, and
the other at Shepherdstown — and took a position between Sharps-
burg and Hagerstown.

This occupation of Maryland was destined to be of short duration,
for since Early's audacity had caused his strength to be so greatly
magnified, and the importance of his operations so exaggerated,
Grant had considered it necessary to largely increase the Army of
the Shenandoah, and to supersede Hunter, whose incapacity had
long been obvious, by Phil. Sheridan, one of the most energetic and
unscrupulous of his Lieutenants. Being aWare of the great increase
of force prepared to be brought against him. Early recrossed the
Potomac and returned up the Valley, being slowly followed by
Sheridan, who had now taken command of the Middle Depart-
ment.

On reaching Fisher's Hill, a position three miles west of Stras-

L

118 Southern Historical Society Papers.

burg, Early halted and offered battle, which Sheridan made a show
of accepting until the morning of the 17th, when he was discovered
to be retreating towards Winchester. He was immediately pursued
by Early, and being overtaken near Kernstown, a spirited skirmish
ensued while he continued to retire. Night coming on the com-
batants separated. Early bivouacking in the neighborhood of Win-
chester, while Sheridan crossed the Opequon.

About this time Lieutenant-General Anderson joined Early with
one division of infantry and a division of cavalry, thus increasing
his force to about twelve thousand men, while that of Sheridan
exceeded forty thousand. Notwithstanding the great disparity of
numbers, the campaign was characterized by a series of skilful
movements and brilliant skirmishes, which resulted on the 19th of
September in the battle of Winchester, which had doubtless been
hastened to a conclusion by the departure of Anderson from the
Valley on the loth with Kershaw's division for Richmond. Anderson
had no sooner turned his back on the mountains, than Sheridan
threw his whole force against Early at Winchester and defeated
him, not so much by force of numbers, as by one of those chances
of war which sometimes beset the ablest commander ; for after
having gallantly contested the field, and firmly maintained their
position until near the close of the day, a portion of his troops was
seized with a panic, which rapidly spread until the greater part of
the infantry and cavalry fell into confusion, and troops who had
never before turned their backs upon the enemy retired in disorder
from the field. The artillery alone remained firm, and covered with
distinguished gallantry the retreat of the other troops, until a place
of safety was gained and order restored, and then retired fighting,
step by step, until it extricated itself from overwhelming numbers,
leaving heaps of dead to testify to its matchless conduct and power.
Sheridan's forces were so shattered that he could not immediately
avail himself of the success he had gained, and Early was permitted
an uninterrupted retreat to Fisher's Hill.

Notwithstanding his force had been considerably weakened by
its late disaster. Early determined to maintain his position on
Fisher's Hill. He could not realize that every man was not as
stout-hearted as himself, nor that the troops he had so often led to
victory were not invincible; and, besides h^s reluctance to abandon
the rich and beautiful Valley, there were other and stronger rea-
sons for his decision. It was evident that, if left unopposed in the
Valley, Sheridan would immediately concert a plan of co-operation

General Early'' s Valley Campaign. 119

with Grant, either by advancing directly upon Richmond or by
operating on its lines of communication with a powerful cavalry
until a junction was formed with him below Petersburg; in which
case the important diversion in favor of Lee would have come to
naught. Therefore the object of detaining Sheridan with his for-
midable force in the Valley sufficiently warranted Earl}', on the
soundest military principles, in his determination to oppose him
at all hazard.

The defiant attitude assumed by him was the most effective he
could have adopted for accomplishing his object, and it created a
deception as to his strength that made his opponent cautious,
but which was quickly dissipated by a collision. His force at
this time was less than seven thousand men, while that of Sheri-
dan was greater by at least four to one.

Sheridan's forces having sufficiently recovered from the effect of
the battle, pursued Early, and on the 22d attacked him in his po-
sition on Fisher's Hill. The thin Confederate ranks could offer
but feeble resistance to the overwhelming force brought against
them, and the conflict was consequently of short duration ; and,
owing to the extent and difficulty of the position, the Confederates
sustained considerable loss before they could extricate themselves.

Early then retired up the Valley to a position above Harrison-
burg, while Sheridan pursued as far as New Market. Both armies
then remained inactive for some days, in order to rest and reorgan-
ize their forces.

About the first of October, Sheridan retraced his steps down the
Valley to the neighborhood of Middletown, where he took up a
position on an elevated plateau behind Cedar creek. Early, per-
ceiving that his adversary had retired, pursued him to the neigh-
borhood of Strasburg, where he took up a position from which
he might be able to attack with advantage. Sheridan had unwit-
tingly assumed a position that gave his adversary admirable ad-
vantages and opportunity to execute a surprise.

Early entrusted a considerable force to General Gordon for that
purpose. Having made himself fimiiliar with the work in hand,
Gordon, on the night of 18th October, proceeded to its execution.
Crossing Cedar creek sufficiently below the Federal pickets to
avoid observation, he cautiously proceeded in the direction of the
Federal encampments without accident or discovery. A favorable
point for the accomplishment of his plans was gained just before
daybreak on the 19th. The camp was reached, and in the midst

120 Southern Historical Society Papers.

of quiet sleep and peaceful dreams the war-cry and the ringing
peels of musketry arose to wake the slumbering warriors and call
them affrighted to their arms. The drums and bugles loudly
summoned the soldier to his colors, but alas ! there was no ear for
those familiar sounds ! The crack of the rifle and the shouts of
battle were upon the breeze, and no other sounds were heeded by
the flying multitude.

Gordon's surprise had been complete, and when the dawn ap-
peared long lines of fugitives were seen rushing madly towards
Winchester. Such a rout had not been seen since the famous
battle of Bull Pam.

The Federals left artillery, baggage, small arms, camp equippage,
clothing, knapsacks, haversacks, canteens, in fact everything, in
their panic. The whole camp was filled with valuable booty,
which in the end proved a dangerous temptation to the Confede-
rates — many of whom, instead of following up their brilliant suc-
cess, left their ranks for plunder.

If an apology for such conduct were ever admissible,' it was so
on this occasion — the troops having been so long unaccustomed to
the commonest comfort while making long and fatiguing marches
and battling against large odds, and being now broken down,
ragged and hungry, they would have been superhuman had they
resisted the tempting stores that lay scattered on every hand. Our
censure of this conduct must be mingled with compassion, when
we remember that instances arise when the demand of nature is
irresistible.

The Federals finding that they were not pursued when they
reached the neighborhood of Middletown, their spirits began to
revive, and the habit of discipline and order assumed its sway,
and the shapeless mass of the morning regained the appearance of
an army.

Sheridan, having been absent, met his fugitive army a little be-
low Newtown. Order having been restored, he reforEied his troops,
and, facing them about, returned to the scene of their late disaster.
The Confederates being unprepared for an attack, were quickly
defeated and forced to retire to Fisher's Hill; from thereto New
Market, where Early maintained a bold front for several weeks.
By this return of fortune Sheridan not only recovered all that had
been lost in the morning, but acquired considerable captures from
the Confederates.

The Confederates then retired to the neighborhood of Staunton

General Earhfs Valley Campaign. 121

and further operations were suspended on account of the inclem-
ency of the season.

Sheridan then occupied the lower Valley, where he employed
himself in completing the work of destruction so bravely begun
by Hunter, in which he seemed to vie with Alaric. His work of
devastation was so complete that he exultingly reported to his supe-
perior that a "crow in traversing the Valley would be obliged to carry
his rations." Before the spring was open, Sheridan was in motion
with a cavalry or rather mounted infantry force nine thousand strong,
his objective point being Staunton. The force of Early, having
been greatly reduced, was entirely inadequate for an effective re-
sistance. Staunton was therefore evacuated, and Early retired to
Waynesboro'. His entire force now only consisted of Wharton's
division of infantry, six pieces of artillery and a small body of
cavalry, making in all about eighteen hundred men. With this
force he took a position to protect an important railroad bridge
over the south branch of the Shenandoah, and at the same time to
cover Rockfish Gap, a pass connecting the Valley with Eastern
Virginia. This pass was doubly important, as it gave a passage
both to the Charlottesville turnpike and Central railroad.

As Sheridan was without artillery, and the ground being unfit
for the operation of cavalry, Early could have easily maintained
his position with reliable troops ; but, contrary to his belief, there
was considerable disaffection in Wharton's division. Therefore,
without his knowledge his little army harbored the elements of
defeat, for at the first show of an attack the malcontents threw
down their arms, and, almost without opposition, Sheridan carried
the position, compelling Early with his faithful few to seek safety
in retreat. A number of these, however, were captured before they
could make their escape.

Sheridan, having now removed all opposition, passed through
Rockfish Gap into Eastern Virginia, traversed the interior of the
State, and formed a junction with Grant almost without interrup-
tion.

On reaching Gordonsville, Early collected a handful of men and
threw himself upon the flank and rear of Sheridan, but his force
was too small to make any impression. He was only induced to
make this effort by his extreme reluctance to witness an unop-
posed march of an enemy through his country.

It has been said that Early, at the head of his faitliful band,
hovering like an eagle about the columns of Sheridan, displayed

122 Southern Historical Society Papers.

more heroic valor than when at the head of his victorious army in
Maryland.

Among some of those whom superior rank has not brought into
special notice are Colonels Carter (Acting Chief of Artillery),
Nelson, King and Braxton ; Majors Kirkpatrick and McLaughlin,
of the artillery, distinguished at Winchester; Captains Massey,
killed, and Carpenter, wounded ; Colonel Pendleton, Adjutant-
General of Early's corps, killed at Fisher's Hill while gallantly
rallying the fugitives ; Colonel Samuel Moore, Inspector-General
of Early's corps ; Colonel Green Peyton, Adjutant-General Rodes'
division ; Captain Lewis Randolph, of Rodes' staff; Colonel R. W.
Hunter, Adjutant-General Gordon's division; Colonel Carr, In-
spector-General Breckinridge's division, captured near Cross Keys,
Valley of Virginia ; Major Brethard, artillery ; Major S. V. South-
all, Adjutant-General of Artillery, wounded at Monocacy; Captain
Percy, Inspector of Artillery ; Major Moorman, of artillery ; Lieu-
tenant Long, Engineer Corps, killed at Cedar creek while rallying
fugitives ; Lieutenant Hobson, of artillery, killed at Monocacy ;
Dr. McGuire, Medical Director of Early's corps; Dr. Strath, Chief
Surgeon of Artillery; Major Turner, Chief Quartermaster of Artil-
lery; Major Armstrong, Chief Commissary of Artillery. Besides
these there are many others, whose names are not in my posses-
sion, worthy of the highest distinction.

In operations of the character above described long lists of
casualties may naturally be expected, in which the names of the
bravest, noblest and truest are sure to be found. While it is im-
possible for me to make separate mention of these, memory dic-
tates the names of Rodes and Ramseur. From Richmond to the
memorable campaign of the Wilderness they bore a conspicuous
part, and their names rose high on the roll of fome. Rodes fell in
the battle of Winchester, at the head of his splendid division, and
Ramseur was mortally wounded at Cedar creek in his heroic at-
tempt to retrieve the fortune of the day. Their fall was a noble
sacrifice to the cause for which they fought, and their memory will
ever remain green in the hearts of their countrymen.

A. L. Long.

»

■ Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 123

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park, Twelfth Alabama Reg-iiiient.

[Continued from February Number.]

March 7th to 12th^ 1865 — A number of prisoners, mainly from
the privates' pen, have signified a wilhngness to take the hated oath
of allegiance, and are now kept in separate barracks, clothed in
blue suits and given better rations. The}'- are called ''Galvanized"
men, and sometimes " Company Q." These weak and cowardly
men are willing to betray their own country and people, and swear
to support a government which they can but detest. Such men
could not have been of any real value to the South, but rather
skulking nuisances, and they are to be pitied as well as despised.
They are either ignorant and deluded, or actuated by self-interest
or want of principle. They regard their personal comfort and safety
more than the good of their relatives and friends and their native
land. Many prisoners seem to have thrown aside all modesty. We
have to wash our hands, faces and feet in the sluggish ditch-water
which runs through the campus, and a good many strip to their
waists and bathe themselves, utterly regardless of the presence of
hundreds of fellow prisoners passing constantly near them. The
water is brackish and covered with green scum. Men stand in a
row along the banks, and all wash at one time. The dirty off-
scouring from each man flows to his neighbor, and is used again.
Some throw back the water with their hands and seek a cleaner
supply. The whole scene is sickening.

Beer, made of fermented corn meal and cheap or mean molasses,
and weak lemonade are sold at various stands, made of boxes, in
the pen, and are bought by those able to do so. I doubt their
cleanliness, and have touched but few glasses. Want of proper
medicine and attention, combined with boiled fresh beef and thin,
watery soup, keep many ill with constant diarrhoea. There are no
night- vessels, and at all times of these cold, wintry nights officers
are forced to go to the rear, several hundred feet distant. Fresh
boiled beef, without vegetables, seems to cause and aggravate the
very prevalent disease. The Yankee surgeons know it, but order
no change of diet. Such meanness is despicable in its littleness
and barbarity. It is known that Ahl and Wolfe have spies among
the prisoners, who mingle freely with them, seek their confidence
and then basely betray them. They listen to and watch every
one, and promptly act the ignoble parts of eavesdroppers and tale-

124 Southern Historical Society Papers.

bearers. Think of a Government that will thus establish a cunning
and cruel system of espionage over helpless victims, writhing under
their strong, relentless grasp ! Surely the Confederate War Secre-
tary would not descend to such a small business as Secretary
Stanton does ! Sentinels walk on the parapet above the lofty-
fence which separates the pens of the officers and privates, and
can watch both pens from their elevated positions. But despite
their vigilance notes are frequently thrown over the parapet, and
communication is thus kept up across the intervening barrier.
These notes are tied to a small rock, or piece of coal, and some-
times a prisoner is struck on the face or person, causing some in-
jury or hurt ; but no one gets angry at the unintentional blow, and
the note is promptly delivered to the party addressed. The notes
from the privates abound in complaints against SchcepfF, Ahl,
Wolfe and their guards, and of great scarcity of rations. Their
treatment must be hard and cruel.

March \?>th to 15th — About 100 officers and 1,000 men have been
sent off for exchange, and 500 officers arrived from Fort Pulaski,
near Savannah, and Hilton Head, South Carolina. These sickly,
limping, miserable looking men were chosen from the prisoners
last August to be sent to Sullivan's Island near Charleston, and
placed under fire of the Confederate batteries, in retaliation, it was
said, for the placing of Federal prisoners in the city under the fire
of the Yankee batteries. The Yankees had been shelling the city,
killing women and children, and the Confederate General, to put a
stop to such brutalit}^, threatened to expose his prisoners to the tire
if it were not discontinued. At first, in May, fifty officers were
chosen by lot and sent to Charleston, but finding General Beauregard
had not put his threat into execution, they were exchanged. Then?
in August, 600 more were sent, and subjected to the harshest treat-
ment, exposed in the sickly, malarial season to the severest hard-
ships. For forty-three days they lived on ten ounces of meal and
four ounces of pickles per day. Not a vegetable nor a pound of
meat was issued to them, and consequentl}'- that depressing and
dreaded disease (scurvy) became general among them. Their lean,
emaciated persons were covered with livid spots of various sizes,
occasioned by effusion of blood under the cuticle. They looked
pale, languid and low spirited, and suffered from general exhaustion,
pains in the limbs, spongy and bleeding gums. All this was caused
by their rigid confinement and want of nourishing food. They
were not given food sufficient to supply the elements necessary to

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 125

repair the natural waste of the system. Nearly one out of every
six died from this inhuman treatment, and on their arrival at Fort
Delaware, for the second time, over one hundred out of five
hundred were sent to the hospital. The feet and legs of many
were so drawn by the fearful disease as to compel them to walk on
their toes, their heels being unable to touch the ground, and they
used either sticks in each hand, or a rude crutch, sometimes two of
them, to aid them in hobbling along. Several, unable to walk at
all, were carried on stretchers to the hospital. Our hard fare and
rough treatment at Fort Delaware has been princely compared
Avith that inflicted upon these scurvy-afflicted Fort Pulaski sufferers.
Captain Thomas W. Harris, a Methodist minister, of the Twelfth
Georgia infantry ; Lieutenant W. H. Chew, of Seventh Georgia
cavalry — both old collegemates of mine; Captain A. C. Gibson, of
the Fourth Georgia ; Captain J. W. Fannin, of the Sixty-first Ala-
bama, formerly a private in my company, and Captain L. S. Chit-
wood, of Fifth Alabama, among the new arrivals, are all old
acquaintances and friends of mine. Fift3'-nine officers and several
hundred men, belonging to Wharton's command in the Valley of
Virginia, captured by Sheridan, were brought to the fort, and
several officers from Fort La Fayette, including General R. L. Page,
arrived soon after. The latter were captured at Fort Morgan, near
Mobile.

March IQth — Miss Eliza Jamison, my fair unknown friend of
Baltimore, sent me five dollars, promised to correspond with me
herself, and enclosed a bright, sparkling letter, full of wit and
humor, from a young lady friend of hers, signed " Mamie," offering
to " write to me once in awhile to cheer me in my prison life."
Miss Eliza Jamison thus describes "Mamie": "She is full of
mischief and fun, but very discreet and particular. She is
small, has very dark hair, beautiful black and very expres-
sive eyes, small and pretty. Her nose is large and her worst
feature. She is smart and entertaining, and I think one of the
nicest little bodies in the world ; I am sure you will think the
same." " Mamie " writes fluently and elegantly, and tells me she
recently lost her youngest brother, twenty years old, in the Southern
army. She will not allow Miss Jamison to give me her address,
which is really tantalizing. Mr. J. W. Fellows, of Manchester, New
Hampshire, writes he has sent me twenty-five dollars, but it has
never been received. Such a handsome remittance would be a
God-send to me now. I suppose the letter examiner pocketed it.

126 Southei'n Historical Society Papers.

March 17th and 18th. — Captain Browne, Captain Hewlett, Lieu-
tenant Arrington and I changed our quarters to Division 27, and
are messing together. Twenty-seven is known as the " Kentucky-
division," as most of its inmates are from that State and belonged
to Morgan's cavalry, having been captured during the famous Ohio
raid, and for awhile confined in the Ohio State Penitentiary, their
heads shaved, and dressed in felon's garb. A majority of them
are of fine personal appearance, intelligent, social and well dressed.
They receive money from relatives at home, and live well from the
sutler's stores. Lieutenant William Hays, of Covington, Ky.,
better known as " Doctor " Hays, having been a practicing physi-
cian at home, is chief of the division. He has lost one eye, but is
a handsome man, very polite, and universally popular. He acts
as postmaster also. We luckily found bunks next to a window on
the second tier, and quite near the stove, in the centre of the room.
The light from the window is excellent for reading and writing
purposes, and I shall not lose the opportunity. On the other side
of the window are the bunks of Lieutenant Joe G. Shackelford
and Lieutenant H. C. Merritt, of the Third Kentucky cavalry,
Avith Lieutenant J. D. Parks and Lieutenant S. P. Allensworth, of
Second Kentucky cavalry. Shackelford is just across from my
bunk. He is a tall, well built, plain spoken, honest fellow. He
has been in prison over twenty months, but remains unterrified
and resolute in his allegiance to the Confederacy. I enjoy his
strong, expressive language much. Browne, Arrington and Fannin
play chess nearly all day. I play it very indifferently, and prefer
reading. Colonel R. C. Morgan, a younger brother of General
John H. Morgan, Captain C. C. Corbett, a Georgian in the Four-
teenth Kentucky cavalry. Lieutenant M. H. Barlow (the wit of
the room), and Lieutenant I. P. Wellington, both of the Eighth
Kentucky cavalry, are among the inmates of 27. Colonel R. W.
Carter, of the First Virginia cavalry, a large, military-looking man,
and Captain R. T. Thom, of General Page's staff, are also inmates
of the division. Captain David Waldhauer, of the Jeff. Davis
legion from Savannah, and commander of the "Georgia Hussars,"
occupies a bunk near mine. He has lost his right arm. I find
him to be a very agreeable gentleman. Lieutenant J. E. Way, of
the same cavalry legion, is with Captain Waldhauer. He is a
very amiable and modest officer.

March 19th. — To my surprise I received a letter from Abe Good-
game, a mulatto slave belonging to Colonel Goodgame of my regi-

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 127

ment, who was captured in the Valley, and is now a prisoner con-
fined at Fort McHenry, having positively refused to take the oath.
He asks me to write to his master when I am exchanged, and tell
him of his whereabouts, and that he is faithful to him. I replied
to Abe in an encouraging way, and showed his letter to several
officers of my brigade. The blatant Abolitionists of the North
would scarcely be convinced of the truth of this negro slave's
fidelity to his master, if they were to see it. They are totally ig-
norant of the real status of the divine institution of slavery, and
would be shocked at such an evidence of love for and faithfulness
to his master as this slave exhibits. Abe is an honest, industrious
negro, and I am sorry for him. His captors, not understanding
nor appreciating his devotion to principle and affection for his
master and his Southern home, will, I fear, treat him with great
severity, work him unmercifully and feed him scantily. I have
not heard a word nor received a line from home since my capture.
To-day, five long, weary, dreary, miserable months ago, occurred
the battle of Winchester, and I have not heard from my beloved
mother since then. I know letters are written to me, but no doubt
they are destroyed through the whims and caprice of some venom-
ous clerk, who wickedly throws them aside or burns them. All
letters written or received by jDrisoners are opened and examined
by some careless and heartless upstart official, who has or assumes
full power and authority to destroy any he may whimsically ob-
ject to.*

* Louisiana " Confederate " will please accept my most gi-atef ul thanks for the handsome
and highly-appreciated present received safely from New Orleans, January 22d, ultimo. It
was sweet and most welcome. K. E. P.

128 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Letter from General A. S. Jolmstoii.

[Anything from the lamented hereof Shiloh will be read with interest, and
the forthcoming memoir of him by his gifted son (Colonel William Preston
Johnston) is looked for with peculiar pleasure, in the hope that it will contain
much of the inner life of the great chieftain.

The following autograph letter to General Cooper is of historic value as
showing the condition of things in Kentucky, in October, 1861, and General
Johnston's opinions as to what the future movements of the enemy would
"be.]

Headquarters Western Department,

Bowling Green, Ky., October 17, 1861,

General — I informed you by telegraph on the 12th, that in con-
sequence of information received from General Buckner of the
advance of the enemy in considerable force, I had ordered forward
all my available force to his support. Hardee's division and Terry's
regiment have arrived here; and in advance our force may be esti-
mated at twelve thousand men. Correct returns cannot be obtained
until after abetter organization. Two Tennessee regiments (Stanton's
from Overton county) and one from Union city are yet to arrive,
and may reach this in two or three days, and give an increase of
about two thousand men.

I cannot expect immediately any additional force under the call
of last month on the Governors of Tennessee and Mississippi.

The men will doubtless present themselves promptly at the ren-
dezvous, but I cannot suppose any considerable portion will be
armed.

When I made the call, I hoped that some might come armed. I
cannot now conjecture how many will do so.

The call was made to save time, and in the hope that by the
time they were organized and somewhat instructed, the Confederate
Government would be able to arm them.

As at present informed, I think the best effort of the enemy will
be made on this line, threatening perhaps at the same time the
communications between Tennessee and Virginia, covered by Zol-
licoflfer, and Columbus, from Cairo by the river, and Paducah by
land, and may be a serious attack on one or the other, and for this
their command of the Ohio and all the navigable waters of Ken-
tucky, and better means of land transportation, give them great
facilities of concentration.

As my forces at neither this nor either of the other points

Letter from General A. S. Johnston. 129

threatened are more than sufficient to meet the force in front, I
cannot weaken either until the object of the enemy is fully pro-
nounced.

You now know the efforts I anticipate from the enemy and the
line on which the first blow is expected to fall, and the means
adopted by me with the forces at my disposal to meet him.

I will use all means to increase my force and spare no exertions
to render it effective at every point ; but I cannot assure you that
this will be sufficient, and if reinforcements from less endangered
or less important points can be spared, I would be glad to receive
them.

I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed) A. S. Johnston,

General Confederate States Army.
•General S. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspector General, Richmond.

130 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service.

By Lamak Hollyday.

The July (1876) number of the Southern Historical Society
Papers contains a letter from General J. A. Early on the " Relative
Strength of the Armies of Generals Lee and Grant," in which he
says "that State (Maryland) furnished to the Confederate army
only one organized regiment of infantry for one year, and several
companies of artillery and cavalry which served through the whole
war."

The Confederate roster, also published in the October number of
same Papers, gives credit for only one regiment of infantry, and
makes no mention whatever of either cavalry or artillery,

These statements, coming from such high authority, are calcu-
lated to do great injustice to as gallant soldiers of the Confederate
army as either shouldered a musket, straddled a horse or rode on
a caisson. Maryland was represented during the whole war, except
probably for a few months, by an organized infantry command,
which won a name for gallantry and discipline second to none in
the army, and*proved themselves worthy descendants of the Mary-
land line of Revolutionary fame.

The following comprise the Maryland organizations in the Con-
federate service, independent of several companies of infantry and
several companies of cavalry, merged into regiments of other
States :

First infantry — Colonel Arnold Elzey, promoted to Brigadier
and Major-General ; Colonel George H. Steuart, promoted to Briga-
dier-General ; Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, promoted to Brigadier-
General.

Second infantry — Lieutenant-Colonel Joseph R. Herbert.

First cavalry — Lieutenant-Colonel Ridgeley Brown, killed; Lieu-
tenant-Colonel G. W. Dorsey.

Second cavalry — Major Harry Gilmore.

First battery — Captain R. fenowden Andrews, promoted Lieuten-
ant-Colonel ; Captain W. F. Dernent.

Second battery — Captain J. B. Brockenborough, promoted Major;
Captain W. H. Griffin.

Third battery — Captain H. B. Latrobe, promoted March 1st,
1863; killed at Vicksburg, Mississippi, June 22d, 1863; Captain
John B. Rowan, promoted June 30th, 1863; killed before Nash-

Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service. 131

ville, Tennessee, December 16th, 1864 ; Captain William L. Ritter,
promoted December 16th, 1864, on the battle-field before Nash-
ville, Tennessee.

Fourth battery — Captain William Brown, killed; Captain W.
S. Chew.

First Maryland infantry — The First Maryland infantry was or-
ganized in June, 1861, and shortly after their organization were
complimented by General J. E. Johnston, in the following special
order :

Headquarters, Winchester, June 22, 1861.
Special Order.

The Commanding General thanks Lieutenant-Colonel Steuart
and the Maryland regiment for the faithful and exact manner in
which they carried out his orders of the 19th instant at Harper's
Ferry. He is glad to learn that, owing to their discipline, no pri-
vate property was injured and no unoffending citizen disturbed.
The soldierly qualities of the Maryland regiment will not be for-
gotten in the day of action.

By order of General Joseph E. Johnston.

W. H. Whiting,
Inspector- General.

General G. T. Beauregard, in his letter to Mr. J. Thomas Scharf
under dat^ of November 5th, 1873, published in the Baltimore
Chronicle^ thus speaks of the First Maryland's participation in the
battle of the first Manassas:

"At the battle of the first Manassas the First Maryland regiment
contributed greatlj'' to the success of that battle, by checking the
flanking movement of the Federals until Early's brigade could get
into position to outflank them. The officers and men of that Ma-
ryland regiment behaved with much gallantry on that occasion ;
and afterwards, while on duty in front of Munson's Hill, near Al-
exandria, and while in winter quarters about Centreville, they were
noted for their discipline and good behavior."

The regiment served under General Jackson in his ever-memo-
rable Valley campaign, and were thus spoken of by that General
in his official report:

"In a short time the Fifty-eighth Virginia regiment became en-
gaged with a Pennsylvania regiment called the Bucktails, when
Colonel Johnson, of the First Maryland regiment, coming up in
the hottest period of the fire, charged gallantly into his flank and
drove the enemy, with heavy loss, from the field, capturing Lieu-
tenant-Colonel Kane, commanding."

132 Southern Historical Society Papers.

General Ewell, also, in his official report of the Valley campaign,
speaks of them in the following highly complimentary language:

"The history of the Maryland regiment, gallantly commanded
hy Colonel Bradley T. Johnson, during the campaign of the Valley
would be the history of every action from Front Royal to Cross Keys.
On the 6th, near Harrisonburg, the Fifty-eighth Virginia regiment
was engaged with the Pennsylvania Bucktails, the fighting being
close and bloody. Colonel Johnson came up with his regiment in
the hottest period, and, by a dashing charge in flank, drove the
enemy off with heavy loss, capturing Lieutenant-Colonel Kane,
commanding. In commemoration of this gallant conduct, I or-
dered one of the captured bucktails to be appended, as a trophy,
to their flag. The action is worthy of acknowledgment from a
higher source, more particularly as they avenged the death of the
gallant General Ashby, who fell at the same time. Four color-
bearers were shot down in succession, but each time the colors
-were caught before reaching the ground; and were finally borne
by Corporal Daniel Shanks to the close of the action. On the 8th
instant, at Cross Keys, they were opposed to three of the enemy's
regiments in succession."

The order of General Ewell, directing that one of the buck-
tails captured by the regiment should be appended to their colors,
is as follows:

Headquarters Third Division.
General Orders,!
No. 30. i

In commemoration of the gallant conduct of the First Maryland
regiment on the 6th of June, when, led by Colonel Bradley T.
Johnson, they drove back, with loss, the Pennsylvania Bucktail
Rifles, in the engagement near Harrisonburg, Rockingham county,
Va., authority is given to have one of the bucktails (the insignia of
the 'Federal regiment) appended to the color-staff" of the First Ma-
ryland regiment.

By order of Major-General Ewell.

James Barbour,
Assistant Adjutant- Gowal.

As soon as the Valley campaign was over the regiment was or-
dered to Staunton, to muster out two companies whose term of
service had expired, and to receive a new company. They had not
been there long before they were ordered to again join the main
army, and took an active part in the Seven Days' fights before
Richmond; after which they went to Charlottesville; from thence
to Gordonsville, where, in August, 1862, they were mustered out
of the service, some of the men joining new infantry companies

1

Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service. 133

which were then forming, while others entered the cavalry and ar-
tiller3\ The total length of service of the First regiment was four-
teen to sixteen months.

SECOND MARYLAND INFANTRY.

The Second Maryland infantry was organized in the fall of 1862,
and numbered six companies. Two other companies joined them
afterward, one in about two months and the other about a year
after their organization. They were in service up to the surrender
of General Lee at Appomattox.

During the fall and winter of 1862-3 they were attached to
General Jones' cavalry brigade, and were on duty in the Valley of
Virginia; being constantly on the move, and made two very se-
vere marches to Moorefield in West Virginia. In June, 1863, they
joined General Early at Kernstown, and opened the battle at that
point preparatory to attacking Winchester. That General, in his
official report of the Gettysburg campaign, thus mentions this fact:

"I found Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert, of the Maryland line,
with his battalion of infantry, the battery of Maryland artillery,
and a portion of the battalion of Maryland cavalry, occupying the
ridge between Bartonsville and Kernstown, and engaged in occa-
sional skirmishing with a portion of the enemy, who had taken
position near Kernstown. * * * I ^ill here state that when
our skirmishers had advanced to Bower's Hill, Major Goldsborough,
of the Maryland battalion, with the skirmishers of the battalion
had advanced into the outskirts of the town of Winchester ; but
fearing that the enemy would shell the town from the main fort, I
ordered him back. * * j niust also commend the gallantry of
Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert and Major Goldsborough, of the Mary-
land line, and their troops."

General Ewell also, in his official report of the Gettysburg cam-
paign, gives additional evidence of the existence of the command.
He says: "On the 13th, I sent Early's division and Colonel Brown's
artillery battalion (under Captain Dance) to Newtown, on the
Valley pike, where they were joined by the Maryland battalion of
infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel Herbert, and the Baltimore light
artillery. Captain Griffin."

Immediately after the battle of Winchester, the Second Maryland
joined General George H. Steuart's brigade, and took an active and
distinguished part in the battle of Gettysburg, assisted in the cap-
ture of the Federal breastworks at Gulp's Hill, which they held all

134 Southern Historical Society Papers.

of the night of 2d July and a part of the next day, losing in killed
and wounded during the engagement more than half their number.

Again, at the battle of Cold Harbor, June 3d, 1864, they covered
themselves with glory. On the afternoon of the day the fight took
place General Lee telegraphed the Secretary of War as follows :
" General Finnegan's brigade of Mahone's division and the Mary-
land battalion of Breckinridge's command immediately drove the
enemy out with severe loss." General Breckinridge also, in a letter
dated January 6th, 1874, and published in Scharf's "Chronicles of
Baltimore," thus mentions the Second Maryland's participation in
the battle of Cold Harbor : " When I crossed over from the Shen-
andoah Valley in May, 1864, and joined General Lee on the North
Anna, near Hanover Junction, a battalion of Maryland infantry
was sent to me, and it remained under my command until I re-
turned to the Valley in the following month. It had seen rough
service, and I think all the field officers were absent from disabling
wounds. While with me it was commanded by Captain Crane.
I had occasion to observe this battalion along the North Anna, on
the Tottopotomy, and in a series of other engagements of greater or
less importance, ending with the battle of Cold Harbor early in
June, and I take pleasure in saying that its conduct throughout
was not merely creditable, but distinguished. Not being incorpo-
rated in any brigade, it came more frequently under my eye, and
I presently fell into the habit of holding it in hand for occasions
of special need. For instance, at Cold Harbor, where a point in
my line was very weak, and was actually broken for a time by
General Hancock's troops, the Maryland battalion and Finnegan's
Florida brigade (the latter borrowed from General Hoke for the
occasion) aided decisively to restore the situation, and behaved
with the greatest intrepidity. * * Not in courage only, but also
in discipline, tone and all soldierly qualities they were equal to any
troops I saw during the war."

The following appeared in the Richmond Sentinel a few days after

the battle of Cold Harbor:

Near Richmond, June 6th, 1864.

Mr. Editor — The public have already been informed, through
the columns of the public journals, of the great results of the late
engagements between the forces of General Lee and General Grant;
but they have not yet learned the particulars, which are always
most interesting, and in some instances, owing to the confusion
which generally attends large battles, they have been misinformed
on some points. It is now known by the public that the enemy

Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service. 135

were momentarily successful in one of their assaults on the lines
held by Major-General Breckinridge's division, which might have
resulted in disaster to our cause. It will be interesting to all to
know what turned disaster into victory, and converted a triumphant
column into a flying rabble. The successful assault of the enemy
was made under cover of darkness. Before the morning star had been
hid by the light of the sun, they came gallantly forward in spite
of a severe fire from General Echols' brigade, and in spite of the
loss of many of their men who fell like autumn leaves, until the
ground was almost blue and red with their uniforms and blood.
They rushed in heavy masses over our breastworks. Our men, con-
fused by the suddenness of the charge, and borne down by the
rush of the enemy, retreated, and all now seemed to be lost. At
this juncture the Second Maryland infantry, of Colonel Bradley T.
Johnson's command, now in charge of Captain J. Parrar Crane,
were roused from their sleep. Springing to their arms, they formed
in a moment and, rushing gallantly forward, poured a deadly fire
into the enemy and then charged bayonets. The enemy were, in
turn, surprised at the suddenness and vim of this assault. They
gave back, they became confused, and General Finnegan's forces
coming up, they took to flight; but not until nearly a hundred
men were stretched on the plain, from the fire of the Second Mary-
land infantry, and many others captured. Lieutenant Charles B.
Wise, of Company B, now took possession of the guns which had
been abandoned by our forces, and with the assistance of some of
his own men and some of General Finnegan's command, poured
a deadly fire into the retreating column of the enemy. Thus was
the tide of battle turned, and this disaster converted into a success.
I am informed that the whole force of the enemy which came
within our lines would have been captured, had it not been for the
mistake of an officer who took the enemy for our own men and
thus checked for a few moments the charge of the Second Mary-
land infantry. I take pleasure in narrating these deeds of our
Maryland brethren, and doubt not you will join in the feeling.

A Virginian.

The following letter from Brigadier-General William McComb
will give a general outline of the history of the Second Maryland
from Cold Harbor to Appomattox, and show the part they took in
the closing scenes of our struggle for independence :

GoRDONSViLLE, VIRGINIA, December 16, 1876.
Mr. Lamar Hollyday :

Dear Sir — I am glad to learn you propose writing an article
for the Southern Historical Papers on the Maryland soldiers of
the Confederate States Army.

It affords me pleasure to give you some information of a command
so worthy of notice in your article as the Second Maryland infantry.

136 Southern Historical Society Papers.

The command reported for duty to the commanding officer of
Archer's brigade, about the 20th June, 1864. General Archer at
that time was a prisoner at Johnson's Island, and from exposure there
contracted a disease which resulted in his death in the fall of 1864.
In his death the writer lost one of his warmest friends, Maryland
one of her most gallant sons, the brigade, the best commander it
ever had, and the Confederacy, one of the bravest officers in the
army — one competent to fill any position in the corps. He could
see, decide and act with as much alacrity as any officer I ever knew.
The writer had the honor of commanding the brigade the greater
part of the time during his absence and sickness, and was pro-
moted to take his place after his death, and consequently had a
good opportunity of observing the conduct of the Second Maryland
infantry. Many of the officers and men had been either killed or
disabled before their connection with our brigade, and these officers
were worthy of much praise for the thorough discipline the com-
mand had received. The majority of the rank and file were gentle-
men and had the pride necessary for making good soldiers. This
was proven by their gallant conduct on many hard fought battle
fields, as at " Squirel Level" the day the gallent General John
Pegram was killed, and the morning the lines south of Petersburg
were broken, particularly in the latter engagement, when over one-
half of General Heth's division had been withdrawn from the line
the day before to reinforce the line south of Hatcher's Run, leaving
our soldiers deployed in the main works at about five paces ; yet
even under these trying circumstances the Second Maryland and
the Tennessee troops composing the brigade held every foot of line
entrusted to them until they received orders to evacuate it. A part
of said line was broken on the left, but was retaken in less than
thirty minutes by the Second Maryland, First, Seventh and Four-
teenth Tennessee regiments, and the writer is happy to say that
when the order was given (by General Cooke, commanding the
division) to retreat, there was not the least confusion, although
the only means of escape was to swim the military dam on
Hatcher's Run. The entire brigade (except those disabled) swam
across or crossed on trees, and were ready for duty in the next en-
gagement, and were ready to fight their way out at Appomattox
- Courthouse if the word had been given ; but there, as elsewhere,
they_were willing, as they ever had been, to obey to the letter every
command given by our great and honored chief, Robert E. Lee.
* * * * Trusting this communication may be of service to
you, I remain, yours truly,

William McComb.

first maryland cavalry.

The First Maryland cavalry was organized in November, 1862,
with four companies, under the command of Major Ridgeiy Brown
(afterwards Lieutenant-Colonel). Subsequently they were joined

Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service. 137

by three other companies. They served throughout the Avar with
great honor, and after cutting their way through the Federal lines
at Appomattox, finally disbanded about the 28th of April, 1865.

The following letter from Brigadier-General Munford explains
itself:

Clovekdale, Botetourt County. Virginia,
April 28th, 18G5.
Lieutenant-Colonel Dorsey,

Commanding First Maryland Cavalry :

I have just learned from Captain Emack that your gallant band
was moving up the Valley in response to my call. I am deeply
pained to say that our army cannot be reached, as I have learned
that it has capitulated. It is sad, indeed, to think that our country's
future is all shrouded in gloom. But for you and your command
there is the consolation of having faithfully done your duty.

Three years ago the chivalric Brown joined my old regiment
with twenty-three Maryland volunteers, with light hearts and full
of fight. I soon learned to admire, respect and love them for all
those qualities which endear soldiers to their officers. They re-
cruited rapidly, and as they increased in numbers, so did their re-
putation and friends increase, and they were soon able to form a
command and take a position of their own. Need T say, when I
see that position so high and almost alone among soldiers, that my
heart swells with pride to think that a record so bright and glorious
is in some part linked with mine? Would that I could see the
mothers and sisters of every member of your battalion, that I
might tell them how nobly you have represented your State and
maintained our cause. But you will not be forgotten; the fame
you have won will be guarded by Virginia with all the pride she
feels in her own true sons, and the ties which have linked us to-
gether memory will preserve. You who struck the first blow in
Baltimore, and the last in Virginia, have done all that could be asked
of you, and had the rest of our officers and men adhered to our
cause with the samedevotion, to-day we would be free from Yankee
thraldom. I have ordered the brigade to return to their homes,
and it behooves us now to separate. With my warmest wishes for
your welfare, and a hearty God bless you, I bid you farewell.

Thomas T. Munford,
Brigadier- General commanding Division.

second MARYLAND CAVALRY.

The Second Maryland cavalry was organized in the spring of
1863, under command of Major Harry Gilmore, with three com-
panies, three more joining before the close of the war — making a
total of six companies.

138 Southern Historical Society Papers.

ARTILLERY.

The First Maryland Artillery was organized in the summer of
1861, under command of Captain R. Snowden Andrews, and served
during the whole war in the Army of Northern Virginia. After
Captain Anderson was promoted, the battery was more generally
known as "Dement's battery," Captain W. T. Dement being its
commander. The following extract from General Ewell's official
report of the Gettysburg campaign will show of what material this
battery was composed :

"Lieutenant C. S. Contee's section of Dement's battery was placed
in short musket range of the enemy on the 15th June" (at Win-
chester), "and maintained its position until thirteen of the sixteen
men in the two detachments were killed and wounded, when Lieu-
tenant John A. Morgan, of the First North Carolina regiment, and
Lieutenant R. H. McKim, A. D. C. to Brigadier-General George H.
Steuart, volunteered and helped to work the guns till the surrender
of the enemy."

The Second Maryland {'^Baltimore LigW^) Artillery was organized
early in the fall of 1861, under the command of Captain J. B.
Brockenborough, who was promoted to Major in September, 1862.
After this Captain W. H. Griffin had command of it. They served
in the Army of Northern Virginia to the close of the war, and were
looked upon as one of the best batteries in the service.

The Third Maryland Artillery was organized in January, 1862, at
Richmond, Virginia, under command of Captain H. B. Latrobe.
They were sent to the Western army, and served till the close of
the war. They aided very materially in the capture of the iron-
clad Federal steamer Indianola, on the Mississippi river. Major
J. L. Brent, who commanded the expedition against the steamer,
says, in his official report, a "detachment from the Third Maryland
artillery were in the expedition, and acted with courage and discip-
, line when under fire."

The Fourth Maryland (" Chesapeake ") Artillery was organized in
the spring of 1862, under command of Captain William Brown,
who was killed at Gettysburg, after which Captain Chew took com-
mand. They served in the Army of Northern Virginia, and took
a prominent part in the gallant defence of Fort Gregg, near Peters-
burg, an account of which is published in the January (1877)
number of the Society Papers.

Two-thirds of Breathed's battery were Mary landers, and it was
generally spoken of as a Maryland command, but, as a gallant
member of the battery says, they were glad to get any recruit

Maryland Troops in the Confederate Service. 139

"whose nerves were steady and head level." From returns in the
Adjutant-General's office, Richmond, in the early part of 1863,
there had been mustered into the service in all the States from 19,-
000 to 21,000 citizens of Maryland. These facts were obtained from
the office at that time by Major-General I. R. Trimble. From this
time until the close of the war this number was being frequently
added to. These men were all volunteers in the highest sense. The
difficulties they had to encounter in running the blockade deterred
many a stout heart from making the effort ; in fact, many who did
make the attempt were captured by the Federal forces. At a very
early period of the war Maryland was overrun with Federal soldiers,
who guarded every avenue to the South, and it was a very hard
matter to keep the "underground railway" in operation. Large
sums were paid to get through — in some instances one hundred
dollars and more. A party who was living in New York when the
war broke out was one month in making his way from that city to
Richmond ; for three days was hid in a swamp on the Eastern
Shore of Maryland, sleeping at night in a potato hole or liouse dug
in the ground, and finally, in the attempt to cross the Potomac
river, was intercepted and shot at by some Yankees in a launch from
a Federal gunboat. He however escaped and jeached the Virginia
shore in safety, losing all his baggage, and the boat in which he
crossed was captured.

Many persons have said if the Marylanders were so anxious to
enlist in the Confederate service, why did they not do so when
General Lee's army was in their State. It must be remembered
that the army only went into the western part of the State, which
was to Maryland the same as West Virginia was to Virginia, there
being a large Union element in both sections, and the Federal forces
took special precaution to prevent recruits coming up from the
balance of the State, where the devotion of the people to the Con-
federate cause was undoubted, as evidenced by the large Federal
force which was stationed there during the whole war to keep them
in subjection.

If all these facts are carefully looked at and well considered, it
will be seen that Maryland did her duty as well as could have been
expected ""with her surroundings, and as Mr. Jefferson Davis in
a letter, published in " Scharfs Chronicles of Baltimore," says, " the
world will accord to them peculiar credit, as it always has done to
those who leave their hearthstones to fight for principle in the
land of others." Lamar Hollyday.

Baltimore, Maryland.

140 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Comments on tlie First Yoliime of Count of Paris' Civil War in

America.

By General J. A. Early,

[The following paper needs no editorial introduction, as evers^thing from
the pen of this able military critic attracts attention, is read with interest,
and is noted as of higli historic value. We trust that it will be followed by-
papers from the same able pen on the succeeding volumes of the Count of
Paris' histor}'.]

History of the Civil War in America. By the Comte rte Paris. Translated, with the approval
of the author, by Louis F. Taslstro. Edited by Henry Coppee, LL. D. Volume I. Phila-
delphia : Joseph H. Coates &, Co. 1875.

In reviewing the history of the regular army of the United
States, the author, on page 24, volume I, makes the following state-
ment:

"The cavalry, which was dishancled after the war of 1812, only
dates, with the first regiment of dragoons, from the year 1832. The
second was created in 1836, the third in 1846, as also the mounted
rifiemen, which being formed solely to serve in the Mexican war,
made the campaign on foot, notwithstanding their appellation of
mounted riflemen. In 1855 Congress passed a law authorizing the
formation of two new regiments of cavalry, and Mr. Jefferson
Davis, then Secretary of War, took advantage of the fact that they
had not been designated by the title of dragoons to treat them as a
different arm, and to fill them with his creatures, to the exclusion
of regular officers whom he disliked."

It was the third dragoons which was formed to serve only during
the Mexican war, and that regiment was disbanded at the close of
that war. The "mounted rifles," though formed about the same
time, was formed as a permanent legiment, and was continued in
the service, with that distinctive appellation, until August the 3d,
1861, when it was designated the "third cavalry." The three
mounted regiments, therefore, in the service in 1855, when the first
and second cavalry were formed, were the first and second dra-
goons and the mounted rifles. By the act of Congress of August
3d, 1861, the first and second dragoons were designated respectively
the first and second cavalry, the mounted rifles the third cavalry,
and the first and second cavalry respectively the fourth and fifth
cavalry.

The term "cavaliy," in common parlance, includes all mounted
troops, but in military phrase "dragoons," "mounted rifles" and
"cavalry" originally constituted different arms of the service, be-

Comments on Count of Pa7'iii^ Civil War in America. 141

cause they were armed differently — dragoons, with muskets and
sabres, to serve on foot or on horseback, as occasion might require;
mounted riflemen, with rifles, to move on horseback with celerity,
but really to serve on foot in action ; and cavalry, with sabres and
pistols — or short carbines — to serve on horseback in action and in
the pursuit. Such was the case when the two regiments of dra-
goons, the mounted rifle regiment and the two cavalry regiments
were respectively organized. The modern improvements in fire-
arms, and especially the introduction of breech-loaders, have ren-
dered useless the distinction between the different kinds of mounted
troops, as they have destroyed the distinction between heavy and
light infantry and riflemen serving on foot. When, therefore, the
two regiments of cavalry were formed in 1855, they were really
formed as and intended to be a distinctive arm of the service.

The statement that Mr. Davis, as Secretary of War in 1855, filled
the new regiments of cavalry "with his creatures,,^'' is, perhaps, a
mistranslation of the phrase in the original French. The term
■"creatures," as used in the translation, would be generally accepted
by all English-speaking people as a term of reproach, indicating
that the persons appointed by Mr. Davis were his dependents, syco-
phants and parasites — men who had no claim to respect themselves,
but were subject to his will and control. To speak of a man as
the creature of the Almighty Creator conveys no reproach, but to
call him the creature of another man, is to apply to him one of the
most opprobrious epithets in the English language. It is therefore
probable that the translator, in rendering the French phrase into
English, while giving the literal version, has failed to observe the
diflference between the idiom of the two languages. It is presumed
that the idea intended to be conveyed by the author was, that the
■appointees of Mr. Davis were of his own selection; for it is hardly
to be supposed that he intended to intimate that such men as
■Generals George B. McClellan, Edwin V. Sumner, Wm. H. Emory,
John Sedgwick and George H. Thomas, of the Federal army, and
Generals Albert Sidney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. John-
.ston, Wm. J. Hardee and J. E. B. Stuart, of the Confederate army,
all of whom were among the original appointees to the two regi-
ments of cavalry organized in 1855, were the creatures of Mr. Jef-
ferson Davis, in the sense in which that term would be understood
by Englishmen and Americans.

The idea that Mr. Davis, in filling the appointments for the new
regiments, was influenced by dislike of the officers of the regular

142 Southern Historical Society Papers.

army, is a novel one. The complaint against him as President of
the Confederacy was quite common, that in his appointments to
the army he was too much influenced by his partiality for the
officers of the old army, and especially for the graduates of West
Point.

When the first dragoons was organized in 1833 (not 1832), a ci-
vilian, who had served with distinction as colonel of the regi-
ment of "Mounted Rangers," formed for service in the Black Hawk
war, was made its colonel, and all the other officers were appointed
by selection, a considerable number being taken from civil life.
When the second dragoons was formed in 1836, the lieutenant-col-
onel was taken from the pay department, and the major, and
nearly, if not quite all of the company officers were taken from
civil life. In the case of the eighth infantry, formed in 1838, the
colonel was appointed by selection, and perhaps the most of the
other officers by promotion from the other infantry regiments ; and
this is the sole case in the history of the United States army in
which the appointments to a new regiment were made entirely
from among the officers already in service. When the mounted
rifles was formed in 1846, the colonel and most of the other officers
were civilians, many of whom had come into service in the Mexi-
can war as officers of volunteers.

When the two regiments of cavalry were authorized to be formed
in 1855, it was with the understanding that all the field officers
and one-half of the company officers should be taken from the
army, while the other half of the company officers should be taken
from civil life. This arrangement was probably adopted in order
to propitiate the politicians, and insure the passage of the bill
through Congress. The power and duty of making the appoint-
ments in fact devolved on Mr. Pierce, the then President, but he
no doubt entrusted to Mr. Davis, an educated and experienced sol-
dier, the task of making the selections from the army. How he
performed that task will be seen from the following list of his ap-
pointees who bore a part in the late war:

First Cavalry.

Colonel —

Edwin V. Sumner, Major-General Volunteers, United States army,
commanding corps in the Army of the Potomac.

Lieutenant- Colonel —

Joseph E. Johnston, General Confederate States army.

Comments on Count of Paris' Civil War in America. 143

Majors —

Wm. H. Emory, Major-General Volunteers and corps commander

United States army.
John Sedgwick, Major-General Volunteers and corps commander

Army of Potomac.

Captains —

Delos B. Sackett, Inspector-General United States army.
Thomas J. Wood, Major-General Volunteers, United States army.
George B. McClellan, Major-General commanding United States

army and Army of the Potomac.
Samuel D. Sturgis, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States

army.
*Wm. D. DeSaussure, Colonel Confederate States army.
*Wm. S. Walker, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
*George T. Anderson, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
Robert S. Garnett, Brigadier-General Confederate States army —

killed in action.

First Lieutenants —

Wm. N. R. Beale, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
George H. Steuart, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
James Mcintosh, Brigadier-General Confederate States army —

killed in action.
Robert Ransom, Major-General Confederate States army.
Eugene A. Carr, Brigadier- General Volunteers, United States army.
*Alfred Iverson, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
*Frank Wheaton, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States

army.

Second Lieutenants —

David S. Stanley, Major-General Volunteers, United States army.
James E. B. Stuart, Major- General Confederate States army — mor-
tally wounded in action.
Elmer Otis, Major First Cavalry and Colonel by brevet, United

States army.
James B. Mclntyre, Major Third Cavalry and Colonel by brevet.

United States army.
*Eugene W. Crittenden, Major Fifth Cavalry, United States army.
tAlbert V. Colburn, Lieutenant-Colonel on staff of General

McClellan.
fFrancis L. Vinton, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States

army.
fGeorge D. Bayard, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States

army — killed in action.
fL. L. Lom.ax, Major-General Confederate States army,
t Joseph H. Taylor, Lieutenant-Colonel and A. A. General United

States army.

144 Southern Iliswrical Society Papers.

Second Cavalry.
Colonel —

Albert Sidney Johnston, General Confederate State army — killed
in battle.

Lieutenant- Colonel —

Eobert E. Lee, General Confederate States army.

Majors —

Wm. J. Hardee, Lieutenant-General Confederate States arm3^
George H. Thomas, Major-General United States army, command-
ing the Army of the Cumberland and Department of Ten-
nessee.

Captains —

Earl Van Dorn, Major-General Confederate States array.
Edmund Kirby Smith, General Confederate States army.
James Oakes, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States army.
Innis N. Palmer, Major-General Volunteers, United States army.
George Stoneman, Major-General Volunteers, United States army.
*Albert G. Brackett, Lieutenant-Colonel Second Cavalry and Col-
onel by brevet. United States army.
;{;Charles J. Whiting, Major Second Cavalry, United States army.

First Lieutenants —

Nathan G. Evans, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
Richard W. Johnson, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States

army.
Joseph H. McArthur, Major Third Cavalry United States army.
Charles W. Field, Major-General Confederate States army.
Kenner Gerrard, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States army.
*Walter H. Jenifer, Colonel Confederate States army.
*Wm. B. Royall, Major Fifth Cavalry, Colonel by brevet, United

States army.

Second Lieutenants —

George B. Cosby, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
William W. Lowe, Brigadier-General Volunteers, United States

army.
John B. Hood, General Confederate States army.
^Junius B. Wheeler, Major Engineers and Professor of Engineering

and the Science of War at West Point.
fA. Parker Porter, Lieutenant-Colonel of staff, United States army.
■fWesley Owens, Lieutenant-Colonel of staff. United States army,
t James P. Major, Brigadier-General Confederate States army.
fFitzhugh Lee, Major-General Confederate States army.

(Those marked with * taken from civil life — with f graduates of

Comments on Count of Paris' Civil War in America. 145

West Point 1855 and 1856— with ;{; formerly in the army, but taken
from civil life ; all the others taken from the army.)

These two regiments, from the appointments made during Mr.
Davis' administration of the War Department, furnished to the
United States army during the war —
9 Major-Generals,
9 Brigadier-Generals,
1 Inspector-General, and
12 Field and staff officers.

31 in all.

Among the major-generals was one commander-in-chief of the
army, and afterwards of the Army of the Potomac; one commander
of an army in Tennessee, and three corps commanders.

They furnished to the Confederate army —

5 Full Generals,

1 Lieutenant-General,

6 Major-Generals,

10 Brigadier-Generals, and

2 Colonels.

24 in all.

There were three lieutenants — P. Stockton and J. R. Church,
first cavalry, and J. T. Sharf, second cavalry — in Confederate States
army, but there is no record of their rank, probably on the staff.

In addition, the following persons appointed second lieutenants
declined, preferring to remain in other branches of the service :

George B. Anderson, Brigadier-General Confederate States army —
mortally wounded in battle; N. Bowman Switzer, Colonel Volun-
teers, United States Army, now Major Second Cavalry and Briga-
dier-General by brevet.

Does the whole army besides, as it was at the beginning of the
war, present such a brilliant record as that presented by Mr. Davis'
appointees to the first and second cavalry ?

It is very manifest that, in performing the duty assigned him,
Mr. Davis filled those two regiments with officers of the very best
military talent that the army afforded.

And of his appointees, there are at present in the United States

army :

On the retired list —

Thomas J. Wood, as Major-General.
Oeorge Stoneman, as Major-General.
Richard W. Johnson, as Major-General.
Joseph H. McArthur, as Major.
4

146 Southern Historical Society Papers.

In active service —

D. B. Sackett, Colonel and Inspector-General.

J. N. Palmer, Colonel Second Cavalry, and Brigadier-General by

brevet.
William. H. Emory, Colonel Fifth Cavalry, and Major-General by

brevet.
James Oakes, Colonel Sixth Cavalry, and Brigadier-General by

brevet.
S. D. Sturgis, Colonel Seventh Cavalry, and Major-General by

brevet.
Frank Wheaton, Colonel Second Infantry, and Major-General by

brevet.

D. S. Stanley, Colonel Twenty-second Infantry, and Major-General

by brevet.
A. G. Brackett, Lieutenant-Colonel Second Cavalry, and Colonel by
brevet.

E. A. Carr, Lieutenant-Colonel Fifth Cavalry, and Major-General

by brevet.
Elmer Otis, Major First Cavalry, and Colonel by brevet.
William B. Royall, Major Fifth Cavalry, and Colonel by brevet.
Joseph H. Taylor, Major, Adjutant General's Department, and

Colonel by brevet.
Junius B. Wheeler, Professor of Engineering and Sciences of War

at West Point, Colonel by brevet.

The foregoing exposition shows how unjust, both to Mr. Davis
and the officers appointed at his instance, is the stricture contained
in the extract from the book of the Comte de Paris, taken in its
very mildest form. If the passage in French imports what the
English translation does, then it is apparent that the Comte has
been the victim of a shameful imposition by his informant, or he
has been exceedingly careless in ascertaining his facts and most
reckless in his assertions.

On page 73, the author, in speaking of the employment of the
army on the frontier at the commencement of secession, says :
" It was in the midst of this active and instructive life that the
news of the disruption of the Union reached the American army.
The perfidious foresight of the late Secretary of War, Mr. Floyd J
had removed the whole of this army far from the States, while his I
accomplices in the South were preparing to rise against the Fede-
ral authority. The soldiers had been honored with the belief that
they would remain faithful to their flag. Under a multitude of
pretexts, the Federal forts and arsenals had been dismantled by
the very men whose first duty was to watch over the general inte-
rests of the nation; and the garrisons which had been withdrawn!

i

Comments on Count of Paris^ Civil War in America. 147

from them, to be scattered over Texas, had been placed under the
command of an officer who seemed to have been onl}' selected for
the purpose of betraying them."

In the chapter on " The Federal Volunteers," page 187, he says :
" The Federal Government, therefore, was required by law to arm
and equip the volunteers; but, as it stood in need of everything
at the moment when all had to be created at once — as its arsenals,
which would have been insufficient for the emergency even if well
supplied, had been plundered by the instigators of rebellion, and
could not even furnish a musket, a coat, or a pair of shoes for the
improvised defenders — most of the States themselves undertook to
furnish those outfits for troops which they raised."

In the chapter on "The Material of War," pages 307-8, he says:
"The Confederate Government could not count upon the industry
and commerce of the Rebel States to supply its troops with provi-
sions, equipments and arms to the same extent as its adversary.
But at the outset of the war they possessed a very great advan-
tage. As we have stated elsewhere, Mr. Floyd, Secretary of War
under President Buchanan, had taken care, a few weeks before the
insurrection broke out, to send to the South all the arms which the
Government possessed. He thus forwarded one hundred and fif-
teen thousand muskets, which, being added to those already in the
arsenals of Charleston, Fayetteville, Augusta, Mount Vernon, Baton
Rouge, etc., secured a complete armament for the Confederate
armies of superior quality."

Here again the author manifests the exceeding carelessness he
has exhibited in ascertaining his facts.

The army of the United States had always been very small in
time of peace, and after 1855, up to the beginning of the war, con-
sisted of only eight regiments of infantry, four regiments of artiL
lery, and five mounted regiments, numbering about ten or eleven
thousand men in all. The great bulk of that army had been em-
ployed on the Western frontier as a protection against the Indians
from time immemorial, and Governor Floyd, as Secretary of War,
made no change in the policy of the Government in that respect.
General Twiggs, the officer alluded to as having been selected for
the purpose of betraying the troops placed under him, had been
on frontier duty during the greater part of his military life, and
had been in command in Texas from a period dating long before
secession was contemplated. The troops under him that are rep-
resented as having been withdrawn from the Federal forts and ar-

148 Southern Historical Society Papers.

senals, to' be scattered over Texas, consisted mainly of the Second
cavahy, which had been in Texas since 1856 — very shortly after
its organization. If the author had taken the trouble to look at
Mr. Buchanan's message to Congress, of January 8th, 1861, he
would have found in reference to the capture of the forts and arse-
nals in some of the Southern States this statement: "This pro-
perty has long been left without garrisons and troops for its protec-
tion, because no person doubted its security under the flag of the
country in any State of the Union. Besides, our small army has
scarcely been sufficient to guard our remote frontier against Indian
incursions." The truth of these statements of Mr. Buchanan were
of easy verification, if the author had taken the trouble to make
the proper inquiries before making such grave charges as he has
recorded in a work in which he claims to have observed "the
strictest impartiality."

He has also recorded as historical facts the absurd statements of
unscrupulous partizans, made for the purpose of inflaming the
passions of the Northern populace, that the arsenals had been
plundered of all the arms belonging to the Government by Gover-
nor Floyd, and that said arms had been sent South. He says " he
has examined with equal care the documents that have emanated
from both parties." If this be true, then it follows, in reference to
this subject of the removal of arms, that he has given very little
attention to what has emanated from either party. He has en-
tirely overlooked two reports made by Mr. Benjamin Stanton,
of Ohio, Chairman of the Committee on Military Aflairs, to the
House of Representatives, one on the 9th of January, 1861, and
the other on the 16th of February, 1861, disproving of the charges
that were made in regard to the sending of arnre South for the
purpose of aiding the Secessionists. The majority of the House
of Representatives was then Republican, with a Republican
Speaker, and Mr. Stanton and a majority of his committee were
Republicans, and of course with no bias to induce them to mis-
state the facts to screen Governor Floyd.

From those reports, and the evidence accompanying them, it ap-
pears that the United States had on hand in its arsenals at the
North — mostly at Springfield — 499,554 muskets of the old percus-^
sion and flint-lock patterns, and under orders given by Governor
Floyd in December, 1859 — several months before Mr. Lincoln was|
nominated, and when the Democratic party was confident of car-
rying the next presidential election — 105,000 of these muskets were

Comments on Count of Paris' Civil War in America. 149

removed to arsenals in the South, which were comparatively empty,
and at the same time there were removed to the same arsenals
10,000 old percussion rifles. These constituted the 115,000 muskets
which the author says "secured a complete armament for the Con-
federate armies of superior quality," and left the Federal Govern-
ment "in need of everything at the moment when all had to be
created at once," though there was still about 400,000 of the same
kind of arms left in Northern arsenals. It also appears that in
1860, under the law for arming the militia, 8,423 muskets and
1,728 long-range rifles were distributed among the States, and the
Southern States received of the muskets 2,091, and of the rifles
758, making 2,849 in the aggregate, though of the States which
were among the first to secede several received none of either
kind of arms. Mr. Stanton, in his report, says: "There are a good
deal of rumors, and speculations, and misapprehensions, as to the
true state of facts in regard to this matter."

It does not appear that any cannon were sent South by Governor
Floyd, but it appears that about the 20th of December, 1860, he
gave orders for the guns necessary for the armament of the forts
on Ship Island and at Galveston to be sent to these forts. The
orders were, however, countermanded by his successor before they
were carried into effect or a single gun had been sent.

The author has very probably adopted as true some statements
of General Scott's, made after he had become a dotard, though it
is not believed that even he went to the extent of asserting that
the United States had not "a musket, a coat,. or a pair of shoes for
the improvised defenders."

If the United States did not have arms to issue to the volunteers,
and the States h^d to furnish them, where did the latter get them
from ? None of the States had any manufactory of arms, and if
they had to buy them, was their credit any better than that of the
Federal Government? The statement of the author in regard to
the inability of the Federal Government to furnish a musket to its
defenders, is calculated to provoke a smile even from General
Sherman, who has commended the book for "its spirit of fairness
and candor."

That the Federal army, at the first battle of Manassas, was far
better armed and equipped than the Confederate army which it
encountered, is a proposition that does not admit of dispute. The
former army had a portion of its troops armed with minnie mus-
kets and long-range rifles, while its artillery was more numerous

150 Southern Historical Society Papers.

and of much better quality than ours. The Confederate troops at
that battle were armed almost entirely with smooth-bore muskets,
most of which had been altered to percussion from flint locks,
though, perhaps, there were a few rifles that had been rescued
from the flames at Harper's Ferry. All of the artillery used there
by us, except a few guns brought by the Washington Artillery
from New Orleans, was furnished by Virginia, and consisted
mainly of the old-fashioned iron smooth-bore six-pounders, for
which caissons had to be improvised by using the wheels and beds
of ordinary wagons. The greater portion, if not all of the per-
cussion caps used by us in the battle, had been manufactured with
a machine procured and put in operation in Richmond, by the
Chief of Ordnance of Virginia, after the secession of that State.
The duty had been devolved on me to organize and arm the Vir-
ginia troops mustered into the service at Lynchburg, and I there
organized, armed and sent to Manassas two regiments of infantry
and one of cavalry, besides several companies of infantry that
were sent to other regiments. The infantry was armed with muskets,
without cartridge boxes, bayonet scabbards or belts, and the cavalry
was armed partly with double-barrel shot guns, collected from the
surrounding country, and partly with old flint-lock horseman
pistols, which were altered to percussion under my orders, while
the only sabres that could be procured for the men consisted of a
variety of old patterns of that weapon collected from some com-
panies belonging to former militia organizations. Upon applica-
tion to the Confederate Ordnance Department at Richmond, I
found that it had neither cartridge-boxes, &c., nor cavalry arms to
furnish to me. Cartridge-boxes, belts and bayonet scabbards were
not issued to my own regiment until a day or tw6 before the en-
gagement at Blackburn's ford, on the 18th of July, and they were
issued to a part of the regiment on the morning of that day, hav-
ing been manufactured subsequent to the arrival of the regiment
at Manassas.

If about such facts as those referred to in tlie extracts given and
commented on — to wit: the character of the appointments made by
Mr. Davis to the two regiments of cavalry in 1855, the purpose of
the employment of the troops on the Western frontier in 1860, the
sending of arms to the South, and the relative state of preparation
of the two governments for the war — the author is so much at fault,
when the evidence to disprove all his statements was easily at-
tainable, how can we expect him to arrive at correct conclusions

Comments on Chant of Paris' Civil War in America. 151

when he treats of the points in dispute in regard to the merits of
the controversy tliat led to the war, or in regard to the events of
the war itself ?

Notwithstanding his own declaration that " he has endeavored
to preserve throughout his narrative the strictest impartiality,"
and that of the editor of the English version of his book, that "he
has produced a book displaying careful research, cool judgment,
and a manifest purpose to be just to all," it is very apparent that
he has adopted as his own the extreme views of the most embit-
tered of the Northern Radical Republicans in regard to the South-
ern people, the character of the government framed by the authors
of the Constitution, the merits of the controversy that led to the
war, and the events of that war, so far as he has undertaken to re-
late them.

Upon the subject of slavery, he has formed his opinions as to
the character and conduct of the slaveholders and the condition of
the slaves, from the work of fiction entitled "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"
by Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, that literary ghoul who has
shocked the moral sense of all decent people in England and
America by exhuming and gloating over that horrible story about
Byron and his sister, which, even if true, should have been allowed
to rest in that oblivion into which it had sunk; and the diary of
Fanny Kimble, the actress, who, in order to vent her spleen upon
the husband from whom she had parted, undertook to calumniate
the people among whom he had been born. The Comte de Paris
adopts without question the statements of these two female writers,
one of whom knew nothing and the other very little of the practi-
cal operation of slavery in the South ; but he gives no considera-
tion to such testimony as the published letters of Miss Murray, an
English lady of real refinement and culture— once Maid of Honor
to Queen Victoria, who visited the United States with strong pre-
judices against slavery, but, after a sojourn of some months on
Southern plantations, changed her views, and gave an account of
the physical and moral condition of the slaves entirely different
from that given by Mrs. Stowe and Miss Fanny Kimble.

Considering the source from which he seems generally to have
obtained the facts whereon to base his opinions, it is not a matter
of much surprise that his book should contain such passages as
the following: "It will thus be seen that the States which de-
fended the Union in 1S61 are those that had made the greatest
sacrifices to establish it, while those that raised the standard of

152 Southern Historical Society Papers.

rebellion against it are also those that had the least right to call
themselves its founders." Page 7.

In speaking of the slave of a good master, he says: "In short,
his owner will take care of him, will not impose any labor above
his strength, and will administer to his material wants in a satis-
factory manner, precisely as he will do for the animals that are
working by his side mider one common lash. But, in order that
he may enjoy this pretended good fortune, he has to be reduced to
the moral level of his fellow-slaves and have the light of intelli-
gence within him extinguished forever; for if he carries that divine
spark in his bosom he will be unhappy, for he will feel that he is
a slave." Page 80.

If the Comte de Paris really believes that this picture represents
the true condition of the negro slave, under the most favorable cir-
cumstances, what must he think of his Northern friends, who in
March, 1867, less than two years after the abolition of slavery by
the result of the war, enacted the Reconstruction Laws, by which
they disfranchised a large portion of the white people of the South,
and that the most experienced and intelligent, and conferred suf-
frage on the recently emancipated slaves — by which the latter were
entrusted with the formation of constitutions and governments for
all the Southern States? What does he think of the fact that some
of those emancipated slaves, within whom "the light of intelli-
gence " had been " extinguished forever," have even occupied seats
•in the House of Representatives and in the Senate of the United
States? Nay, what can he think of the further fact, that the votes
of the negroes of South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana (where
they are certainly more ignorant and depraved than in other part
of the South), as ascertained and declared by certain returning
boards, composed in one case of half negroes, have recently settled
the question of the election of a President of the United States,
against a majority of at least one million of the white votes of the
country ?

Either he must be mistaken in his estimate of the effects of
slavery on the negro's mental and moral faculties, or the people
whom he so admires, and whom he exalts so far above the people of
the South in refinement, morals, education, intelligence and civili-
zation, must be the most unmitigated villains in this wicked world
of ours.

In speaking of the classes into which he alleges slavery divided
the people of the South, he says of the class which he designates

Comments on Count of Pans' Civil War in America. 15(>

as "common whites": "This was the jplebs romana, the crowds of
clients who parade with ostentation the title of citizen, and only-
exercise its privilege in blind subserviency to the great slave-
holders, who were the real masters of the country. If slavery had
not existed in their midst, they would have been workers and
tillers of the soil, and might have become farmers and small pro-
prietors. But the more their poverty draws them nearer to the
inferior class of slaves, the more anxious are they to keep apart
from them, and they spurn work in order to set off more ostenta-
tiously their qualities of freemen." Page 87.

Eeally it is hard to conceive from what source the Comte could
have derived this information. The census of 1860 shows that in
all the slave States, except South Carolina and Mississippi, the
white population exceeded not only the slaves, but the entire col-
ored population, and in some of them very largely — the white
population in the eleven States that regularly seceded being
5,447,199, the free colored 132,760, and the slaves 3,521,110, while
in Kentucky and Missouri the white population was from four to
eight times the number of slaves. Now it is well known that the
slaveholders constituted a very small minority of the white popu-
lation. How was it, then, that the non-slaveholding whites sub-
sisted at all, if they owned no land and would not work ? Does
the Comte mean to intimate that the large slaveholders fed and
clothed all the whites who were not slaveholders? And yet his
American editor says: "In a large and philosophic view of Ameri-
can institutions he has rivalled DeTocqueville."

To point out all the numerous errors of opinion, speculation and
fact contained in the published volume of his "History," would
be an interminable task, and I will close my notice of the author's
mistakes by calling attention to one more statement on pages
141-2. He says: "The seceders on their side had not lost a mo-
ment in Virginia. They were in possession of Richmond when
the convention was in session; they surrounded it, threatening
their opponents with death, and extorted from it the ordinance of
secession, which, however, was passed by a vote of only eighty-
eight to fifty-five."

I was a member of the Virginia Convention which adopted the
ordinance of secession, and voted against its passage; and this is
the first that I have ever learned of the convention having been
surrounded by the secessionists, or of the extortion of the ordinance
from it by threats of death or of any other violence. That ordi-

h

154 Southern Historical Society Papers.

nance was extorted from the convention, however, but it was by
the proclamation of Abraham Lincoln, and his threat of a war of
coercion in the seceded States — a war that the great bulk of the
opponents of secession in the convention believed to be unwar-
ranted by the constitution.

The Comte de Paris, in a letter to his American publishers,
which immediately follows his preface, says :

"I trust that my account of these great events will, at least, not
provoke a too bitter controversy; for if I have been obliged to
judge and censure, I have done so without any personal or partial
feeling against any one, with a sincere respect for truth and a keen
sense of the responsibility which I assumed."

I am disposed to give him credit for entire sincerity in this dec-
laration, but I must be permitted to say that the most embittered
partizan of the North could not have done greater injustice to the
South, in a statement of the causes that led to the late war, than
he has done in the part of his history that has been published.

As his book contains statements about the people of the South
that I know to be entirely without foundation, and that every can-
did man, even at the North, would declare to be so, and as he has
also made strictures upon the character of the Southern people,
their cause and their conduct, that are exceedingly harsh and un-
just, he must pardon me for saying that it is very apparent that he
has not had access to truthful sources of information, or, if he has
had access to such sources, he has turned from them to adopt as
his conclusions the most unfounded slanders of our bitterest and
most prejudiced enemies. If he desires to continue his "History
of the Civil War in America," and to produce a work of real his-
toric value, he had better consign to the flames all that he has so
far published, and begin his task de novo, after devoting his atten-
tion to a thorough investigation of the history of the American
people, the character of their governments — State and Federal — the
causes that led to the late conflict, and the events that attended
that conflict; for it is impossible to eliminate from the first part of
his work the innumerable errors which it contains without writing
the whole over again. If he should succeed better with his future
volumes, and make them accurate, to attach them to the first
would present a most incongruous conjunction of truth and error.

J. A. Early.

The Last Confederate Surrender. 155

The Last Confederate Surrender.

By Lt.-Geu. Richard Taylor.

[The following is one of a series of "chapters of unwritten liistory*' now-
being published in the Philadelphia Weekly Times. Our readers will thank
lis for republishing this paper of our distinguished soldier.]

To write an impartial and unprejudiced account of exciting con-
temporary events has always been a difficult task. More especi-
ally is this true of civil strife, which, like all "family jars," evolves
a peculiar flavor of bitterness. But slight sketches of minor inci-
dents, by actors and eye-witnesses, may prove of service to the fu-
ture writer, who undertakes the more ambitious and severe duty
of historian. The following '"memoir pour servir" has this object:

In the summer of 1SG4, after the close of the Red river cam-
paign, I was ordered to cross the Mississippi and report my arrival
on the east bank by telegraph to Richmond. All the fortified posts
on the river were held by the Federals, and the intermediate por-
tions of the stream closely guarded by gunboats to impede and, as
far as possible, prevent passage. This delayed the transmission of
the order above-mentioned until August, when I crossed at a point
just above the mouth of the Red river. On a dark night, in a
small canoe, with horses swimming alongside, I got over without
attracting the attention of a gunboat anchored a short distance be-
low. Woodville, Wilkinson county, Mississippi, was the nearest
place in telegraphic communication with Richmond. Here, in re-
ply to a dispatch to Richmond, I was directed to assume command
of the Department of Alabama, Mississippi, etc., with headquarters
at Meridian, Mississippi, and informed that President Davis would,
at an early day, meet me at Montgomery, Alabama. The military
situation was as follows: Sherman occupied Atlanta, Hood lying
some distance to the southwest; Farragut had forced the defences
of Mobile bay, capturing Fort Morgan, etc., and the Federals held
Pensacola, but had made no movement into the interior.

THE CLOSING SCENES.

Major-General Maury commanded the Confederate forces garri-
soning Mobile and adjacent works, with Commodore Farrand, Con-
federate Navy, in charge of several armed vessels. Small bodies of
troops were stationed at different points through the department,
and Major-General Forrest, with his division of cavalry, was in
northeast Mississippi. Directing this latter officer to move his
command across the Tennessee river, and use every effort to inter-
rupt Sherman's communications south of Nashville, I proceeded
to Mobile to inspect the fortifications; thence to Montgomery, to
meet President Davis. The interview extended over many hoiirs,
and the military situation was freely discussed. Our next meeting

156 Southern Historical Society Papers.

was at Fortress Monroe, where, during his confinement, I obtained
permission to visit him. The closing scenes of the great drama
succeeded each other with startling rapidity. Sherman marched,
unopposed, to the sea. Hood was driven from Nashville across
the Tennessee, and asked to be relieved. Assigned to this duty I
met him near Tupelo, North Mississippi, and witnessed the melan-
choly spectacle presented by a retreating army. Guns, small arms
and accoutrements lost, men without shoes or blankets, and this in
a winter of unusual severity for that latitude. Making every effort
to re-equip this force, I suggested to General Lee, then command-
ing all the armies of the Confederacy, that it should be moved to
the Carolinas, to interpose between Sherman's advance and his
(Lee's) lines of supply, and, in the last necessity, of retreat. The'
suggestion was adopted, and this force so moved. General WilsoUy
with a well appointed and ably led command of Federal cavalry,
moved rapidly through North Alabama, seized Selma, and turning
east to Montgomery, continued into Georgia.

General Canby, commanding the Union armies in the Southwest,
advanced up the Eastern shore of Mobile bay, and invested Span-
ish fort and Blakely, important Confederate works in that quarter.
After repulsing an assault, General Maury, in accordance with in-
structions, withdrew his garrisons in the night to Mobile, and then
evacuated the cit}^ falling back to Meridian, on the line of the
Mobile and Ohio railway. General Forrest was drawn in to the
same point, and the little army, less than eight thousand of all
arms, held in readiness to discharge such duties as the waning for-
tunes of the "cause" and the honor of its arms might demand.

SOLDIERLY COURTESY.

Intelligence of Lee's surrender reached us. Staff officers from
Johnston and Sherman came across the country to inform Canby
and myself of their "convention." Whereupon, an interview was
arranged between us to determine a course of action, and a place
selected ten miles north of Mobile, near the railway. Accompanied
by a staff officer, Colonel William M. Levy (now a member of
Congress from Louisiana), and making use of a "hand car," I
reached the appointed spot, and found General Canby with a large
escort, and many staff and other officers. Among these I recog-
nized some old friends, notably General Canby himself and Admi-
ral James Palmer. All extended cordial greetings. A few mo-
ments of private conversation with Canby led to the establishment
of a truce, to await further intelligence from the North. Forty-
eight hours' notice was to be given by the party desiring to termi-
nate the truce. We then joined the throng of officers, and although
every one present felt a deep conviction that the last hour of the
sad struggle approached, no allusion was made to it. Subjects,
awakening memories of the past, when all were sons of a loved,
united country, were, as by the natural selection of good breeding,
chosen. A bountiful luncheon was soon spread, and I was invited

The Last Confederate Surrender. 157

to partake of patis, champagne-frappe, and other "delights," which
to me had long been as lost arts. As we took our seats at table, a
military band in attendance commenced playing "Hail Columbia."
Excusing himself. General Canby walked to the door. The music
ceased for a moment, and then the strain of " Dixie " was heard.
Old Froissart records no gentler act of " courtesie." Warmly
thanking General Canby for his delicate consideration, I asked for
*'Hail Columbia," and proposed we should unite in the hope that
our Columbia would soon be, once more, a happy land. This and
other kindred sentiments were duly honored in "frapi)e," and after
much pleasant intercourse, the party separated.

THE SURRENDER.

The succeeding hours were filled with a grave responsibility,
which could not be evaded or shared. Circumstances had appointed
me to watch the dying agonies of a cause that had fixed the atten-
tion of the world. To my camp, as the last refuge in the storm,
came many members of the Confederate Congress. These gentle-
men were urged to go at once to their respective homes, and, by
precept and example, teach the people to submit to the inevitable,
obey the laws, ancl resume the peaceful occupations on which so-
ciety depends. This advice was followed, and with excellent effect
on public tranquility.

General Canby dispatched that his government disavowed the
Johnston-Sherman convention, and it would be his duty to resume
hostilities. Almost at the sanip instant came the news of Johnston's
surrender. There was no room for hesitancy. Folly and madness
combined would not have justified an attempt to prolong a hope-
less contest.

General Canby was informed that I desired to meet him for the
purpose of negotiating a surrender of my forces, and that Comn^o-
dore Farrttnd, commanding the armed vessels in the Alabama river,
desired to meet Rear Admiral Thatcher for a similar purpose.
Citronville, some forty miles north of Mobile, was the appointed
place, and there in the early days of May, 1865, the great war vir-
tually ended.

After this, no hostile gun was fired, and the authority of the
United States was supreme in the land. Conditions of surrender
were speedily determined, and of a character to soothe the pride
of the vanquished ; officers to retain side-arms, troops to turn in
arms and equipments to their own ordnance officers, so of the
quartermaster and commissary stores; the Confederate cotton agent
lor Alabama and Mississippi to settle his accounts with the Treasury
Agent of the United States; muster rolls to be prepared, etc.; trans-
portation to be provided for the men. All this under my control
and supervision. Here a curious incident may be mentioned. _ At
an early period of the war, when Colonel Sidney Johnston retired
to the south of Tennessee river, Isham G. Harris, Governor of
Tennessee, accompanied him, taking, at the same time, the coin

158 Southern Historical Society Papers.

from the vaults of the State Bank of Tennessee, at Nashville. This
coin, in the immediate charge of a bonded officer of the bank, had
occasioned much solicitude to the Governor in his many wander-
ings. He appealed to me to assist in the restoration of the coin to
the bank. At my request, General Canby detailed an officer and
escort, and the money reached the bank intact. This is the Gov-
ernor Harris recently elected United States Senator by his State.

AFTER THE WAR.

The condition of the people of Alabama and Mississippi was at
this time deplorable. The waste of war had stripped large areas
of the necessaries of life. In view of this, I suggested to General
Canby that his troops, sent to the interior, should be limited to the
number required for the preservation of order, and be stationed at
points where supplies were more abundant. That trade would soon
be established between soldiers and people — furnishing the latter
with currency, of which they were destitute — and friendly relations
promoted. These suggestions were adopted, and a day or two there-
after, at Meridian, a note was received from General Canb}^, inclosing
copies of orders to Generals Granger and Steele, commanding army
corps, by which it appeared these officers were directed to call on
me for and conform to advice relative to movements of their troops.
Strange, indeed, must such confidence appear to statesmen of the
" bloody-shirt " persuasion. In due time. Federal staff-officers
reached my camp. The men were paroled and sent home. Public
property was turned over and receipted for, and this as orderly and
quietly as in time of peace between officers of the same service.

What years of discord, bitterness, injustice and loss would not
our country have been spared had the wounds of war healed " by
first intention " under the tender ministrations of the hands that
fought the battles ! But the task was allotted to ambitious partisans,
most of whom had not heard the sound of a gun. As of old, the
Lion and the Bear fight openly and sturdily — the stealthy Fox
carries off the prize.

Editorial Paragraphs. 159

Edittirial Ifat^agraphs.

Colonel Jones' Confederate Roster is concluded in this number.
We repeat that before publishing it in separate book form, the author will
throuo^hly revise and correct it, and it will be esteemed a favor if any one
detecting errors or omissions, will at once write to tliis office, or direct lo
Colonel Charles C. Jones, Jr., Box 5549, New York city.

Renewals have been steadily coming in ; but we are compelled to drop
from our mailing list the names of a number of subscribers from whom we
have not yet heard. We beg that our subscribers will not only renew
promptly themselves, but that they will use their influence to induce others
to do so.

New Subscribers are being added to our list in, perhaps, as large num-
bers as we could expect these '• hard times." But we are anxious to extend
the sphere of our usefulness by greatly increasing our subscription list, and
we beg our friends to help us in this. It can be done verj^ easily if each sub-
scriber will endeavor to add another to our list.

Agents are very much needed by us to push our work in every commu-
nity. To energetic, efficient, reliable agents, who will make us fi-equent
reports and prompt returns for all subscribers secured (and we want none
others), we can pay a liberal commission. And we would be obliged to our
friends for any help they may afford us in securing suitable agents.

"The Houdon Statue, its History and Value," is the title of a
pamphlet by Sherwin McRae, Esq., which was published by order of the
Senate of Virginia, and for a copy of which we are indebted to Col. James
McDonald, Secretary of the Commonwealth. The author discusses, ably and
exhaustively, " Washington— his person as represented by the artists ;"
gives a full history of the Houdon Statue, and shows beyond all reasonaJjle
doubt that not Stuart's portrait, nor any one of the many other pictures
taken of him, but Houdon's Statue is the true likeness of Washington ;
and that wlien Lafayette said, after seeing this noble work of art, that it was
^'A facsimile of Washington'' s pirsoa^'''' he but expressed the conviction of
all who were familiar with the great original.

Virginia is indeed fortunate in having in her State Capitol this splendid
work of art, which is, at the same time, a facsimile of the person of her
illustrious son who led to a successful issue the first Great Rebellion ; and

160 Southern historical Society Pape7's.

we should see to it that Yankee enterprise is not pennittod to pahn off some
otlier picture as tlie true likeness of tlie "Father of IIi< Country."

The genius of our talented artist (Valentine) has produced busts wliich are
exact copies of the Houdon Statue, and we should ri^-Joice to see tiiese scat-
tered widely through the land.

And now we want a facsimile (not an ideal) of our second Washington —
the chieftain of the second " Great Rebellion '" — the immortal Lee, who, while
not successful, will be written down in history as deserving success, and will
live forever in tlie hearts of all true lovers of liberty. We have this_/ac-
simile in Valentine's splendid recmnhent Jigxire at Lexington, and hope to
have it also when tlie "Lee Monument Association" shall have completed
tlieir work, and placed their equestrian statue at Richmond.

Contributions to our Archives are still gratefully appreciated.
Among others we acknowledge the following :

From Graves Reufroe^ Esq., of Talladega, Alabama — "History and De-
bates of the Convention of the People of Alabama," begun in Montgomery
January 7th, 1861, by Hon. William R. Smith, one of the delegates from
Tuscaloosa. This book contains the speeches made in secret session, and
many State papers of interest and value, and is a highly prized addition to
our library, as well as a renewed evidence of the interest taken in our work
by our young friend, Mr. Reufroe.

From Mcjor Powhatan Ellis, of Gloucester county, Virginia — Hardee's
Tactics (Confederate Edition) published at Jackson, Mississippi, ISGl; a
bundle of war papers, and a number of issues of the Richmond PT/wg' and
other papers for 1865. These papers contain a large number of important
official reports, and other matters of great interest and value, and Major
Ellis has placed the Society under obligation for these as well as for previous
favors.

From J. F. Mayer, Riclimond — "Tlie Unveiling of Divine Justice in the
Great Rebellion : A Sermon by Rev. T. H. Robinson, of Harrisburg, Pennsyl-
vania." This production is valuable as a specimen of the barkings of the
"blood-hounds of Zion." "Rifle and Light Infantry Tactics," an edition
of Hardee published at Jackson, Mississippi, in 1861.

From A. Barron Holmes, Esq., Charleston, South Carolina — "Gregg's
History of the Old Cheraws " ; " Gibbes' Documentary History of South
Carolina," 1781-82; "History of the South Carolina Jockey Club," by Dr.
John B. Irving; "The Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina," by M. Tuomey
and F. S. Holmes; The Post Pleiocene Fossils of South Carolina," by F. S.
Holmes. (These copies of Profesor Holmes' great work are now out of print,
as the drawings, lithographs, etc., were all " confiscated " in Philadelphia
soon after the breaking out of the late war.)

From Hon. James Lyons, Richmond — His letter to the President of the
United States in July, 1869, in relation to his right to registration and voting
in the Virginia election of 1869.

Bi

m

m II

Yol. III.

Riclimond, Ta., April, 1877.

No. 4.

Report of Major- General Carter L. Steyenson of the Tennessee

Campaig-u.

[We print the following report from General Stevenson's own MS. Its
value is increased by the fact that this account of the operations of the
division of this accomplished soldier on that memorable campaign has never
before been published in any form, so far as we know.]

Headquarters Stevenson's Division,
"■In the^field,'" January 20th, 1865.

Major — I have the honor to submit the following report of the
operations of my division during the recent campaign in Tennes-
see:

The march from Palmetto to the front of Columbia was without
incident worthy of mention, except, perhaps, the demonstration
upon Resaca, Georgia, in which my command acted with spirit in
the skirmishing which resulted in driving the enemy within their
works. My loss was numerically insignificant at this point, but
amongst the killed was numbered the gallant soldier and genial
gentleman, Colonel F. K. Beck, Twenty-third Alabama regiment.
By his fall my division lost a chivalrous soldier and his native
ytate one of her worthiest sons.

Upon our arrival in front of Columbia, my position in line was
assigned from the right of the Mount Pleasant pike, the front of
the division in line of battle. The investment was characterized
by nothing of interest, as far as my division was concerned. A
desultory skirmish fire was kept up most of the time. My losses
here were few.

On the night of the 27th November, my scouts reported that
there were indications that the enemy were evacuating Columbia.
I immediately increased the number of scouts, and about an hour
before day sent forward the Eighteenth and Third Tennessee regi-
ments (consolidated), under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel
W. R. Butler, He found the reports of the scouts to be correct,

162 Southern Historical Society Papers.

and occupied the town without opposition. I then moved forward
my division, except Cumming's brigade (commanded on the cam-
paign by Colonel E. P. Watkins, Fifty-sixth Georgia), which, by
General Lee's order, was sent down the river to press those of the
enemy who had taken that route, and endeavor to save the railroad
bridge, which, however, had been fired before their arrival. In the
fort at Columbia we secured a large amount of howitzer and small
arm amunition and two siege howitzers. Colonel Butler had im-
mediately upon gaining possession of the town sent a force to the
ford of Duck river. The enemy's skirmishers were found to be in
large force on the opposite bank and the enemy in position behind
works about three-quarters of a mile from the river. He immedi-
ately moved down his command, and skirmished with them
briskly. The Sixtieth North Carolina, coming up soon after, was
sent further up the bank of the river to a point from which they
obtained a flanking fire upon the enemy. This drove them back from
the immediate bank of the river. Orders were soon after received
to discontinue the skirmishing. On the night of that day, General
Hood, with Cheatham's and Steuart's corps and Johnson's division
of Lee's corps, crossed Duck river some miles above Columbia, and
pushed for the enemy's rear, leaving General Lee, with Clayton's
and my division to occupy the enemy in front until he should
have reached his position, then to force a crossing of the river and
attack the enemy as he attempted to extricate himself. The greater
part of the next day was spent in preparations for this movement.
The bank of the river was quite steep on the side held by the
enemy. A pontoon boat, in charge of Captain Ramsay, engineer,
was taken down the river under a galling fire, launched, and could
there, under the cover of our artiller}^ and skirmish fire, be used
without much exposure in ferrying our troops. This was done
with all practicable rapidity, the troops as they crossed forming
under the cover of the steep bank to which I have alluded. About
an hour before sunset I had succeeded in crossing three (3) regi-
ments of Pettus' brigade, Brigadier- General Pettus in command.
The Twentieth Alabama regiment (Colonel I. M. Dedman) of his
brigade had previously been sent up the bank of the river to obtain
a flanking fire upon the enemy, and the Thirtieth Alabama (Lieu-
tenant-Colonel J. K. Elliott) was retained on the Columbia side to
cover the ford in case of any failure. Everything being made
ready, I directed General Pettus to advance, and his command
dashed forward at the word, driving the enemy before them by a

General Stevenson's Report of the Tennessee Campaiifn. 1G3

charge which elicited the warmest admiration of all who witnessed
it. Their loss was slight ; that of the enemy so considerable that
to explain the affair, the commander of the enemy saw fit to attri-
bute to an entire division an attack made by three (3) of its regi-
ments. Having driven the enemy within their main line, General
Pettus halted, selected a position to prevent the enemy from inter-
rupting the laying of the pontoons, and was subsequently rein-
forced by the rest of his brigade and by Holtzclavv's brigade of Clay-
ton's division. The pontoon bridge was then laid with all practi-
cable expedition. During the night General Pettus reported that
the enemy was retiring, and he following with his skirmishers.
This was as anticipated, and orders had already been given by
General Lee to have everything in readiness to move, coupled with
the statement that General Hood had advised him that he was be-
tween the enemy and Nashville, near Spring Hill. At daybreak 1
put my division in motion, in rear of Clayton's. Upon arriving at
• Spring Hill, we were informed that from some cause, which has
not been explained, the enemy had been suflered to pass unat-
tacked along the road commanded by the troops which the Com-
manding General took with him. We were then ordered to push
on to Franklin. My division was halted about dusk in three miles
of that place, and took no part in the battle. During the night
the division was put in position, preparatory to an assault, which
it was announced was to be made by the entire arm}'' at daybreak.
The enemy, however, evacuated the town before the hour for the
assault. We then advanced to within a few miles of Nashville,
and threw up a line of works — my position being on the right and
left of the Franklin pike. Several new lines were built, but my
I)Osition with regard to the pike remained unchanged.

Until the opening of the battles around Nashville, nothing of
interest transpired in my command, except the part taken by my
skirmishers, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. l^ibb. Twenty-
third Alabama, in a demonstration made b}' Lee's corps. The
enemy's skirmishers were driven by a greatly inferior force from
all of their entrenched positions. My skirmishers were handsomely
handled, and did their work with a dash and gallantry which
deserve praise. Just before this demonstration. Palmer's brigade
(consolidated from Brown's and Reynold's old brigades), was de-
tached and ordered to report to Major-General N. B. Forrest in
front of Murfreesboro'. It remained so detached from the division
until it reached Bear creak, on this side of Barton's station.

164 Southern Historical Society Papers.

On the 15th of December the battle in front of Nashville opened.
Except some unimportant skirmishing, my division took no part
in that day's fight; although its position was frequently shifted,
and the line greatly attenuated, to fill vacancies in the works
caused by the withdrawal of the troops. On the next day the
enemy advanced early in heavy force in front of the new line,
which we had constructed late the previous night, my division
extending its entire length, part of it in two and part in one thin
rank, from a short distance to the left of the Franklin pike. The
skirmishers of the right of Lee's corps, Clayton's and mine main-
tained their positions so well, though in small force, that, in their
subsequent accounts, the enemy have seen fit to magnify the affair
with them into a desperate assault by two corps upon our first line,
Tivhich was finally successful, but attended with heavy loss. Soon
afterward their forces advanced to the assault, principally upon a
part of General Clayton's line and upon Pettus' brigade of my di-
vision — exposing, in their assault upon Pettus, their flank to a fire
from Cumming s brigade. Their success the previous day had em-
boldened them, and they rushed forward with great spirit, only to
1)6 driven back with dreadful slaughter. Finding at last that they
€0uld make no impression upon our lines, they relinquished their
attempts, and contented themselves with keeping up an incessant
fire of small arms at long range, and an artillery fire which I have
never seen surpassed for heaviness, continuance and accuracy.
This state of things continued until evening — doing, however, but
little damage, my men keeping closely in the trenches, and per-
fectly cool and confident.

Towards evening General Lee sent me information "that things
were going badly on the left," and that "it might be necessary to
retire under cover of the approaching night." I at once hurried
off orders for the artillery horses — which had been removed some
distance to the rear to protect them from the fire of the enemy's
artillery, under which they could not have lived half an hour — to
be brought up. [It is proper to observe that about the middle of
the day mist and rain arose, which entirely prevented my seeing
anything that was going on beyond my own line.] The messen-
gers had hardly gone for the horses before the break which, com-
mencing some distance beyond the left of Lee's corps, extended to
my line. Seeing it, the men on my left commenced leaving the
works; but, at the call of their officers, returned at once, and held
the line until the enemy were in fifty steps of them on their flank

General Stevenson's Report of the Tennessee Campaign. 1G5

and pouring a fire into them from the flank and rear. When tlie
true situation of affairs became apparent, and it was evident that
the whole army, with the exception of my division and Clayton's,
had been broken and scattered, the order for their withdrawal was
given — an eff"ort being made to deploy skirmishers from my left
brigade, at right angles to the works, to cover in some measure the
movement. Amidst the indescribable confusion of other troops,
and with the enemy pouring in their fire upon their flank and
from the front (having rushed towards the break and then forward,
when they perceived that the troops on my left had broken), it was
impossible to withdraw the command in order, and it became con-
siderably broken and confused. Many of them were unable to
get out of the trenches in time and were captured. All this hap-
pened in as short a time as it has taken to describe it. The artil-
lery horses of Rowan's battery on the left of my line could not be
brought up in time, and one of the guns of Cuput's battery was
lost by being driven at full speed against a tree and the carriage
broken. The different brigade and regimental commanders had
sent off" their horses, there being no protection for them near the
breastworks, and being thus unable to move about more rapidly
than the men, were prevented from reforming their commands as
quickly as could have been desired and extricating them from the
throng of panic-stricken stragglers from other commands who
crowded the road. This was done at last, and the line of march
taken up for Franklin. On the way I received orders from General
Lee to leave Pettus" brigade at Hollow Tree Gap, to assist in bring-
ing up the rear, and to proceed with Cumming's brigade and bi-
vouac near the battle-field at Franklin, leaving guards upon the
road to stop the stragglers of the army. The next morning, by
General Lee's order, I returned with Cumming's brigade to Frank-
lin, and was there joined by General Pettus with his brigade, which
had that morning before reaching Franklin captured a stand of
colors. Soon after crossing the Harpeth, Lieutenant-General Lee
was wounded. When about three miles from Franklin, General
Lee moved off" with the rest of the corps, and directed me to take
command of the cavalry, commanded by Brigadier-General Chal-
mers, which, with my division, was to constitute the rear-guard.

The enemy did not press us heavily until we arrived near John-
son's house, five or six miles north of Spring Hill. Here I formod
my line, having about seven hundred (TOO) intantry, with the cav-
alry on my flanks. The enemy advanced rapidly upon mo, at-

k

166 Southern Historical Society Papers.

tacking me in front. I found it impossible to control the cavalry,
and, with the exception of a small force on the left, for a short time,
to get them into action. I may as well state that at this point, as
soon as the enemy engaged us heavily, the cavalry retired in dis-
order, leaving my small command to their fate. The enemy, per-
ceiving the shortness of my line, at once threw a force around my
left-flank, and opened fire upon it and its rear. This was a critical
moment, and I felt great anxiety as to its effect upon my men, who,
few in numbers, had just had the shameful example of the cavalry
added to the terrible trial of the day before. I at once ordered
Colonel Watkins to prepare to retire fighting by the flank, and
General Pettus to move in line of battle to the rear, with a regi-
ment thrown at right angles to his flank, thus forming three (3)
sid-es of a square. Watkins drove the enemy in his front in con-
fusion, moved at the order which was given on the instant of suc-
cess by the flank, and charged those on his flank and drove them
also.

I halted again in about half a mile, formed a line upon each
side of the pike, Pettus on the right, Watkins on the left, each
with a regiment formed on his flank perpendicularly to his line to
the rear, and having made these dispositions moved agaii to the
rear. The enemy soon enveloped us in front, flanks and rear,
but my gallant men, under all their charges, never faltered, never
suffered their formation to be broken for an instant, and thus we
moved driving our way through them, fighting constantly until
within a short distance of Spring Hill, where we found that
Major-General Clayton, hearing of our situation, had turned and
moved back to our assistance. Here I halted for a time, and
Holtzclaw's brigade of Clayton's division was formed upon Wat-
kins' left flank in the manner which I have described. While here
the enemy made several attacks, and opened upon us with artillery,
but were readily repulsed. This was some time after dark. We
finally moved off, and after marching about a mile further, finding
that the enemy had evidently become disheartened and abandoned
his attacks, I placed the whole command again upon the pike and
marched in the ordinary manner until I reached the bivouac of
the remainder of the corps.

I desire here to record my acknowledgments to the officers and
men of Holtzclaw's brigade, commanded on the occasion by Colo-
nel Jones, for the timely aid which they so gallantly afforded.
Lieutenant-General Lee was pleased to acknowledge, in grateful

General Sterensoii's Report of the Tennessee Campaign. 1G7

and complimentary terms, the services of my division upon this
occasion, and I make no vain boast when I, too, thank them for
their conduct, and declare that never did a command in so perilous
a position extricate itself by the force of more admirable coolness,
determination and unflinching gallantry.

On that night I was directed by Lieutenant-General Lee to
assume command of his corps during his disability.

I am greatly indebted to my staff: Major John J. Reeve, Assist-
ant Adjutant-General; Surgeon H. M. Crupton, Medical Director;
Major J. E. McEleath, Assistant Quartermaster ; Major J. H. F.
Mayo, C. S.; Major H. M. Mathews, Ordnance Officer; Captain G. D.
Wise, Assistant Inspector-General ; Captain Charles Vidor, Assistant
Quartermaster ; Lieutenant H. T. Botts, Aid-de-Camp ; Lieutenant
G. A. Hayard, Aid-de-Camp; also Captain W. H. Sikes, Forty-
fifth Tennessee regiment, and Lieutenant W. E. McElwee, Twenty-
sixth Tennessee regiment, temporarily on duty at my headquarters,
for their most efficient and valuable services, and for their untiring
efforts to assist me during this arduous and trying campaign.
I have the honor to be, very respectfully,

Your obedient servant,

C. L. Stevenson,

Major- General.
Major J. W. Ratchp'ORD,

Assistant Adjutant- General, Lee's Corps.

L

168 Southern Historical Society Papers.

The Peace Commission of 1865. \

By Hon. R. M. T. Hunter.

[We have already published in the Southern Magaziiie a paper from Judge
Campbell on the Hampton Roads Conference. The following, from the pen
of the distinguished Vice-President of our Society, has recently appeared in the
Philadelphia Weekly Times as one of their series of "chapters of unwritten
history," but our readers will thank us for reproducing it.]

At the beginning of the year 1865, the country had become
much exhausted by the exertions and ravages of the war. Scarce
a household but had lost some member of its family in the bloody
conflicts of the war, to whose chances parents had hitherto con-
signed the lives of their children without doubt or hesitation. In
General Lee's skill and patriotism universal confidence was reposed,
and, among many disposed by nature to be sanguine, hopes of
final success were still entertained. But among the considerate,
and those who had staked and lost both family and fortune in the
war, feelings of despondency were beginning to prevail. Particu-
larly was this the case among the older class of legislators. The
vacant ranks in our armies were no longer promptly filled, as at
the commencement of the war, and an exhibit of our resources,
made by Judge Campbell, our Assistant Secretary of "War, to
General Lee, exhibited only a beggarly account of empty regiments.
Propositions to call out boys of not more than sixteen years of age,
and to place negroes in the army, were already being discussed.
The prospects of success from such expedients were regarded as
poor, indeed. The chances for the fall of Fort Fisher seemed im-
minent, as well as that of the complete closure of the ports through
which we had been bringing into the Confederacy food, clothing
and munitions of war. These dangers, beginning to be visible,
were producing a most depressing effect on our Confederate Con-
gress. When these sources of supply should be cut oft', where then
would be our resources to prolong the contest? The talk, too, for
peace began to be more earnest and open than it had been hitherto.
Influential politicians on the other side, formerly of great weight
in the party contests of the country, and still bound to leading
men of the Confederacy by old associations, were openly exerting
themselves for peace, and appealing to men who used to act with
and confide in them to unite with and work with them to procure
a peace. F. P. Blair, an old Democratic leader during the time of

The Peace Commission of 1865. 169'

General Jackson's election to the Presidency and his administration,
and, indeed, through the whole period succeeding it up to the
election of President Lincoln, adhered to the Government party,
and labored earnestly for its success. Finding that things were
going much further than he had anticipated, and becoming alarmed
for the consequences, he interposed earnestly in the cause of peace,
and procured the opportunity to visit Richmond, where he saw
many old friends and party associates. Here his representations
were not without effect upon his old Confederates who for so long
had been in the habit of taking counsel with him on public affairs.
He said what seemed to many of us to have much truth, that the
disparity of resources was so great in favor of the Federals as
would make a much further resistance on the part of the Con-
federacy impracticable. The United States, he said, if necessary
for their purpose, could empty the population of Europe upon the
Southern coasts by the offer of the lands of the dispossessed
Southern landholders, and they would come in such number that
any attempt at resistance would be hopeless. If the resistance,,
too, were protracted much further, such a temper would be exerted
among the adherents of the Government that they would not object
to the exchange, but be quite willing for it. Believing this to be
the disposition of our opponents, and that a real danger was to be
apprehended from a continuance of the war, my own attention was
now more seriously directed to peace than heretofore. It turned
the thoughts of many Confederates toward peace more seriously
than ever before since the commencement of the war. But the
very fjict of the existence of such disposition on the part of the
United States Government, showed how small were the chances for
a peaceful and friendly settlement of existing differences between
the parties.

THE PEACE COMMISSION APPOINTED.

The talk about peace became so earnest and frequent in the
capital of the Confederacy, and the indications of a desire for it
among many members of the Confederacy became so plain and
obvious, that President Davis and his friends began to feel that it
was expedient that the Confederate Government should show some
desire for peace on fair terms. To show no sense of responsibility
for the terrible conflict then waging, and no desire for peace on any
terms, would injure the Confederate Government in the eyes of its
own people. The intrinsic difficulties in the way of a fliir accom-
modation were scarcely appreciated, and the desire for change so

170 Southern Historical Society Pa'pers.

universal in the human heart was manifest. Many were alarmed
at the talk of conscribing negroes, and mothers, who had shrunk
from nothing heretofore, were beginning to flinch at the prospect
of seeing their bo3's of sixteen years of age, or under, exposed to
the horrors and hardships such as would then be incurred in mili-
tary service. Accordingly, the President, in January, 1865, deter-
mined to appoint three Commissioners and proposed a conference
between them and others to be appointed by the United States
Government, on the subject of peace, at some place to be agreed
upon between the Governments. The persons appointed were A.
H. Stephens, Vice-President of the Confederate States, Judge John
A. Campbell, Assistant Secretary of War, and R. M. T. Hunter,
Confederate Senator from the State of Virginia. These were ex-
pected to meet President Lincoln and Secretar}' Seward at Old
Point, and prepare for the conference. General Lee was directed
to pass the Commissioners through his lines to City Point, from
which place it was supposed that General Grant would transfer
them to the place of meeting at Old Point. Instructions were
delivered to them directing, among other things, that they were to
treat on the basis of "two countries," thus precluding any idea of
reunion, a provision which subsequently gave rise to difficulties in
arranging the meeting, and it was rumored that Mr. Benjamin,
Secretary of State, foreseeing this, had endeavored in vain to have
it stricken out. We were dispatched at once to Petersburg, and it
having gotten out that a Commission of Peace was on its way to
Norfolk, we were received everywhere along the line with marks
of great interest and curiosit3^ Of course we did nothing volun-
tarily to create expectations ; and seeing no prospect of negotiating
for a settlement of the difficulties between the parties, under our
instructions, we did nothing so well calculated to exasperate the
difference, as would have been the case had false hopes of peace,
wantonly created, been unexpectedly disappointed. But we were
not insensible to the manifestations of interest in the question in
Petersburg, or that Judge Joynes, on taking leave of us said, as he
shook hands, that if we returned with any fair hope of peace, we
would be thanked b}'' every man, woman and child in the city.

PASSING THROUGH TPIE LINES.

When we reached Petersburg an intense state of excitement was
soon raised in regard to the Commission. This excitement was
increased by unexpected delays in passing the Commissioners over

Tlie Peace Commission of 1865. 171

the enemy's line. This delay was the cause of some wonder to
ourselves, until, in subsequently passing over, we observed the lean
state of General Lee's defences, and how poorly our lines were
lined with defenders. The ground between the two armies was
covered with spent minnie balls, and it was obvious that if no
more carnage had ensued it was not for the want of mutual ill-will
and attempts between the combatants. A short time brought us to
the river, over which we were conducted to the boat which received
us, and subsequently conducted us to the place of meeting. Here
we were courteously received by General Grant and his officers,
and Ave had abundant means to compare the resources of the re-
spective and opposing lines. Many of the officers in General
Grant's lines loudly expressed their desire for peace, wishes which
we did not hesitate to reciprocate. Among them^ was General
Meade, who told us he was near being arrested in Chicago at the
commencement of the war for expressing such desires, and the
opinion that the contest would result like the Kilkenney cat fight;
and who now, said he, will say that such an opinion was absurd ?
Some of us said he had heard the conjecture that General Lee had
already fought as many pitched battles as Napoleon in his Italian
campaigns. General Meade said he did not doubt but he had, for
many of his skirmishes, as they were called, would have ranked
as battles in Napoleon's campaigns. The officers were courteous
in their comments on their enemies, and many of them seemed
mindful of old acquaintanceship and old ties. But soon General
Grant began to receive returns to his telegrams from President
Lincoln and Mr. Seward. A copy of our instructions was trans-
mitted to President Lincoln, and now commenced our troubles.
The President and his secretary answered promptly that they could
not negotiate on the basis of two countries. President Lincoln
said he could negotiate on no hypothesis but one of reunion. We
were bound by positive instructions on our side, and could make
no relaxation of those instructions on that head. As these diffi-
culties seemed to increase by the persistency on both sides, all
parties were annoyed by the hitch. Not only General Grant's
officers, but we ourselves were anxious to know if there was any
chance of settlement and on what terms. It was interesting to us
to know whether the other party was aware of our real situation,
but nothing occurred to satisfy us on that point ; and yet with the
system of spies and deserters on both parts, and the notoriety of
our state of destitution at home, it seemed impossible to suppose

172 Southern Historical Society Papers.

that the enemy were not sufficiently aware of our condition to
make their knowledge in that particular an important element in
the negotiation.

THE DIFFICULTIES IN THE WAY.

As the difficulties of meeting seemed to increase, the impatience
of the bystanders to bring the parties together grew very rapidly.
One of General Grant's officers assured us that Mrs. Grant had
expressed her opinion openly that her husband ought to send us
on, and permit no vital difficulties to break up the interview. She
said we were known to be good men, and she believed that our
intentions were praiseworthy, and she doubted not but that some-
thing good would result if we and Mr. Lincoln could be brought
together ; but that if Mr. Seward were allowed to intervene between
us he would break up all prospect of a settlement of the difficulties
by his wily tactics. She seemed to have a poor opinion of his
purposes or management. She impressed us very favorably by her
frankness and good feelings, but somehow the difficulties were
removed, and after a delay of about twenty-four hours, steam was
gotten up and we were on our way to the place of meeting. We
all moved under some excitement; we were all desirous of a fair
settlement, and neither expected nor wished unequal advantages or
an unfair adjustment. We were no diplomatists, unused in the
practices of negotiation ; immense events might be in store for us ;
great possibilities of change ahead of us, and possibly through us
seeds might be sown from which new destinies might spring or
changes effected which might alter the course of empire itself. We
would probably soon know what would be the effect of our own
action or how it would result for our country. These were dreary
thoughts to any men, but particularly to those who felt the load of
a peculiar responsibility for the turn which events might take.
We had formed no particular scheme of negotiatiorii, no definite
line of policy by which exciting dispositions on both sides might
be molded to satisfactory results. Mr. Stephens seemed possessed
with the opinion that secession might be recognized as a conserva-
tive remedy by the Northern population, as subsequent conversa-
tions proved. He made it evident, too, that he believed the Monroe .
doctrine might be made the cement of union among our populations.
He acted on the principle that by a union to drive the French out
of Mexico, our people could be reunited at home. The extent to
which he carried these opinions was strange indeed. Judge Camp-
bell seemed to repose his hopes on an armistice to be formed by

\

The Peace Commission of 1865. 173

General Grant and General Lee, and certain conditions to be
declared between them on which this armistice should exist. The
intercourse which would subsist during the armistice, it was thought,
would hurry about peace and good feeling and the renewal of old
habits of communion, and profitable trade would restore good
feeling and the old habits of trade, and bring on old feelings
generated by the intercourse dictated by self-interest and old asso-
ciation. It was believed, too, that arrangements brought on by
General Grant and General Lee to restore old intercourse would be
tolerated, which would be rejected if proposed by any one else.

THE MEETING.

We met Mr. Lincoln and Mr. Seward aboard the steamer, and
soon the conference was commenced by Mr. Stephens, who seemed
impressed with the idea that secession was the true conservative
remedy for sectional difference, and appeared to be animated by
the hope that he could convince the President and Secretary of
the truth of this view. Never was hope more mistaken. Although
polite, neither countenanced the idea for a moment. He next
proposed another subject upon which he seemed to rely with even
more confidence. He revived the old Monroe doctrine, and sug-
gested that a reunion njigbt l>e formed on the basis of uniting to
drive the French out of America, and uniting to organize this
continent for Americans. This was received with even less favor
than I expected. Both expressed their aversion to any occupancy
of Mexico by the French, but if they felt any doubt, expressed
none as to the capacity of the United States Government to drive
the French away. Mr. Blair, while in Richmond, talked of this as
a probable basis of reunion. Mr. Lincoln was evidently afraid
that he had uttered sentiments for which he could not be responsi-
ble, and earnestly disclaimed having authorized his mission —
whether this was true I had my doubts then and now. It is im-
possible but that Mr. Lincoln must have felt anxiety on the subject
of peace. If he knew of our destitution he gave no sign of it, but
he did notipress the peace as I had supposed he would. He dis-
tinctly affirmed that he would not treat except on the basis of
reunion and the abolition of slavery. Neither Lincoln nor Seward
showed any wise or considerate regard for the whole country, or
any desire to make the war as little disastrous to the whole country
as possible. If they entertained any such desires they made no
■ exhibition. Their whole object seemed to be to force a reunion

174 Southern Historical Society Papers.

and an abolition of slavery. If this couM be done, they seemed
to feel little care for the distress and suffering of the beaten party.
Mr. Lincoln, it is true, said that a politician on his side had declared
that $400,000,000 ought to be given by way of compensation to the
slaveholders, and in this opinion he expressed his concurrence.
Upon this Mr. Seward exhibited some impatience and got up to
walk across the floor, exclaiming, as he moved, that in his opinion
the United States had done enough in expending so much money
on the war for the abolition of slavery, and had suffered enough
in enduring the losses necessary to carry on the war. "Ah, Mr.
Seward," said Mr. Lincoln, " you may talk so about slavery, if
you will ; but if it was wrong in the South to hold slaves^ it was
wrong in the North to carry on the slave trade and sell them to
the South (as it is notorious that they did, he might have added),
and to have held on to the money thus procured without compen-
sation, if the slaves were to be taken by them again." Mr. Lincoln
said, however, that he was not authorized to make such a proposi-
tion, nor did he make it. It was evident that both the President
and Secretary were afraid of the extreme men of their jDarty.
Certain objects were to be secured, and when once obtained it was
no consideration with their party whether the sufferings of the
conquered party were to be mitigated or any relief was to be afforded.
And yet to statesmen and benevolent men, it was obvious that both
parties were to be benefited by affording the conquered party some
relief for their prostration. The reaction of the sufferings of the
South upon the North has been obvious enough for many years.
The English Government in its scheme of West India emancipa-
tion saw the necessity of some relief to all parts of the country.
It ought to have been obvious enough to wise and considerate
statesmen that some relief was the policy here, too. But the North,
when placed in power, seemed to be insensible to these views, and
desired to punish those who had been defeated in the contest. To
do this they seemed willing to make their losses irretrievable.

UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER DEMANDED.

The armistice was promptly opposed by the President and Secre-
tary of State. If the only objects were to re-establish the Union
and abolish slavery, they were right. If, however, they had any
desire for the general good, and to procure relief for parties suffer-
ing, as ought to have been felt by men fit to govern such a country
and to understand its wants, their views would have been different.

The Peace Commission of 1865. 175

AVe had tried to intimate to General Grant before we reached Old
Point, that a settlement generally satisfactory to both sides could
be more easily effected through him and General Lee by an armis-
tice than in any other way. The attempt was in vain. Lee had
too much principle probably to have yielded to such a suggestion,
and if Grant would have suffered no principle to restrain him if
he had seen his way clear, he had not the ability to weigh truly
his responsibility or to understand his opportunities. Generals
who are so often accused and blamed for usurping power often see
the best way out of difficulties. Had Caesar or Napoleon been in
command of the Union forces there is little doubt but that some
settlement would have been made to have relieved us of much of
our difficulty. When a general knows what to do he is often more
reliable than the politicians in civil war. England, probably, was
better managed by Cromwell than would have been done by the
general voice of her civilians. Politicians often make more fatal
inroads on the bulwarks of national liberty than military com-
manders. It is doubtful whether a Government formed by the
Roman Senate would have been better than Scylla's, and Napoleon's
constitutions were probably preferable to what the civilians would
have given them. Civil wars often produce emergencies which
create new and unexpected wants, and in these I have no doubt
but that Napoleon was a more reliable counsellor than Lieges.
Complications are sometimes produced by the sword that can only
be cut by the sword. In this very case some compensation for the
negroes taken away would have been both just and politic.
Through a truce or armistice it might have been effected, but
otherwise it seems not.

With regard to the Monroe doctrine, out of which I feared some
complications might arise, as Blair had seemed to favor it very
much, I took occasion to say to Mr. Lincoln that I differed much
from Mr. Stephens, and so in my opinion did many of our people,
who would be found unwilling to kindle a new war with the French
on any such pretence. That for one I laid no such claims to the
right of exclusive possession of the American continent for the
American people, as had been done by others. That many of us
Avould be found unwilling to have a war upon a mere question of
policy rather than of honor or right. That although we would
hear and communicate whatever was said to us on this question,
we were not instructed to treat upon it. Nor for one was I pre-
pared to do so. I asked him, however, to communicate the terms,

176 Southern Htsiorical Society Papers.

if any, upon which he would negotiate with u?. He said he could
not treat with us with arms in our hands ; in rebellion, as it were,
against the Government.

THE END OP THE CONFERENCE.

I did not advert to the fact that we were with arms in our hands
upon this occasion when we came to treat with him, but I replied
this had been often done, especially by Charles I, when at civil
war with the British Parliament. He laughed, and said that
"Seward could talk with me about Charles I, he only knew that
Charles I had lost his head." I said not for that, but because he
made no satisfactory settlement at all. But it was of no use to
talk with him upon this subject. It was evident that both he and
:Seward were terribly afraid of their constituents. They would hint
at nothing but unconditional submission, although professing to
disclaim any such demand. Reunion and submission seemed their
sole conditions. Upon the subject of a forfeiture of lands, Mr.
Lincoln said it was well known that he was humane and not dis-
posed to exact severe terms. It was then that I expressed myself
more freely on the subject of the negotiation and the condition of
afiairs. It seemed, I said, that nothing was left us but absolute
submission both as to rights and property, a wish to impose no
unnecessary sacrifice on us as to landed property on the part of
one branch of our Government, but no absolute assurance as to
this. I might have said it was the expression of an absolute de-
termination not to treat at all, but to demand a submission as
absolute as if we were passing through the Candine forks.

Such a rebuke to negotiation after a civil war of half this mag-
nitude in any European nation, probably would have called down
the intervention of its neighbors ; nor is it probable that the
parties to a civil war in any civilized European nation could have
met for purposes of adjustment without some plan of relief or
amelioration on the part of the stronger in favor of the weaker.
Mr. Seward, it is true, disclaimed all demand for unconditional
submission. But what else was the demand for reunion and
abolition of slavery, without any compensation for negroes or
even absolute safety for property proclaimed to have been forfeited?

Cavalry Operations in May, 18G3. 177

Ciivalry Operations in May, 1863— Report of General J. E. B. Stuart.

Headquarters Cavalry Division,
Army Northern Virginia,
* May 8th, 1863.

General — In anticipation of the detailed reports, I have the honor
to submit the folloAving sketch of the operations of the cavalry
immediately preceding and during the battles of the Wilderness
and Chancellorsville,

The enemy had more than a week previously concentrated a
large body, two or three divisions of cavalry, along the bank of the
upper Rappahannock, whose efforts to hold a footing on the south
bank had been repulsed with loss by the two brigades with me,
commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals Fitzhugh and W.
H. F. Lee. Finally, infantry appeared at Kelly's and Rappahan-
nock bridge, but were so inactive that there was nothing inconsistent
in the supposition that their appearance was a feint. About dark,
however, on Tuesday night (28th), the enemy crossed below the
bend of the river at Kelly's, in boats, opposite our videttes, and
before the force posted to defend the ford could be sent to the point,
had crossed in such numbers as to make an attempt at resistance
futile. The part}^ crossing at once threw over a pontoon bridge,
and moved directly up the river, compelling our forces to abandon
the ford at Kelly's and separating our communication with the
lower pickets. General W. H. F. Lee, near Brandy, on receiving
this intelligence, sent a regiment (Thirteenth Virginia cavalry) at
once to meet the advance of infantry, which was checked a mile
above Kelly's. I received information of this move about 9 P. M.
at Culpeper, and made arrangements to have the entire cavalry and
artillery force in Culpeper on the ground at daylight — directing, in
the meantime, the enemy to be so enveloped with pickets as to see
what route he took from Kelly's and keep him in check. General
W. H. F. Lee selected a fine position between Brandy and Kelly's
and awaited the advance ; General Fitz. Lee being held in reserve
at Brandy, with a regiment at Stevensburg. The enemy did not
advance that way seriously, though Chambliss, with the Thirteenth
Virginia, was skirmishing all the forenoon with the enemy's in-
fantry.

A Prussian officer of General Carl Schurz's staff was captured,
who reported that two corps of the enemy were certainly across the
2

178 Southern Historical Society Papers.

river : how many more were to follow, he did dot know. He esti-
mated the force in this column at 20,000 men. He seemed frank
and candid, as well as communicative.

About 1 P. M., I received a report from the pickets towards
Madden's that the enemy was moving a large infantry force in that
direction. Leaving Chambliss in front of the enemy where I was,
I marched the remainder of the command, Fitz. Lee in advance,
directly to Madden's, where we pierced the enemy's column while
it was marching, and scattered it, taking possession of the road
and capturing a number of prisoners, which enabled us to develope
their strength and designs, as we captured prisoners from three
army corps — Eleventh (Howard's), Twelfth (Slocum's), Fifth
(Meade's) ; and soon after learned that the column had marched
direct for Germana ford.

These items were telegraphed to the Commanding General.
Colonel J. Lucius Davis, near Beaver Dam, had been telegraphed
early that day to move his force at once to occupy and hold the
Rapidan fords, but I had no assurance that the order would be
obeyed with sufficient promptness to accomplish the object; and as
there was no cavalry on the left flank of the main army, it was
indispensably necessary to move around, get in front of the enemy
moving down upon Fredericksburg, delay him as much as possible,
and protect our left flank. Besides, while in the execution of this
design, I received instructions from the Commanding General to
give necessary orders about public property along the railroad, and
swing round to join his left wing, delaying the enemy as much as
possible in his march.

The brigade of General Fitz. Lee was put en route, in a jaded and
hungry condition, to Raccoon ford, to cross and move round to the
enemy's front. General W. H. F. Lee, with the two regiments —
Ninth and Thirteenth — under his command, was directed to move
by way of Culpeper, to take up the line of the upper Rapidan, and
lookout for Gordonsville and the railroad. Couriers had been by
directions sent to Eley's and Germana to notify our parties there
of the enemy's advance, but were captured and consequently the
parties there received no notice ; but by the good management of
Captain Collins, however, now Major of Fifteenth Virginia cavalry,
the enemy was checked for some time at Germana, and his wagons
and implements saved, though some of his men were captured. A
strong party of sharpshooters was left to hold the road of the
enemy's march as long as possible, and then follow us, which was

Cavalry Operations in May, 1863. 179

done till the enemy advanced about eleven at night and compelled
them to retire. Dispatches captured showed that trains of wagons
and beef cattle accompanied the expedition, and the men were
already supplied with five days' rations in haversacks. These items
placed it beyond doubt that the enemy were making a real move-
ment to turn Fredericksburg.

Crossing the Rapidan that night, the main body of cavalry was
halted for rest a few hours, having marched more than half the
night; and one regiment (Colonel Owen's) was sent on to get be-
tween the enemy and Fredericksburg and impede his progress.
Early next day (Thursday, 30t-h), Owen, having reached the Ger-
mana road on the Fredericksburg side, kept in the enemy's front,
while the remainder kept on the enemy's right flank, and opened
on his column en route at Wilderness tavern, delaying his march
till 12 M., and causing several regiments of infantry to deploy in
line of battle to meet us. Hearing that the enemy had already
reached Chancellorsville b}^ the Eley's Ford road, I directed my
march by Todd's tavern for Spotsylvania Courthouse. Night
overtook us at Todd's tavern, and being anxious to know what the
Commanding General desired me to do further, I left the command
to bivouac here, and proceeded with my staff towards his head-
quarters near Fredericksburg; but had not proceeded a mile before
we found ourselves confronted by a party of the enemy double our
own, directly in our path. I sent back hastily for a regiment,
which, coming up (Fifth Virginia cavalry. Colonel Tyler), attacked
and routed the part3^ But in the meantime another body of the
enemy's cavalry came iii rear of the Fifth. Receiving notice of
this, I gave orders to withdraw the Fifth from the road, and sent
for the brigade to push on at once. This was done, and by the
bright moonlight a series of charges routed and scattered this ex-
pedition, which had penetrated to within a mile or two of Spotsyl-
vania.

It has been since ascertained that this expedition was by no
means an insignificant affair, and, but for the timely arrival of this
cavalry on the spot and its prompt and vigorous action, might
have resulted disastrously. Artillery as well as trains were pass-
ing Spotsylvania, unprotected, at the time. With very little rest,
and without waiting for rations or forage, this noble little brigade,
under its incomparable leader, Avas in the saddle early next morn-
ing, and moving on Jackson's left fiank during the entire day (May
1st), swinging around to the left to threaten the enemy's rear. On

180 Southern Historical Society Papers.

the morning of May 2cl, the cavahy of this brigade was disposed
so as to clear Jackson's way in turning the enemy's right flank;
this was done in the most successful manner, driving off the
enemy's cavalry wherever it appeared, and enabled Jackson to
suprise the enemy.

In the subsequent operations attending the battle and glorious
victory, the cavalry did most essential service in watching our flanks
and holding the Eley's Ford road in the enemy's rear, Wickham
and Owen being on the extreme right. The horse artillery kept
pace, and in the battle of the Wilderness led the attack of artillery.

Too much praise cannot be awarded the brave men who thus
bore fatigue, hunger, loss of sleep, and danger without a murmur.

The operations of Brigadier-General W. H. F. Lee, with his hand-
ful of men, are embraced in the memoranda furnished by him.
His report is not only satisfactor}^ but gives evidence of sagacity
and good conduct throughout, and of great efficiency on the part
of his command.

The result shows that the disposition made of these two com-
mands was absolutely necessary. Jones' brigade was entirely out
of reach, and Hampton was south of James river recruiting.

That Stoneman with a large cavalry force was allowed to penetrate
into the heart of the State, though comj^aratively harmless in
results, is due to the entire inadequacy in numbers of the cavalry
of the Army of Northern Virginia. The enemy has confronted us
with at least three divisions of cavalry, more or less concentrated,
which we opposed with one division, spread from the Chesapeake
to the Alleghan}^ yet had not the approach of a battle below made
it necessary to divide the force of the two Lee's, I feel very confident
it would have been prevented, though with great sacrifice of life>
owing to disparity of numbers.

With the Commanding General, who is aware of all the facts,
we are content to rest our vindication, if the pursuit of the plain
path of duty needs vindication.

Most respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed) J. E. B. Stuart,

Major- General.
Brigadier-General R. H. Chilton,

A, A. and I. General^ Army of Nurtkern Virginia.

Cavalry Operations in May, 1863. 181

Memoranda of the operations of Brigadier- General W. 11. F. Lee's
command during General Stoneman's raid into Virginia.

Wednesday, April 29th, 1863— Chambliss' Thirteenth Virginia
cavalry, with one piece of artillery, was left at Kelly's; Payne, with
one hundred men of Second North Carolina cavalry, had gone to
Germana ; I, with the Ninth, went to Willis Madden's with Gene-
ral Stuart; left hira that night and went to Culpeper Courthouse
with the Ninth Virginia cavalry ; Chambliss joined me there that
night.

Thursda}'-, 30th — Marched from Culpeper to Rapidan station,
with Ninth and Thirteenth Virginia cavalry, and one piece of
artillery ; left one squadron in Culpeper, which fell back before the
enemy and joined me at Rapidan ; enemy appeared that evening.

Friday, May 1st — Engaged all day with one or two brigades of
cavalry ; one charge made by Colonel Beale, with one squadron to
draw them out ; took 30 prisoners, but could not bring them off —
was pressed ver}^ hard; had orders from General Lee to burn the
bridge, and fall back to Gordonsville ; burnt the bridge, but held
my position all day ; enemy commenced moving towards night in
force on my left ; withdrew at night and marched towards Gor-
donsville.

Saturday, 2d — Reached Gordonsville at 11 A. M.; heard on my
arrival that a large body of the enemy was at Trevilian's depot
and Louisa Courthouse ; sent the Ninth Virginia in that direction ;
their videttes were driven in by the enemy; they charged and
drove them three miles, killing and wounding a number, and took
thirty-two prisoners, one lieutenant; my loss Avas three or four
wounded ; four prisoners taken represented three different regiments ;
went to their assistance with Thirteenth Virginia and two pieces
artillery ; met Colonel Beale falling back ; took a position and waited
their approach; they did not advance ; learned that General Stone-
man with his whole corps was at Louisa Couthouse, moving towards
James river; supposed his object was to tear up railroad; they
not comming on, my men and horses being worried out by four
days' fighting and marching, left out my pickets and withdrew to
Gordonsville.

Sunday, 3d— Received information from my scouts that the
enemy were leaving Louisa and moving in direction of Columbia ;
knowing their object was to destroy the aqueduct, I started after
them; arrived there at night; heard they had left in a great hurry.

182 Southern Historical Society Papers.

pursued all night ; at day-break, having traveled sixty or seventy
miles, and the enemy being three hours ahead of me, halted: my
videttes reported enemy about one mile in advance; had exchanged
words, and they said they belonged to Fifth regulars ; knew the
party I was pursuing was Wyndham's.

Monday, 4th — Started forward and came upon him drawn up in
road ; one squadron of Ninth cavalry was ahead, a few hundred
yards; charged; enemy charged at same time; fought hand to
hand four or five minutes ; routed the party ; killed six ; wounded
a number; took thirty-three prisoners, among them Captain Owens
and Lieutenant Buford. Captain Owens reported that his regiment
was not all present, but that he was on picket ; that General
Buford was only three miles distant. My horses and men being
jaded, and having only about eigth hundred men, I determined not
to pursue; continued back to Gordonsville, having traveled seventy
or eighty miles.

Tuesday, 5th — Rested, having sent out scouting parties ; heard
by telegram from Richmond that the enemy were (Everywhere.

Wednesday, 6th — Having received information that the enemy
were recrossing the railroad, moved down upon his left flank ;
came upon his rear at North Anna river; took seventeen or eigh-
teen prisoners ; their rear guard had crossed the river and torn up
the bridge. It had been raining all day and river was past fording.
Hearing' that this was only one party, and that another column
was moving lower down, went in that direction ; found they had
all crossed North Anna river and destroyed bridges behind them.
Moved that night in direction of Louisa Courthouse, bivouacked
within three miles of Courthouse.

Thursday, 7th — Went to Trevilian's depot ; moved at 3 P. M.
for Orange Courthouse ; scouts reported that enemy had' crossed
Rapidan.

(Signed) W. H. F. Lee, Brigadier-General.

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 183

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park, Twelfth Alabama Regiment.

[Continued from March Number.]

March 20th, 1865 — I have suffered severely for several days from
cold and hoarseness, with an occasional fever, and Dr. Hays, Chief
of our Division, advised and obtained an order for my transfer to
the hospital. I reluctantly consented to go, for I had a feeling
recollection of my unkind treatment in other Yankee prison hos-
pitals, and shrank from a renewal of my very unpleasant acquaint-
ance with them. Thoughts of Knowles of West's Hospital, and of
Heger of Point Lookout Hospital, have caused me to dread my
treatment at the Fort Delaware Hospital. Growing worse, however,
I went, and was registered in ward 11. All of my clothing was
taken from me, and I was clad in shirt and drawers of coarse
texture, belonging to the hospital, and which had probably been
frequently used before by smallpox and other diseased patients.
My crutches were also taken from me. " Doctor " Miller, a youth of
perhaps twenty years, diagnosed my disease and pronounced it
" remittent fevor." He prescribed pills. Judging by Miller's man-
ners and appearance, he must be some medical student practicing
to gain experience solely, or he has but recently graduated. The
accommodations are as good as could be expected in a place con-
ducted without regard to system, and where the patients are under
the charge of such young and totally inexperienced physicians.
At the head of each bunk or bed a card is suspended against the
the wall, having on it the name and rank of the patient, character
of his disease, and number of his bed. Corn mush, without salt
or milk, composed my supper.

March list — Meals are quite scanty in quantity and uninviting
in quality, and the officers from Hilton Head and Fort Pulaski,
afflicted with scurvy, are constantly complaining of hunger, and
wishing for meal hour to arrive. Mush made of yellow corn meal
is the usual supper. The poor fellows suffering from scurvy are a
sad sight, as they walk in their hospital garb of shirt and drawers
(which are oftentimes either too large and long, or too tight and
short for the wearers), from their beds to the stove. Their legs and
feet are so drawn as to compel them to walk on tiptoe, their heels
being unable to reach the floor. How necessary a few vegetables
are to these helpless sufferers. The "best Government the world

184 Southern Historical Society Papers.

ever saw," however, is either too poor or too mean to furnish
them.

March 22d to 2ith — Among others whose beds are near mine are
Colonel S. M. Boykin, of the Twentieth South Carolina infantry, a
very dignified and intelligent middle aged gentleman from Camden,
South Carolina, and Captain James W. McSherry, of Thirty-sixth
Virginia infantry, from Martinsburg, Virginia. The latter is a
physician of talent and fine standing, but preferred to serve the
South as an officer of the line to accepting a place as surgeon.
Captain M. is a cousin of my excellent friend Miss Anna L.
McSherry, and is a bold and outspoken denouncer of the Yankees.
He has scurvy badly. My bed is near the stove, and I have frequent
talks with those who come around it to warm themselves, or to
interchange opinions about the situation.

March 25th and 26th — I find myself much improved, my fevers
being slight and rare and hoarseness disappearing. Smallpox, that
most loathsome of diseases, has made its appearance in our ward.
Colonel Montgomery, of Georgia, was sick with it for several days,
with high fever, his face and body being broken out with pimples,
but was not removed until several officers, fearing infection, urged
his removal from their vicinity to the pest-house. Lieutenant Birk-
head, of North Carolina, who lay next to me, showed me his hands,
neck and face covered with pimples, yesterday, and asked me what
was the matter. I took his hand and wrist in mine, and laughingly
pronounced it "smallpox," little dreaming that I was correct. To-
day our young doctor decided it was a genuine case of smallpox,
and ordered his removal to the smallpox hospital. I never saw
nor heard of poor Birkhead again. Deaths from smallpox, pneu-
monia, scurvy, fevers, dysentery, and various other diseases, are
alarmingly frequent. There is honor and glory in death on the
field of battle, amid the whistling of bullets, the shrieks of shells,
the fierce roar of cannon, and the defiant shouts of the brave com-
batants, but the saddest, most solemn and painful of deaths is that
within prison walls, far from home and loved ones. The picture
of his loved home flits across the dying soldier's mind; dear faces
seem to look down upon him, but no gentle hands ease his pain, no lov-
ing lips whisper words of peace and comfort, — the suffering forms
of his sick and wounded comrades are all the friends he sees, their
groans all the prayers he hears. As he fights his last fight with
the grim monster, no doubt he sees floating aloft the flag he has so
often followed — he hears his commander's cheering words urging

• Diary of Captain Robert E. Farh. 185

his men on to the fray; but they will urge him on no more, and
never again will he behold the proud banner he has loved so well.
With the roar of the cannon and rattling of musketry falling upon
his ear, or with a fair vision of his dear childhood's home before
his mind, and a prayer he lisped in days gone by at his mother's
knee, his eyes close, his breath ceases, and the brave prisoner's life
is ended. Horrid war has given another noble heart to death, and
taken the sunshine from another happy home. The dead prisoner
is carried to the "dead-house," stripped of his clothing, placed by
strangers and enemies in a rough, unpainted pine coffin, hoisted
in an old cart, and hurried to the burial ground, like the carcass of
some dumb brute, without the presence or ministrations of a single
friend. They are carried across the bay, when not sunk within it, and
buried on the Jersey shore. The graves are seldomed marked, or
it is done in a very careless manner, easily erased in a short time
by the action of the elements.

March 27th — All the paroled prisoners have had their " checks"
redeemed or " cashed," and it is said a boat will carry them to
Dixie soon. Oh ! that I could be of the lucky number.

March 28th — I received a very kind letter from that true friend
and noble woman. Miss McSherry, to-day, enclosing $12, which was
paid me in checks. Her generous, disinterested kindness, com-
mands my sincere admiration and warmest gratitude. Miss Mary
Alburtis, of Martinsburg, also wrote me very kindly.

March 29ih — Letters to day from Miss Nena Kiger and Miss
Mollie Harlan, and wrote two letters to friends in Winchester, and
two to Martinsburg. The only newspaper we are permitted to
buy or receive is the ^^ Philadeliohia Inquirer,''^ a very bitter, boastful
and malignant sheet, full of falsehoods about the Southern people
and Confederate armies. Its price to our Yankee guards is five cents,
to the sick and penniless prisoners is ten cents. A young " galvan-
ized " man — i. e., one ready to take the oath when allowed — named
C, who claims to be from both Alabama and Kentucky, is one of
the nurses in our ward. He had not the courage, fortitude and
patriotic principle requisite to remain true to the land of his birth,
and has signified his willingness to repudiate his first pledge, and
swear allegiance to the Yankee Government. I have talked with
C, and remonstrated with him upon his disgraceful conduct, but
he seems resolved upon his course.

March SOth and SlsiS— My first letter from Dixie since my capture,
19th September, over six months ago, came to-day and rejoiced me

186 Southern Historical Society Payers.

greatly. It was from the Hon. David Clopton, member of the
Confederate Congress, once a private in my company, and after-
wards Quartermaster of the Twelfth Alabama. It was dated Rich-
mond, Virginia, March 6th, and gave me some interesting news.
He told me brother James was in Tuskegee when he heard from
him last, about the first of February; that General Grimes, of
North Carolina, was in command of Rodes' old division, and General
Battle was at home on account of his wound. He had not heard
of any casualties in my company lately. The letter closed by
wishing I might be exchanged soon. Captain Clopton was a
member of the United States Congress before the war, and is a
leading lawyer of Alabama, as well as an amiable. Christian gentle-
man and fine scholar.

April 1st, 1865 — Sunday — Chaplain William. H. Paddock, of the
United States army, stationed at Fort Delaware, passed through
the ward, and learning that he was a minister, I asked for and was
given a Bible, on the inside cover of which was pasted the following
printed card, the blanks of which I have filled out:

"Bible House, Baltimore, Maryland, March, 1865.

" From the Maryland State Bible Society, to Captain Robert E.
Park, soldier in company " F," Twelfth regiment, Alabama Volun-
teers. Should I die on the battle field or in the hospital, for the
sake of humanity, acquaint my mother, Mrs. S. T. Park, residing
at Greenville, Georgia, of the fact, and where my remains may be
found."

Chaplain Paddock seems a very genteel, good man, but his visits
to the prisoners must be very rare, as to-day is the first time I
have ever seen or heard of him. Perhaps the soldiers of the gar-
rison require all his time and attention. The Inquirer gives news
of the battle of Fort Steadman, which occurred on the 26th
ultimo, and in which that unreliable sheet states that General
Gordon made a desperate but unsuccessful attempt to capture the
fort, but was repulsed with great loss. Gordon is cautious as well
as gallant, and I believe he gained a victory. General Gordon
began service as captain of the " Raccoon Roughs," a company in
the Sixth Alabama of my brigade, from Jackson county, Alabama,
was successively elected major, lieutenant-colonel and colonel, and
promoted brigadier-general, major-general, and I hear is now com-
manding Early's old corps, with the rank of lieutenant-general.
In his case, real merit has been promptly and properly rewarded.
The confronting lines near Petersburg are stretched out over thirty

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 187

miles, and the papers report numerous deserters, who relate doleful
tales of scarcity, hardships and despondency within the Confede-
rate lines. How chafing and irritating this protracted confinement
in a Yankee bastile is to a Confederate soldier, who sees and keenly
feels the great necessity for his presence in the Southern army by
the side of his old comrades, now sorely pressed and well nigh
overwhelmed by vastly superior numbers, and suffering from want
of sufficient food and too great loss of sleep and necessary rest. If
I could be released from this loathed imprisonment, I would gladly
report on my crutches for duty with my company in the trenches
around beleaguered Petersburg, the heroic " Cockade City." For,
while I could neither charge nor retreat, should either be ordered,
yet I could cheer by my words and inspire by my presence those
who might be dispirited or despondent.

April 2d and Zd — The appalling news of the evacuation of Rich-
mond and Petersburg has reached us, and the Yankee papers are
frantic in their exultant rejoicings. We have feared and rather
expected this dreaded event, for General Lee's excessive losses
from battle, by death and wounds, prisoners, disease and desertion,
with no reinforcements whatever, taught us that the evacuation of
the gallant Confederate capital was inevitable. I suppose our peer-
less chieftain will retreat to Lynchburg, or perhaps to North Caro-
lina, and there unite his shattered forces with the army of General
Joseph E. Johnston. "There's life in the old land yet," and Lee
and Johnston, with their small but veteran armies united, having
no longer to guard thousands of miles of frontier, will 3'et wrest
victory and independence for the Confederacy from the immense
hosts of Yankees, Germans, Irish, English, Canadians and negroes,
ex-slaves, composing the powerful armies under Grant and Sher-
man. Would that the 7,000 or 8,000 Confederates now confined at
Fort Delaware, and their suffering but unconquered comrades at
Johnson's Island, Point Lookout, Camp Chase, Camp Douglas,
Rock Island, Elmira and other places could join the closely
pressed, worn out, starving, but ever faithful and gallant band now
retreating and fighting step by step, trusting implicitly in the su-
perb leadership of their idolized commander and his brave lieuten-
ants Longstreet, Ewell, Early, Gordon, Hampton, Pickett and the rest.
How quickly the tide of battle would turn, and how speedily glo-
rious victory would again perch upon our banners ! It is very
hard, bitter, indeed, to endure this cruel, crushing confinement,
while our comrades need our aid so greatly. Still I realize the fact

188 Southern Historical Society Papers.

that while painful and harrowing to one's feelings to be pent up
within despised prison walls during such tr3dng times, it is no dis-
grace to be a prisoner of war, if not captured under dishonorable
circumstances. Lafayette languished in prison, and so did Louis
Napoleon, the present Emperor of France, and his illustrious
uncle, the First Napoleon, and so did St. Paul, and so have the
great and good of all ages. We are but mortals, and must yield
to the fiat of remorseless destiny. There are here many splendid
specimens of physical, mental and moral manhood, and in them
we see the age of chivalry revived. Three-fourths of the officers
are under thirty years of age; many are of the first order of talent,
and will make their marks in after life. A large number are gradu-
ates of colleges and universities, and many have had the advantage
of extensive travel over Europe and America, and are gentlemen
of culture and refinement. Some, of course, in so large a body,
gathered from so many States, are coarse and unrefined, illiterate
men, promoted doubtless on account of their gallantry in battle, or
through the partiality of their ignorant companions. A vast ma-
jority are brave, gallant and dashing soldiers, and are deserving of
special mention in my Diary. Superior power has incarcerated
these men in a loathsome prison, indignities and insults are daily
heaped upon them, and they have no ability to resent them. Star-
vation sometimes almost drives them to reluctant submission, but
the whole Yankee Government, with its immense army of more
than a million men, cannot shake their confidence in the truth
and justice of their cause, nor crush their resolute, undaunted
spirits. For future reference I have bought a small blank book,
and am getting the autographs of many acquaintances, with their
militflry rank, name of their commands, and their home address.
A great many officers in the pen, and a few in the hospital, have
these autograph books, and are assiduous in collecting names.

April 4th — Mrs. Emma R. Peterkin, Mrs. Meeteer, and other la-
dies from Philadelphia, visited the hospital and our ward to-day
by special permissibn. They brought us some vegetables, fruit,
etc. Their gentle presence and kindly words of sympathy infused
new life into us, and was a most delightful and charming incident
in our cheerless prison experience. One of the ladies came to my
bed, spoke of her friendship for Mrs. Professor LeConte, of Athens,
Georgia, and gave me some nice fruit. She also gave me hastily a
recent number of Ben Wood's excellent Democratic paper, the
"iYeio York News.^^ This is a real treat, as Ben Wood is a "Rebel

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 189

sympathizer," and tells the plain truth about the Yankee defeats.
His paper is forbidden in prison, lest the prisoners should gather
some crumbs of comfort and items of truth from its bold utter-
ances. After reading it, it was passed from couch to couch, and read
with great eagerness. These sweet, gentle hearted women, with
their winning smiles and cheerful words, proved well springs of
joy to us, and brought to mind tender thoughts of our homes and
loved ones. Their coming was like a fairy visitation to the sick,
wounded and mentally distressed soldiers, lying on their weary
couches of pain. May God bless and protect them, and may the
noble virtues of these good women be visited in drops of tenderest
mercy upon their children, and their children's children, even to
the third and fourth generation.

190 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Field Letters from Stuart's Headquarters.

[The following autograph letters, for which we are indebted to Major H.
B, McClellan, formerly of General J. E. B. Stuart's staff, are worth preserv-
ing in our Papers., and will be of interest to others as well as to those who
"followed the feather "of tlie gallant and lamented Chief of Cavalry of
Army Northern Virginia.]

Headquarters, Crenshaw's Farm, 19th August, 1862.
General J. E. B. Stuart, Commanding Cavalry :

General — I desire you to rest your men to-day, refresh your
horses, prepare rations and everything for the march to-morrow.
Get what information you can of fords, roads, and position of
enemy, so that your march can be made understandingly and with
vigor. I sent to you Captain Mason, an experienced bridge builder,
&c., whom I think will be able to aid you in the destruction of the
bridges, &c. When that is accomplished, or while in train of ex-
ecution, as circumstances permit, I wish you to operate back
towards Culpeper Courthouse, creating such confusion and con-
sternation as 3'ou can, without unnecessaril}^ exposing your men,
till you feel Longstreet's right. Take position then on his right,
hold yourself in reserve and act as circumstances may require, I
wish to know during the day how you proceed in your prepara-
tions. They will require the personal attentions of all your officers.
The last reports from the signal stations yesterday evening were
that the enemy was breaking up his principal encampments, and
moving in direction of Culpeper Courthouse.
Very respectfully, &c.,
(Signed) R. E. Lee, General.

Official :

E. Channing Price, First Lieutenant and A. D. C.

Headquarters, 19th August, 1862, 4| P. M.
General J. E. B. Stuart, Commanding Cavalry :

General — I have just returned from Clarke's mountain. The
enemy as far as I can discover is retreating on the road to Fred-
ericksburg. His route is certainly north of Stevensburg, and is
thought to be through Brandy station over the Rappahannock by
Kelly's ford. You will therefore have. to bear well to your right
after crossing the Rapidan, unless you can get other information. I
propose to start the troops at the rising of the moon to-morrow

Field Letters from Stuart''s Headquarters. 191

morning, which will give the men and horses a little rest, and I
believe we shall make more than by starting at night. It is so late
now that they could not get off before. The order for to-morrow
you will consider modified as above. If you can get information
of the route of the enemy, you will endeavor to cut him off; other-
wise, make for Kelly's ford over the Rappahannock. Send back
all information you can gather. I shall cross at Sommerville ford,
and follow in the route of the troops towards Brandy station. If
you can get off earlier than the time I have appointed to advantage^
do so.

Very respectfully, &c.,
(Signed) R. E. Lee, General.

Official :

R. Channing Price, First Lieuteyiant and A. D. C.

Respectfully recommended that Colonel Thomas T. Munford be
appointed brigadier-general, and assigned to the command of the
brigade now commanded by him as colonel. My reasons for this
recommendation are that no colonel in the brigade has been as
deserving. He is a gallant soldier, a daring and skilful officer, and
is throughly identified with the brigade as its leader. As a parti-
zan he has no superior. While others not in the brigade might
command a higher tribute for ability and military genius, yet
when I consider the claims of the Colonel for this promotion, and
the gallant service he has rendered, I am constrained to ask that
he receive this merited reward. The assignment of a junior to
this position would be prejudicial to the best interests of the

service.

Most respectfully,

J. E. B. Stuart,
Major- General Commanding Cavalry.
October 24th, 1862.

Headquarters Cavalry Division,
November 11th, 1S62.

General S. Cooper, Adjutant and Inspector- General C. S. A.:

General — I have the honor to renew my application for the
promotion of Major John Pelham to the rank of lieutenant-colonel
of artillery in my division. He will now have five batteries ; and
always on the battle field, batteries of other divisions and the reserve

192 Southern Historical Society Papers.

are thrown under his command, which make tlie position he holds
one of great responsibility, and it should have corresponding rank.
I will add that Pelham's coolness, courage, ability and judgment,
evinced on so many battle fields, vindicate his claims to promotion.
So far as service goes he has long since won a colonelcy at the
hands of his country. He is a native of Alabama, a graduate at
West Point.

Most respectfully, your obedient servant,

J. E. B. Stuart, 3Tajor- General.

Headquarters Army Northern Virginia,
January 31st, 1863.

Major-General J. E. B. Stuart, Commanding Cavalry Division:

General — I have read with great pleasure the report of
Colonel Butler, commanding Second South Carolina cavalry, of
the gallant conduct of Sergeant Mickler and his party in the skir-
mish in the streets of Brentsville, on 9th instant. Colonel Butler
says well '' that they are entitled to the notice and thanks of their
officers and the country." I have forwarded the report to the Sec-
retary of War, with the recommendation that these men be pro-
moted for "gallantry and skill" when the opportunity offers.
Should such an opportunity occur, it will give me pleasure to pre-
sent their names to the Secretaiy.

I have the honor to be, very respectfully.
Your obedient servant,

R. E. Lee, General.

Headquarters Cavalry Corps,
Army of Northern Virginia, April 4th, 1864.

[Conflclential.]

General — I wish you to bear in mind a few considerations for
your government as the commander of the outposts on the lower
Rappahannock.

Keep out scouts who will be competent and certain of commu-
nicating to you any movement of a large body of infantry (which
of course will be preceded by a large force of cavalry), down the
Rappahannock on the north side, with the view to a change of base
or extension of line to the Acquia railroad. Endeavor to secure
accurate information and telegraph it clearly, avoiding the possibility

I

Field Letters from Stuart'' s Headquarters. 193

of ambiguity for wliich telegrams are noted. It is very important
also to state time and place of enemy's movement. Should the
enemy endeavor to cross the river anywhere in your front, it is
desirable to prevent it, it is possible to delay it, and to the accom-
plishment of these alternatives, preferably the former, devote every
effort, and if needed send for Hart's battery near Milford. Bear
in mind that your telegrams may make the whole army strike tents,
and night or day, rain or shine, take up the line of march ; endeavor
therefore to secure accurate information.

Should the enemy cross at Eley's or Germana, you should move
at once to meet him, feel his force, endeavor to penetrate his designs,
and report back by telegram giving his progress, and watch his
direction of march, in doing which do not let a feigned movement
deceive you. It is probably that a corresponding move will be
made by a part or all of our main body, to connect your reconnois-
sance with which will be highly desirable. The enemy's main body
will, in the event of such a move, either march directly for Fred-
ericksburg, or move uj) the turnpike or plank road towards Vidiers-
ville, as before. In the former case, endeavor to impede his march
with artillery and dismounted men, so as to give us a chance to
strike his flank. In the latter case, close up and harass his rear, as
Eosser did so handsomely before. Above all, Vigilance, Vigilance,
VIGILANCE !

Very respectfully,

J. E. B. Stuart, Major- General.
Brigadier-General J. K. Ciiambliss, Commanding., 8f-c.

I

Headqtjakters Army Northern Virginia,
23cl April, 1864.
Major-Ceneral J. E. B. Stuart, Commanding C. C:

General — The Commanding General directs me to inform
you, that in view of the reports of your scouts and those of General
Imboden, he is disposed to believe that Averill contemplates making
another expedition either to Staunton or the Virginia and Tennessee
railroad simultaneously with the general movement of the Federal
army. The reduction of the enemy's force on the Baltimore and
Ohio railroad, in the lower valley, has induced the General to
direct General Imboden, if he finds it practicable, to endeavor to
anticipate the movement of Averill, and disconcert his plans by a
demonstration against the railroad and the force guarding it in
3

194 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Martinsburg and the lower valley. Should General Imboden at-
tempt this, General Lee thinks that his end might be promoted by
the co-operation of Colonel Mosby, and he directs that you will
notify the latter to communicate with General Imboden, and, if
possible, arrange some plan for a combined movement. Great care
should be taken to prevent your letter to Mosby from falling into
the hands of the enemy.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Charles Marshall,
Lieutenant- Colonel and A. D. G.

{

Zagonyt's Charge toith FremonCs Body Guard. 195

Za^onyi's Charg-e with Freiuont's Body-Guard— A Picturesque
Fol-de-rol.

By Colonel William Preston Johnston.

In some recent studies on the late civil war, the attention of the
writer has directed itself to the amazing exaggeration of certain
fighters, and the equally wonderful credulity of certain writers.
This was quite notable in the war in Missouri in 1861. The follow-
ing instance will illustrate this class of cases. Its extreme im-
probability rests not more upon its explicit denial by the Confede-
rates engaged, than on the internal evidences of inveracity. The
writer has no individual interest in the question, except that of
historical truth. But if this communication shou'ld tend to elicit
the exact facts in this case, or to start similar inquiries in other
cases, it will do something towards giving a solid basis to our war
history, which should not rest upon fiction.

Among the stories that have been repeated until they have ac-
quired currency and are liable to pass into history, unless contra-
dicted, one of the most conspicuous in the Missouri campaign is
the myth of " the charge of Zagonyi." Major Zagonyi, a Hunga-
rian, the commander of Fremont's body-guard, gained great credit
for the prodigious prowess of his command from his report of a
charge in which he led 150 of them against 2,200 Confederates,
whom he routed and slaughtered fearfully. His story is told in
the Report on the Conduct of the War (part 3, page 186) and is
vouched for by General Fremont (ibid, page 72); and, altogether,
makes a very amusing piece of war literature.

This fierce hussar beholds the enemy in line of battle ; he charges
down a lane 200 yards, in which forty of his men are unhorsed.
He continues thus:

"I formed my command, which at the time was hardly more
than 100 men, and with them I attacked the enemy, and in less
than five seconds the enemy were completely broken to pieces and
running in every direction. My men were so much excited that,
ten or fifteen of them would attack hundreds of the enemy ; and
in that single attack, I lost fifteen men killed — that was all I lost
in dead ; and the enemy's dead men on the ground were 106.

" Question. How did you kill them — with sabres or with re-
volvers?"

" Answer. Mostly with the sabre. We Hungarians teach our

196 Southern Historical Society Papers.

soldiers never to use the revolver, as they are of very little use.
The sabre is the only arm the cavalry need, if they are well drilled.
There were no swords of my men that were not bloody; and I saw
swords from which the blood was running down on the hand.
The men were drilled very well. I had only six weeks from the
time I had the first man sworn in service to the time we started
for the field; but in those six weeks I brought them forward so far
as I ever thought I should be able to do." :ic * * *

" By Mr. Chandler — Question. How many did you have wounded
besides the fifteen killed?"

"Answer. I had twenty-eight wounded," etc. * *

" Question. Do you know the number of the wounded of the
enemy? "

" Answer. No, sir; I do dot, but I heard that it was a great many ;
and that a great many of them would die, because they had mostly
received heav}' cuts on the head. All the dead were cut in the
head. Some of the enemy behaved themselves very bravely indeed,
but they were not able to hold up against this tremendous charged

Zagonyi says in the course of two pages of testimony : " I found
that the enemy, instead of having only 300 or 400, had 1,800 or
1,900." " After the battle was over, I found out there was indeed
2,200." " The probability was that there were 1,900 of the enemy."

In spite of the combined oriental exuberance and suspicious
Falstaffian minuteness of this witness, not only less respectable
annalists, but the Comte de Paris substantially accepts and adopts
his story as a true narrative. The writer is assured, however, by
those conversant with the facts, that Zagonyi's rhodomontade was
merely the cloak for a disaster. He was ambuscaded by militia,
not more numerous than his own command, and severely handled,
with the loss of only two or three of his opponents.

If his story, or similar military reports, had been true, it was the
wildest extravagance on the part of the United States to keep
60,000 or 80,000 men on foot in Missouri, as was the case at that
time. Fremont's body-guard should have been increased to 2,000
or 3,000 men and permitted " to charge with sabres " wherever the
Confederates could be found " in line of battle." Instead of this,
an ungrateful Republic, while it embalmed these heroes in its history,
somewhat contumeliously discharged them from its service. What
is the truth of it?

VV. P. J.

Disaission of the Prison Question. 197

The Nation on Our Discussion of tlie Prison Question.

Our readers will remember that we devoted the numbers of our
Papers for March and April of last year (1876) to a discussion of
the " T)'eatment of Prisoners during the War between the States.^' We
sent copies of the numbers containing this discussion to all of the
leading newspapers of the country, and wrote them a private letter
enclosing proof-sheets of our summing iqj, and asking of them such
review as they might think proper. • Our »Southern papers gene-
rally published fall and most complimentary notices of the discus-
sion ; but the Northern press, so far as we learned, were silent,
except a few such ill-natured paragraphs as the one which ap-
peared in the New York Tribune, to the effect that the "country
wanted peace," and they did not see why we could not let it have
the peace after which it longed.

Among other papers to which we sent our articles was The Na-
tion, from which we hoped to have had a review. It was silent,
however, until in its issue of April 5th, 1877 (twelve months after
our publication), it honors us with a notice which, while ably and
very adroitly put, utterly fails, we think, either to fairly represent
our argument or to meet the issues involved. At all events, we are
willing for our readers to judge between us, and we give herewith
in full The Nation's review :

TREATMENT OF PRISONERS IN THE CIVIL WAR.

The Southern Historical Society has just published the report of
its Secretary on the treatment of prisoners by Ihe South in the late
war — a subject spoken of by us only a few weeks ago (vol. xxiii, p.
385). The report of such a society is entitled to consideration
from its source; but we regret to say that its treatment is not judi-
cial, and that it adds but little to our knowledge of the matter.
The evidence of abuses at the largest Southern prisons — Ijibby,
Bell Isle, and especially Andersonville — is so extensive and so ex-
cellent (including the statements of both the investigating officers
sent by the Confederate Government) that general denials by the
author, or persons like General Lee, who do not appear to have
had any personal knowledge of the matter, will hardly receive
the attention the Secretary seems to expect, particularly as it appears
plainly enough from the report that there is only too much foun-
dation for the charges. The author, however, seems to think that
any weakness on this point is fully covered if he can show that
the North was responsible for the stoppage of exchange and that
Southerners suffered in Northern prisons, having the impression,

198 Southern Historical Society Payers.

apparently, that if that were the case no responsibility could after-
wards rest on the South ; and this seems, curiously enough, to be
the position of nearly all the Southern writers who have referred
to the matter. Instead of frankly acknowledging and regretting
these wrongs, they defend them. Extraordinary as it may seem,
this Historical Society justifies the preparations made to blow up
the thousand and odd Union officers in the Libby prison at the
time when the near approach of Dahlgren threatened Richmond ;
and no doubt the order of Winder at Andersonville to the same
effect appears to these Southern historians in the same light.

After this our readers will not be much surprise to learn that
Winder was a gallant hero and Wirz a saintly martyr, though the
immediate responsibility for the fearful mortality rests upon them
beyond a question. It appears plainly enough from this report
that the mortality at Andersonville was almost wholly from diar-
rhcea, dysentery, gangrene, scurvy, and allied diseases, produced
principally by overcrowding, filth, exposure, bad water, and insuf-
ficient food, and that all of these, except possibly the last, were
easily remediable. There was an abundance of land and timber
for extending the limits of the prison, crowded with more than
four times the number it could healthily hold. Shelter there was
none. Colonel Persons, during the brief j>eriod of his command
at the first opening of the prison in the spring of 1864, collected
lumber for barracks, but General Winder refused to -use it, and
compelled even the sick in hospital to lie on the ground in such a
state that the Confederate surgeons on duty reported that the con-
dition of the hospital " was horrible." This refusal to provide
shelter was as unnecessary as the overcrowding. When, on the
death of General W^inder in the spring of 1865, General Imboden
took command, he seems to have had no trouble in erecting dwell-
ings for 1,200 or 1,500 men within a fortnight by the labor of the
prisoners, and he mentions the want of shelter as one of the
principal causes of the death-rate of the previous year. Here
again we find it difficult to put ourselves in the position of an
historian who thinks that this refusal of General Winder and
Lieutenant Wirz to furnish shelter was justified by an attempt to
escape made by one of the first parties allowed to go outside the
stockade months before. Yet this is seriously said of a prison
where in five months about ten thousand men died in an average of
less than twenty thousand confined, and in October the deaths were
one-fourth of the average number there (1,560 in average 6,200).
The drainage and water-supply stand in the same position. Both
were foul, when they might easily have been fine. These things
were so needless and so fatal that we can well believe Colonel
Chandler, who reported officially to the Confederate Government,
at the time when men were dying at the rate of over one hundred
a day, that General Winder advocated " deliberately and in cold
blood the propriety of leaving them in their present condition until
their number had been sufficiently reduced by death to make the

I

Discussion of the Prison Question. 199

present arrangement suffice for their accommodation." With such
an object before him, there is little reason to doubt the evidence of
the bad quality and the insufficient amount of food furnished.
The Secretary, in his report, quotes three witnesses (Frost, Jones
and Park), to the effect that the same rations were issued to the
guard — a disputed point not perhaps very important to settle, as it
is not denied that there were abundant supplies at Americus and
elsewhere in the vicinity, in a region which Sherman found so well
supplied, and that our men were starving to death on the rations
of unbolted corn-meal alone that were issued to them, while the
gifts of charitable neighbors were not allowed to be distributed to
them.

The responsibility of General Winder and Lieutenant Wirz for
all this cannot be rationally denied ; but we could wish for our
national credit that it went no further. Unfortunately, the injudi-
cious authors of this report will not allow us to believe so. Early
in 1864, soon after the general reduction in rations to the prisoners
of war in the hands of the Confederates, attention was drawn to
their sufferings. Colonel Persons appealed to the courts for an
injunction on the Anderson ville prison as a public nuisance, Plon.
H. S. Foote, aroused by the Secretary of War's recommendation
that no more meat be issued to the prisoners, called the attention
of the Confederate House of Representatives to their sufferings,
and asked investigation. General Howell Cobb, who had com-
mand of the department, investigated the hospitals, and, in the face
of outspoken reports from the surgeons in charge, reported that
action was not required. Dr. Jones, however, who was specially
sent there by the Government for scientific investigation, made a
report which, though one-sided and long-winded, showed plainly
■enough the state of things. Colonel Chandler, who was sent by
the Secretary of War, Colonel Seddon, to investigate the charges,
briefly reported in August, 1864, that it was "a place the horrors
which it is difficult to describe, and which is a disgrace to civiliza-
tion," and recommended the removal of General Winder. General
Cooper, the Inspector-General, endorsed this report, writing that
" Andersonville is a reproach to us as a nation." J. A. Campbell,
the Assistant Secretary of War, urgently endorsed the report. Gen-
eral Bragg and General Ransom and others agitated for Winder's
removal. Judge Ould made the mortality of the prisoners the
ground for a strong appeal to the United States for a renewal of
exchange. And this ivas all. Mr. Davis not only refused to remove
General Winder, but extended his authority to all the Confederate
prisons, which powers he held until his death in the following year.
The apologists for President Davis have always contended that he
was not aware of the "horror"; and singular as it may seem that
a ruler who always made himself personally familiar with even
the details of the War Office, should not have known of an in-
vestigation of such a nature, made in consequence of action of the
House, pressed by the principal departments, and made the basis

k

200 Southern Historical Society Papers.

of diplomatic action with the United States, the wrong was so great
that we hesitated to believe that Mr. Davis could sanction or defend
it. But it appears from this report that Mr. Davis knew General
Winder's character, and — we quote his own words in his letter of
June 20, 1867 — " was always, therefore, confident that the charge
was unjustly imputed " and that everything was done that could
have been expected. We must confess to a feeling of regret that
an injudicious advocate has thought it necessary to publish a letter
that shows the man whom half of our nation for years delighted
to honor, as always knowing the charges and defending the course
pursued.

The Secretary expends a considerable space upon stories of wrongs
by Northern soldiers, most of which are probably true, but it is
hardly Avorth while to analyze in detail the confused assemblage.
Many of the incidents were the unavoidable atrocities of border
warfare, not connected with the prisons discussed, and most of the
others were exceptional, occurring under officers who were speedily
removed, or under unusual circumstances, as appears by the ac-
counts of others in the same report, showing a generally different
state of affairs. That sad abuses occurred occasionally is evident
enough, but that there was any general ill-treatment for which
the Government was responsible there is no reason to believe, except
certain suspicious statistics of prison mortality made up from state-
ments of Secretary Stanton as to the number of prisoners taken,
and a report of Surgeon Barnes giving the total number of deaths.
The result of the calculation is startling, for it shows a rate of
mortality in the Confederate prisons, excluding Andersonville, only
about one-half of that in the Northern. Bearing in mind the great
sacrifice of life at Belle Isle and Libby, and the loose way in
which the estimate is made from diverse and inaccessible sources,
it seems suspicious in the extreme. It has been impossible to
learn anything about it from the present Adjutant-General's office,
where the applicant will find himself turned off with some ambig-
uous statement that the mortality on one side is roughly estimated
at 12 per cent., and on the other side at 16 per cent.; and if he asks
on which side it was twelve and which sixteen, be refused further
information on the ground that to answer such requests " would
require the entire clerical force of the office for about three years."
It is to be hoped that under the new Administration this stain on
the national honor may be removed. But meanwhile our reputa-
tion suffers most seriously from the charge, as any one who re-
members the flings of foreign journals will recall with mortifica-
tion.

Now we respectfully ask any one interested in the matter to read
what we published on this question, and we feel entirely confident
that any fair-minded man will agree with us that the above -notice
of The Nation is an unfair representation of both our argument
and the spirit in which we wrote. Our discussion was not a " re-

Discussion of the Prison Question. 201

port on the treatment of prisoners by the South in the late war,"
else it might have assumed a different form, and perhaps have
been more "judicial." But the slanders against the South, which
had gone so long unanswered that they had " run riot over both
facts and probabilities," were repeated on the floor of the House of
Representatives by Mr. Blaine, who charged that "3/r. Davis was
the author, knoioingly, deliberately, guiltily and wilfully, of the gigantic
murder and crime at Andersonville.^^ We felt called on to defend our
Government from these charges, and our argument was not that
there were no " abuses " in Southern prisons — that there was no
evidence of cruelty to prisoners on the part of individuals, and by
no meaas that there were not great sufferings and fearful mortalit}'
among the Federal prisoners at the South ; but we pursued a line
of argument clearly indicated in the following brief summing up, with
which we closed our discussion, and which, we respectfully sub-
mit. The Nation might have given to its readers, if it had been
itself disposed to be ^'judiciaV' in its treatment of this question.
We closed our discussion as follows :

We think that we have established the following points :

1. The laws of the Confederate Congress, the orders of the War
Department, the regulations of the Surgeon-General, the action of
our Generals in the field, and the orders of those who had the im-
mediate charge of the prisoners, all provided that prisoners in the
hands of the Confederates should be kindly treated, supplied with
the same rations which our soldiers had, and cared for when sick
in hospitals placed on precisely the same footing as the hospitcds for
Confederate soldiers.

2. If these regulations were violated in individual instances, and
if subordinates were sometimes cruel to prisoners, it was without
the knowledge or consent of the Confederate Government, which
always took prompt action on any case reported to them.

3. If the prisoners failed to get their full rations, and had those
of inferior quality, the Confederate soldiers suffered in precisely the
same way, and to the same extent, and it resulted from that system
of warfare adopted by the Federal authorities, which carried deso-
lation and ruin to every part of the South they could reach, and
which in starving the Confederates into submission brought the
same evils upon their own men in Southern prisons.

4. The mortality in Southern prisons (fearfully large, although
over three per cent, less than the mortality in Xorfhern jrrisons), resulted
from causes beyond the control of our authorities — from epidemics,
&c., which might have been avoided, or greatly mitigated, had not
the Federal Government declared medicines "contraband of war" —
refused the proposition of Judge Quid, that each Government
should send its own surgeons with medicines, hospital stores, Szc,

202 Southern Historical Society Papers.

to minister to soldiers in prison — declined his proposition to send
medicines to its own men in Southern prisons, without being re-
quired to allow the Confederates the same privilege — refused to
allow the Confederate Government to buy medicines for gold,
tobacco or cotton, which it offered to pledge its honor should be
used only for Federal prisoners in its hands — refused to exchange
sick and wounded — and neglected from August to December, 1864,
to accede to Judge Quid's proposition to send transportation to
Savannah and receive toithout equivalent from ten to fifteen thousand
Federal prisoners, notwithstanding the fact that this offer was ac-
companied with a statement of the utter inability of the Confede-
racy to provide for these prisoners, and a detailed report of the
monthly mortality at Andersonville, and that Judge Ould, again
and again, urged compliance with his humane proposal.

5. We have proven, by the most unimpeachable testimony, that
the sufferings of Confederate prisoners in Northern "prison pens,"
were terrible beyond description — that they were starved in a land
of plenty — that they were frozen where fuel and clothing were
abundant — that they suffered untold horrors for want of medicines,
hospital stores and proper medical attention — that they were shot
by sentinels, beaten by officers, and subjected to the most cruel
punishments upon the slightest pretexts — that friends at the North
were refused the privilege of clothing their nakedness or feeding
them when starving — and that these outrages were perpetrated not
only with the full knowledge of, but under the orders of E. M.
StantOxN, U. S. Secretary of War. We have proven these things
by Federal as well as Confederate testimony.

6. We have shown that all the suffering of prisoners on both
sides could have been avoided by simply carrying out the terms
of the cartel, and that for the failure to do this the Federal authori-
ties alone were responsible; that the Confederate Government
originally proposed the cartel, and were always ready to carry it
out in both letter and spirit; that the Federal authorities observed
its terms only so long as it was to their interest to do so, and then
repudiated their plighted faith, and proposed other terms, which
were greatly to the disadvantage of the Confederates ; that when
the Government at Richmond agreed to accept the hard terms of
exchange offered them, these were at once repudiated by the Fede-
ral authorities ; that when Judge Ould agreed upon a new cartel
with General Butler, Lieutenant-General Grant refused to approve
it, and Mr. Stanton repudiated it; and that the policy of the Fede-
ral Government was to refuse all exchanges, while they " fired the
Northern heart" by placing the whole blame upon the "Rebels,"
and by circulating the most heartrending stories of "Rebel bar-
barity " to prisoners.

If either of the above points has not been made clear to any
sincere seeker after the truth, we would be most happy to produce
further testimony. And we hold ourselves prepared to maintain,
against all comers, the truth of every proposition ive have laid down in

i

Discussion of the Prison Question. 203

■this discussion. Let the calm verdict of history decide between the
Confederate Government and their calumniators.

We regret that The Nation did not attempt to meet these points
fairly and squarely, instead of seeking to break their force by an
ingenious (though we are willing to hope unintentional) misrep-
resentation of what we wrote.

But as it has not thought proper to pursue this course, let us
briefly examine some of the points in its review. The sneer at the
testimony of "persons like General Lee, who do not appear to
have had any personal knowledge of the matter," shows an utter
misapprehension of the object for which we introduced such testi-
mony.

We gave the statements of ex- President Davis, General R. E.
Lee, Vice-President A. H. Stephens, and others high in authority
among the Confederates, not to show that there was not suffering
among the prisoners, but to show that the Confederate Government
always ordered that the prisoners should be kindly treated, and
that they sought to have these kind intentions carried out.

We did not attempt to justify cruel treatment to Federal prison-
ers on the ground " that the North was responsible for the stop-
page of exchange, and that Southerners suffered in Northern
prisons." We might not have introduced the treatment of Con-
federates in Northern prisons at all, in this discussion, but for the
fact that Mr. Blaine (to whom we were replying) threw down the
gauntlet, and declared that there was no cruel treatment of Con-
federate prisoners at the North — indeed, that they were much
better cared for than when in the Confederacy — and we felt called
on, therefore, to show that the Federal authorities were themselves
guilty of the atrocities which they (falsely) charged against the
Confederates.

The statement that " this Historical Society justifies the prepa-
rations made to blow up the thousand and odd Union officers in
the Libby Prison at the time when the near approach of Dahlgren
threatened Richmond," is not capable of even a fair inference from
anything which we wrote. We simply published in full, without
note or comment, the report of the committee of the Confederate
Congress, presented March 3d, 1865, in which they give the circum-
stances under which the authorities of Libby Prison acted (Dahl-
gren approaching Richmond for the avowed purpose of liberating
over 5,000 prisoners and sacking the city, after murdering the

k

204 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Confederate President, Cabinet, &c.) If The Nation desires to dis-
cuss that question, we presume it could be accomodated, but we
expressed absolutely no opinion xvhatever on it. Nor did we intimate
the opinion that " Wirz was a saintly martyr.''^ We simply showed
that the charges against him were not proven — that his so-called-
" trial " was the veriest mockery of justice — that much of the testi-
mony against him was afterwards proven to be perjured — and that
the witnesses for the defence were summarily dismissed (without
being heard) by the prosecution. Nor did we deem it incumbent
upon us to enter into any defence of General Winder, distinctly
averring that "if it could be proven beyond all doubt that the
officers at Andersonville were the fiends incarnate that Northern
hatred pictures them to be, there is not one scintilla of proof that
the Government at Richmond ordered, approved or in any way
countenanced their atrocities." But we did publish incidentally
letters from Secretary Seddon, ex-President Davis, Adjutant-Gene-
ral S. Cooper, Colonel George W. Brent and General G. T. Beaure-
gard, and the testimony of Federal prisoners themselves, going to
show that the charges against him were false.

The Nation then proceeds to ring the same old charges on the
horrors of Andersonville which we have heard for years, and utterly
ignores the testimony which we introduced on the other side. We
gave the statements of Mr. L. M. Park, of La Grange, Georgia (for
whom we vouched as a gentleman of unimpeachable character),
who was on duty at Andersonville nearly the whole of the time it
was a prison, and who gives the most emphatic testimony to the
effect that the water used by the prisoners was the same as that
used by the guards, and was not " foul," as has been repre-
sented — that the failure to erect barracks was from want of mills
to saw the lumber, want of timber, and lack of even a supply of
nails — that the rations issued to the prisoners were precisely the
same as those issued to the guard — that the mortalit}^ among the
guard was as great, in proportion to numbers, as among the pris-
oners — and that the causes of the mortality were utterly beyond
the control of the Confederate authorities.

We published also an able and exhaustive paper from Dr. Joseph
Jones, of New Orleans (a gentleman who stands in the very front
rank of his profession), who ofhcall}'' investigated and reported on
the causes of mortality at Andersonville, and who, while admitting
and deploring the fearful death rate, fully exonerates the Confede-
rate authorities from blame in the matter. We also gave a number

/

Discussion of the Prison Quedion. 205

of orders, letters, &c., from the Confederate authorities, showing
that they were doing all in their power to mitigate the sufferings
of the prisoners, and the emphatic testimony of Dr. Randolph
Stevenson, the surgeon in charge of the hospital, to the following
effect :

"The guards on duty here were similarly affected with gangrene
and scurvy. Captain Wirz had gangrene in an old wound, which
he had received in the battle of Manassas, in 1861, and was absent
from the post (Andersonville) some four weeks on surgeon's certifi-
cate. (In his trial certain Federal witnesses swore to his killing certain
prisoners in August, 1864, lohen he (Wirz) ivas actnally at that time absent
on sick leave in Angusta, Georgia.) General Winder had gangrene of
the face, and was forbidden by his surgeon (I. H. White) to go in-
side the stockade. Colonel G. C. Gibbs, commandant of the post,
had gangrene of the face, and was furloughed under the certificate
of Surgeons Wible and Gore, of Americus, Georgia. The writer
of this can fully attest to effects of gangrene and scurvy contracted
whilst on dut}^ there; their marks will follow him to his grave.
The Confederate graveyard at Andersonville will fully prove that
the mortality among the guards was almost as great in proportion
to the number of men as among the Federals."

The paper of General Imbodcn, wliich we published, fully cor-
roborates the above statements.

But we gave the testimony of Mr. John M. Frost, of the Nine-
teenth Maine regiment, the resolutions of the Andersonville pris-
oners adopted September 23d, 1864, the testimon}^ of Prescott
Tracy, of the Eighty-second regiment, New York volunteers, and
of another Andersonville prisoner — all going to established in the
most emphatic manner the points we made. The Nation ignores
most of this testimony, and uses what it alludes to very much as
Judge Advocate Chipman did Dr. Jones' report in the Wirz trial —
i. e., uses it to prove that great suffering and mortality existed at
Andersonville, but suppresses the part ivhich exonerates the Confederate
authorities from the charges made against them.

Even at the risk of wearying our readers, we must (for tlie bene-
fit of those who have not seen our previous papers on this subject),
repeat our comments on the testimony we introduced :

It appears, then, from the foregoing statements that the prison at
Andersonville was established with a view to healthfuhicss of loca-
tion, and that the great mortality which ensued resulted chiefly
from the crowded condition of the stockade, the use of corn bread,
to which the prisoners had not been accustomed, tlie want of va-
riety in the rations furnished, and the want of medicines and hos-

206 Southern Historical Society Papers.

pital stores to enable our surgeons properly to treat the sick. As
to the first point, the reply is at hand. The stockade at Anderson-
ville was originally designed for a much smaller number of pris-
oners than were afterwards crowded into it. But prisoners accu-
mulated — after the stoppage of exchange — in Richmond and at
other points; the Dahlgren raid — which had for its avowed object
the liberation of the prisoners, the assassination of President Davis
and his Cabinet, and the sacking of Richmond — warned our autho-
rities against allowing large numbers of prisoners to remain in
Richmond, even if the difficulty of feeding them there was removed;
and the only alternative was to rush them down to Andersonville,
as enough men to guard them elsewhere could not be spared from
the ranks of our armies, which were now everywhere fighting over-
whelming odds. We have a statement from an entirely trustworthy
source that the reason prisoners were not detailed to cut timber
with which to enlarge the stockade and build shelters is, that this
privilege was granted to a large number of them when the prison
was first established, they giving their parole of honor not to at-
tempt to escape ; and that they violated their paroles, threw away their
axes, and spread dismay throughout that whole region by creating the
impression that all of the prisoners had broken loose. This experiment
could not, of course, be repeated, and the rest had to suffer for the
bad faith of these, who not only prevented the detail of any num-
bers of other prisoners for this work, but made way with axes which
could not be replaced. In reference to feeding the prisoners on
corn bread, there has been the loudest complaints and the bitterest
denunciations. The}^ had not been accustomed to such hard fare
as "hog and hominy," and the poor fellows did suffer fearfully
from it. But the Confederate soldiers had the same rations. Our sol-
diers had the advantage of buying supplies and of receiving occa-
sional boxes from home, which the prisoners at Andersonville
could have enjoyed to an even greater extent had the United States
authorities been willing to accept the humane proposition of our
Commissioner of Exchange — to allow each side to send supplie&
to their prisoners. But why did not the Confederacy furnish bet-
ter rations to both' our own soldiers and our prisoners? and why
were the prisoners at Andersonville not supplied with ivheat bread
instead of corn bread ? Answers to these questions may be abun-
dantly found by referring to the orders of Major-General John
Pope, directing his men "to live on the country"; the orders of
General Sherman, in fulfilling his avowed purpose to " make
Georgia howl " as he "smashed things generally " in that "great
march," which left smoking, blackened ruins and desolated fields ta
mark his progress ; the orders of General Grant to his Lieutenant,
to desolate the rich wheat-growing Valley of Virginia; or the re-
ports of General Sheridan, boasting of the number of barns he had
burned, the mills he had destroyed, and the large amount of wheat
he had given to the flames, until there was really more truth than
poetry in his boast that he had made the Shenandoah Valley "such a

Discussion of the Prison Question. 207

waste that even a crow flying over would be compelled to carry his
own rations." We have these and other similar orders of Federal
Generals in our archives (we propose to give hereafter a few choice
extracts from them), and we respectfully submit that, for tlie South
to be abused for not furnishing Federal prisoners with better ra-
tions, when our own soldiers and people had been brought pain-
fully near the starvation point by the mode of warfare which the
Federal Government adopted, is even more unreasonable than the
course of the old Egyptian task-masters who required their captives
to " make brick without straw." And to the complaints that the
sick did not have proper medical attention, we reply that the hos-
pital at Andersonville v/as placed on precisely the same footing as the
hospitals for the treatment of our own soldiers. We have the law of the
Confederate Congress enjoining this, and the orders of the Surgeon-
General enforcing it. Besides, we have in our archives a large
budget of original orders, telegrams, letters, &c., which passed be-
tween the officers on duty at Andersonville and their superiors.
We have carefully looked through this large mass of papers, and
we have been unable to discover a single sentence indicating that the
prisoners were to be treated otherwise than kindl}^, or that the hos-
pital was to receive a smaller supply of medicines or of stores than
the hospitals for Confederate soldiers. On the contrary, the whole
of these papers go to show that the prison hospital at Andersonville
was on the same footing precisely with every hospital for sick or
wounded Confederates, and that the scarcity of medicines and hos-
pital stores, of which there was such constant complaint, proceeded
from causes which our authorities could not control.

But we can make the case still stronger. Whose fault was it
that the Confederacy was utterly unable to supply medicines for
the hospitals of either friends or foe ? Most unquestionably the re-
sponsibility rests with the Federal authorities. They not only
declared medicines "contraband of war"— even arresting ladies
coming South for concealing a little quinine under their skirts— but
they sanctioned the custom of their soldiers to sack every drug
store in the Confederacy which they could reach, and to destroy
even the little stock of medicines which the private physician might
chance to have on hand.

When General Milroy banished from Winchester, Virginia, the
family of Mr. Lovd Logan, because the General (and his wife)
fancied his elegantly furnished mansion for headquarters, he not
only forbade their carrying with them a change of raiment, and
refused to allow Mrs. Logan to take one of her spoons with which
to administer medicine to a sick child, but he most emphatically^
prohibited their carrying a small medicine chest, or even a. Jciv phials of
medicine which the physician had prescribed for immediate use. I os-
siblv some ingenious casuist may defend this policy; but who will
defend at the bar of history the refusal of the Federal authorities
to accept Judge Quid's several propositions to allow surgeons Irom
either side to visit and minister to their own men in prison— to

208 Southern Historical Society Papers.

allow each to furnish medicines, etc., to their prisoners in the hands
of the other — and finally to purchase in the North, for gold, cotton,
or tobacco, medicines for the exclusive use of Federcd prisoners in the
South? Well might General Lee have said to President Davis,
in response to expressions of bitter disappointment when he re-
ported the failure of his efforts to bring about an exchange of pris-
oners : " We have done everything in our power to mitigate the suffering of
prisoners, and there is no just cause for a sense of further responsibility on
our party

The Nation says: "We find it difficult to put ourselves in the
position of an historian who thinks that this refusal of General
Winder and Lieutenant Wirz to furnish shelter was justified by an
attempt to escape made by one of the first parties allowed to go
outside the stockade months before." Now this, as the reader can
readily see by glancing at the sentence, is very different from what
we wrote. We did not justify "a refusal of General Winder and
Lieutenant Wirz to furnish shelter''^ (on the contrary, if these "judi-
cial" gentlemen of The Nation will stop their bald assertions and
prove that there was such a "refuscd,^^ we will join them in strong
condemnation of it), but we cited this incident to account for the
fact that details of prisoners were not made for the purpose for some
time after the first parties violated their paroles and threw away
implements which could not be replaced. That these details were
made afterwards, our testimony abundantly shows.

We might have mentioned several other reasons for the delay in
providing more comfortable quarters for the prisoners at Anderson-
ville: 1. It was always expected to very greatly reduce the number
by the establishment of other prisons which were being prepared
as rapidly as the means at hand would allow. 2. It was hoped
that the United States authorities would surely consent to an ex-
change of prisoners when the Confederates agreed to their own
hard terms, which Judge Ould had finally done. 3, And when
our Commissioner proposed in August, 1864, to deliver at Savannah
from ten to fifteen thousand prisoners which the Federal authori-
ties might have withoiit equivalent by simply sending transportation
for them, it was reasonably supposed that Andersonville would be
at once relieved of its over-crowding, for it was not anticipated that
the United States Government would be guilty of the crime of
allowing its brave soldiers to languish, suffer and die from August
until December when "the Rebels" opened the doors of the prison
and bade them go without conditions. 4. We ought to have
brought out more clearly in our discussion the bearings of the

Discussion of the Prison Question, 209

difficulties of transportation which the Confederates encountered the
last year of the war, npon this question of properly providing for
their prisoners. Any one who will even glance through tlie papers
on the "Resources of the Confederacy" which we have published,
will see how the breaking down of the railroads and the utter in-
adequacy of transportation put our armies on starvation rations
even when there were enough in the depots to supply them; and,
of course, the supplies for the prisoners were cut down in the same
way.

But we might safely rest this whole question of the relative
treatment of prisoners North and South on the official figures of
Secretary Stanton and Surgeon-General Barnes, w^hich were thus
presented by Hon. B. H. Hill in his masterly reply to Mr. Blaine :

" Now, will the gentleman believe testimony from the dead? The
Bible says, 'The tree is known by its fruits.' And, after all, what
is the test of suffering of these prisoners North and South? The
test is the result. Now, I call the attention of gentlemen to this
fact, that the report of Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War — you
will believe him, will you not? — on the 19th July, 1866 — send to
the Library and get it — exhibits the fact that of the Federal pris-
oners in Confederate hands during the war, only 22,576 died, while
of the Confederate prisoners in Federal hands 26,436 died. And
Surgeon-General Barnes reports in an official report — I suppose
you will believe him — that in round numbers the Confederate
prisoners in Federal hands amounted to 220,000, while the Federal
prisoners in Confederate hands amounted to 270,000. Out of the
270,000 in Confederate hands 22,000 died, while of the 220,000
Confederates in Federal hands over 26,000 died. The ratio is this:
more than twelve per cent, of the Confederates in Federal hands
died, and less than nine per cent, of the Federals in Confederate
hands died. What is the logic of these facts according to the gen-
tleman from Maine? I scorn to charge murder upon the otFicials
of Northern prisons, as the gentleman has done upon Confederate
prison officials. I labor to demonstrate that such miseries are
inevitable in prison life, no matter how humane the regulations."

These figures (compiled not by Confederates, but by those who
had no love for "Rebels" — compiled from documents to which ive
are denied all access — compiled in the regular course of official duty,
and with scarcely a thought of the tale they would tell when col-
lated and compared) are an end to the controversy so far as show-
ing that if the Confederates were cruel to prisoners, it does not lie in the
mouths of the United States authorities, or their apologists, to condemn
them. Let them first purge themselves of the charge before they try
4

210 Southern Historical Society Frqjers.

to blacken the Confederacy with it. No wonder that attempts have
been made to explain away these figures, and even to deny their
authenticity — one bold man charging that "Jeff. Davis manufac-
tured them for Ben. Hill's use"; but all such attempts have proven
ludicrous failures.

Mr. Elaine, with full time to prepare his repl}^ and all of the re-
ports at hand, did not dare to deny their authenticity, but only en-
deavored to break their force by the following lame explanation:

"Now, in regard to the relative number of prisoners that died in
the North and the South respectively, the gentleman undertook to
show that a great many more prisoners died in the hands of the
Union authorities than in the hands of the Rebels. I have had
conversations with surgeons of the army about that, and they say
that there were a large number of deaths of Rebel prisoners, but
that during the latter period of the war they came into our hands
very much exhausted, ill-clad, ill-fed, diseased, so that they died in
our prisons of diseases that they brought Avith them. And one
eminent surgeon said, without wishing at all to be quoted in this
debate, that the question was not only what was the condition of
the prisoners when they came to us, but what it was when they
were sent back. Our men were taken in full health and strength;
they came back wasted and worn — mere skeletons. The Rebel
prisoners, in large numbers, were, when taken, emaciated and re-
duced; and General Grant says that at the time such superhuman
efforts were made for exchange there Avere 90,000 men that would
have reinforced the Confederate armies the next day, prisoners in
our hands who were in good health and ready for fight. This con-
sideration sheds a great deal of light on what the gentleman states."

This explanation (?) cuts the throat of the whole argument to
prove Confederate cruelt}'^ to prisoners, for if the Confederacy could
make no better provision for its own soldiers in the field, how could
it be expected to provide for its prisoners? And it is, at the same
time, a very severe reflection upon the "patriot soldiers" of the
North who (though hale, hearty, well equipped and well fed) not
iinfrequently found greatly inferior numbers of these "emaciated
and reduced" skeletons more than a match for their valor.

But The Nation evidently sees the force of these figures, and
makes an attempt to break it, which is certainl}'" adroit, whatever
we may think of its candor. It says:

That sad abuses occurred occasionally is evident enough, but
that there was any general ill-treatment for which the Government
was responsible there is no reason to believe except certain suspi-
cious statistics of prison mortality made up from statements of

Discussion of the Prison Question. 211

Secretary Stanton as to the number of prisoners taken, and a report
of Surgeon Barnes giving the total number of deaths. The result
of the calculation is startling, for it shows a rate of mortality in
the Confederate prisons, excluding Andersonville, only about one-
half of that in the Northern. Bearing in mind the great sacrifice
of life at Belle Isle and Libby, and the loose way in which the esti-
mate is made from diverse and inaccessible sources, it seems suspi-
cious in the extreme. It has been impossible to learn anything
about it from the present Adjutant-General's office, where the appli-
cant will find himself turned off with some ambiguous statement
that the mortality on one side is roughly estimated at 12 per cent,
and on the other side at 16 per cent; and if he asks on Avhich side
it was twelve and which sixteen, be refused further information on
the ground that to answer such requests "would require the entire
clerical force of the office for about three years." It is to be hoped
that under the new Administration this stain on the national honor
may be removed. But meanwhile our reputation suffers most se-
riously from the charge, as any one who remembers the flings of
foreign journals will recall with mortification."

Now, we tell The Nation, in all candor, that "this stain on the
national honor" cannot be wiped out by prevailing on the new
Administration (if it could succeed in doing so) to have a new set
of figures prepared for the 'purpose. Secretary Stanton's report of the
number of prisoner's who died on both sides during the war was
made July 19th, 1866; Surgeon-General Barnes' report of the num-
ber of deaths on both sides was made the next year, we believe —
and the National Intelligencer, in an editorial of June 2d, 1869, col-
lated and compared the figures of the two reports. Southern and
foreign papers took hold of these figures and used them as a tri-
umphant vindication of the Confederacy. Now who doubts that
if they were wrong the Departments at Washington would liave
corrected them — even if it had required their " entire clerical force
for three years " — and who doubts that they have not been corrected
simply because they are fully as favorable to the Federal side as
they can be honestly made? These figures have passed into history,
and they will be believed, even though the suggestion of The
Nation should hereafter be adopted and other figures be cooked up
to serve a purpose.

But after all the gist of this whole discussion rests upon the
simple question, Did the Confederate Government order, sanction, or
negligently permit cruelty to prisoners / We think we proved beyond
all reasonable doubt that it did neither.

The Nation tries to fix responsibility on Mr. Davis by a series of
assertions, for which we respectfully demand the -proof. It will be

L

212 Southern Historical Society Papers.

difficult to get any one at all familiar with the high character of
General Howell Cobb to believe the assertion that he refused to do
anything to mitigate the condition of things at Andersonville " in
the face of outspoken reports from the surgeons in charge." We
gave the famous Chandler report, and accompanied it with letters
from Hon. R. G. H. Kean, former Chief Clerk of the Confederate
War Department, and ex-Secretar}^ Seddon, showing conclusively
that so far from failing to notice the statements in reference to
Andersonville which Colonel Chandler made, not only did the
Adjutant-General and the Assistant Secretary of War put the strong
endorsements upon the report which we quoted, but the Secretary
(Mr. Seddon) at once demanded of General Winder an explanation,
which he gave, emphatically denying Colonel Chandler's charges —
and that Colonel Chandler's request for a court of inquiry would
have resulted in the fullest investigation, but that the active cam-
paign then in progress rendered it utterly impracticable to hold the
court until the matter was, unfortunately, ended by the death of
General Winder. We showed, moreover, that Mr. Seddon at once,
on the reception of the Chandler report, sent Judge Ould down the
rive, under flag of truce, to say to the Federal authorities, in sub-
stance: You have broken the cartel — you refuse now to stand by
3'our own proposition to disregard all former paroles, and exchange
man for man of prisoners actually in hand — you have refused my
proposition that surgeons from each side be allowed to visit and
provide for the prisoners — you refuse to exchange even the sick and
wounded — you have declined my proposition to allow us to purchase
hospital stores and medicines for the use of your own prisoners,
paying you for them in cotton, tobacco or gold, and allowing you
to send your own agents to distribute them, and now I tell you
again that your men in our prisons are dying by the hundred from
causes which are utterly beyond our control, and I am authorized
by my Government to propose that if you will send transportation
to Savannah we will at once deliver into your hands, without equiva-
lent, from ten to fifteen thousand of your suffering soldiers. We
affirmed, moreover (what we are prepared to prove), that so far
from Mr. Davis' making the Chandler report the ground of the
promotion of General Winder, Jie did not see the report at the time, and
never even heard of its existence (he was in a casemate at Fortress
Monroe when it was produced at the Wirz trial), until some one told
him of it in 1875.

Judge Advocate Chipman labored to connect Mr. Davis with

Dlsctission of Lite Prison Question. 213

this report during the Wirz trial, and yet, notwithstanding the fact
that he had at his beck and call a band of trained perjurers, and
Mr. Davis was in a distant prison and in ignorance of what was
going on, the effort utterly failed. Equally futile was every other
effort to connect Mr. Davis with the responsibility for the sufferings
at Andersonville, until, in despair of any other evidence, an attempt
was made to bribe poor Wirz by offerring him, a short time before
his execution, a reprieve if he would implicate Mr. Davis. He
indignantly replied : " Mr. Davis had no connection tvith me as to what
was done at Andersonville. I would not become a traitor against
him or anybody else, even to save my life." We brought out the
proofs of all these facts. Moreover we published the letter of
Chief-Justice George Shea, to the New York Tribune, giving an
account of his investigation of this question in behalf of Mr.
Horace Greeley and other gentlemen who were unwilling to go on
Mr. Davis' bail bond until the charge against him of cruelty to
prisoners was cleared up. Judge Shea went to Canada and had
access to certain Confederate archives which had escaped capture,
and he investigated all of the "evidence" which the "Bureau of
Military Justice " had at Washington. The result was that he was
not only convinced himself, but succeeded in convincing such men
as Governor Andrew, Horace Greeley, Gerritt Smith, Vice-President
Wilson and Thaddeus Stevens, that the charge against Mr. Davis
of even connivance at cruelty to prisoners was utterly to ithout founda-
tion.

The United States authorities did not dare to bring Sir. Davis to
trial on this or on any other charge, simply because, after the most
industrious efforts, they could find no testimony which created
even a reasonable presumption of guilt. But these "judicial" gen-
tlemen of The Nation undertake to convict where the "Bureau of
Military Justice" hesitated, and affect to regard Mr. Davis' letter in
reference to General Winder (a garbled clause of which they give
and pervert) as settling his complicity with the "crime of Ander-
sonville."

The Nation has not thought proper to meet our argument, which
proved, beyond all reasonable doubt, that for the suspension of the
cartel and the stoppage of exchange, the United States authorities
alone were responsible. We traced the history of the exchange
question, and gave the most indubitable proofs that the Confederates
were ahoays ready to exchange, but that so soon as Gettysburg and
Vicksburg gave the United State Government a large excess of

214 Southern Historical Society Papers.

prisoners actually in hand (though a large part of them should
have been at once released to meet paroles already held by the
Confederates), it at once adopted as its cold-blooded war policy to
refuse all further exchange of prisoners, ivhile they satisfied the North by
charging bad faith and cruelty to prisoners on the part of ^Hhe Rebels.''''

The Nation seems to think that the question of exchange had
nothing to do with the treatment of prisoners. Certainly the refusal
of the United States authorities to exchange would not have justi-
fied the Confederates in cruelty to prisoners, and so far from contend-
ing for any such absurdity, we have proven that there ivas no such
cruelty on the part of our Government. But we do insist that the
suspension of exchange threw upon our hands thousands of pris-
oners Avhom we were unable to provide with suitable food, clothing?
quarters or medicines — that the Federal authorities were again and
again informed of the fearful mortality which existed among the
prisoners, and of our inability to prevent it — and that inasmuch as
the}^ not only refused to exchange, but even to accept the several
humane propositions we made to mitigate the sufferings of prisoners,
and obstinately pursued their " attrition " policy of " crushing the
rebellion" — they {and they alone) are responsible before God and
at the bar of history for all of the suffering and mortality which
existed at Andersonville and the other prisons at the South, and
the still greater suffering and mortality of Elmira and the other
prisons at the North.

The Nation also finds it convenient to ignore the testimony we
adduced from Federal soldiers, officers, surgeons and citizens which
traced the cruel treatment which our men received directly to E.
M. Stanton, Secretary of War. On the other hand, we defy proof
of an order, letter or intimation of any sort whatever from Mr.
Davis, or any member of his cabinet, directing, permitting or in
any way conniving at cruelty to prisoners. There are other points
to which we have not space even to allude. But if The Nation
really desires to get at the truth of this whole question, we would
be most happy to discuss with it in full each one of the six points
we claimed to have proven, and to print in our Papers everything it
has to say on the subject, if it will reciprocate.

GarneWs Brigade at Gettysburg. 215

Garnett's Brigade at Gettysburg.

[The following letter explains tlie report which follows, and which will
be an addition to our series of reports on that great battle.]

Charlottesville, Virginia, March 23d, 1875.
To the Secretary of the Soidliern Historical Society :

Dear Sir — In looking up some old papers a few days ago, I
found the inclosed report of the part taken by Garnett's brigade
(first Cocke's, then Pickett's, then Garnett's, and lastly Hunton's) in
the battle of Gettysburg.

I am not sure who is the author of the report, as it is unsigned,
but am under the impression that Lieutenant-Colonel Charles S.
Peyton, of the Nineteenth Virginia infantry, wrote or dictated it.
Colonel Peyton (at that time Major of the Nineteenth Virginia)
was the senior field ofHcer who escaped from the charge on Cemetery
Hill and took command of the brigade after the battle. Colonel
Henry Gantt was badly wounded in two places, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Ellis was killed, as is reported in these papers. Major
Peyton was afterwads promoted to the vacant lieutenant-colonelcy.
He had lost an arm at second Manassas, but returned to duty as
soon as he was sufficiently recovered to do so, and did good service
during the charge at Gettysburg. He was slightly wounded in the
leg, but not disabled to such an extent as to prevent taking com-
mand of the brigade.

I was Adjutant of the Nineteenth Virginia during the greater
part of the war, and presume that the report fell into my hands in
that way, although I had entirely lost sight of it.
Very respectfully,

Charles C. Wertenbaker.

Headquarters Garnett's Brigade,
Camp Near Wtlliamsport, Maryland^ July 9th, 1863.

Major C. Pickett, A. A. G. Fickeifs Division:

Major — In compliance with instructions from division head-
quarters, I have the honor to report the part taken by this brigade
in the late battle near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 3d, 1863.

Notwithstanding the long and severe marches made by the troops
of this brigade, they reached the field about 9 o'clock A. M., in
high spirits and in good condition. At al)0ut 12 M. we were

216 Southern Historical Society Papers.

ordered to take position behind the crest of the hill on which the
artillery, under Colonel Alexander, was planted, where we lay during
a most terrific cannonading, which opened at I2 o'clock P. M. and
was kept up without intermission for one hour. During the shelling
we lost about twenty killed and wounded ; among the killed was
Lieutenant-Colonel Ellis, of the Nineteenth Virginia, whose bravery
as a soldier, and his innocence, purity and integrity as a Christian,
has not only elicited the admiration of his own command, but
endeared him to all who knew him.

At 21 P. M. the artillery fire having to some extent abated, the
order to advance was given, first by Major-General Pickett in person,
and repeated by General Garnett. With promptness, apparent cheer-
fulness and alacrity, the brigade moved forward at " quick-time."
The ground was open, but little broken, and from 800 to 1,000 yards
from the crest whence we started to the enemy's line. The brigade
moved in good order, keeping up its line almost perfect, notwith-
standing it had to climb three high post and rail fences, behind
the last of which the enemy's skirmishers were first met and im-
mediately driven in. Moving on, we soon met the advance line
of the enemy, lying concealed in the grass on the slope, about one
hundred yards in front of his second line, which consisted of a
stone wall, about breast high, running nearely parallel to and about
thirty spaces from the crest of the hill which was lined with their
artillery.

The first line referred to above, after offering some resistance, was
completely routed and driven in confusion back to the stone wall-
Here we captured some prisoners, which were ordered to the rear
without a guard. Having routed the enemy here. General Garnett
ordered the brigade forward, which was promptly obeyed, loading
and faring as they advanced.

Up to this time we had suffered but little from the enemy's
batteries, which apparently had been much crippled previous to
our advance, with the exception of one posted on the mountain
about one mile to our right, which enfiladed nearly our entire line,
with fearful effect, sometimes having as many as ten men killed and
"wounded by the bursting of a single shell.

From the point it had first routed the enemy, the brigade moved
rapidly forward towards the stone wall, under a galling fire, both
from artilleiy and infantry, the artillery using grape and canister.

We were now within about seventy-five paces of the wall, un-
supported on the right and left ; General Kemper being some fifty

GarneWs Brigade at Gettysburg. 217

or sixty yards behind and to the right, and General Armistead.
coming up in our rear. General Kemper's line was discovered to
be lapping on ours, when, deeming it advisable to have the line
extended on the right to prevent being flanked, a staff officer rode
back to the General to request him to incline to the right. General
Kemper not being present (perhaps wounded at the time), Captain
Fr}'' of his staff immediatel}'- began his exertions to carry out the
request, but in consequence of the eagerness of the men in pressing
forward, it was impossible to have the order carried out.

Our line, much shattered, still kept up the advance until within
about twenty paces of the wall, when for a moment they recoiled
under the terrific fire that poured into our ranks both from their
batteries and from their sheltered infantry.

At this moment General Kemper came up on the right and
General Armistead in rear, when the three lines, joining in concert,
rushed forward with unyielding determination, and an apparent
spirit of laudable rivalry to plant the Southern banner on the walls
of the enemy.

His strongest and last line was instantly gained, the Confederate
battle flag waved over his defences, and the fighting over the wall
became hand to hand and of the most desperate character, but
more than half having already fallen, our line was found too weak
to rout the enemy. We hoped for a support on the left (which
had started simultaniously with ourselves), but hoped in vain.
Yet, a small remnant remained in desperate struggle, receiving a
fire in front, on the right and on the left, many even climbing over
the wall and fighting the enemy in his own trenches, until entirely
surrounded, and those who were not killed or wounded were cap-
tured, with the exception of about 300, who came off slowly but
greatly scattered— the identity of every regiment being entirely
lost, every regimental commander killed or wounded.

The brigade went into action with 1,287 men and about 140
officers, as shown by the report of the previous evening, and sus-
tained a loss, as the list of casualties will show, of 941 killed,
wounded and missing, and it is feared from all the information
received that the majority of those reported missing are either
killed or wounded.

It is needless, perhaps, to speak of conspicuous gallantry where
all behaved so well. Each and every regimental commander dis-
played a cool bravery and daring that not only encouraged their
own commands, but won the highest admiration from all those who

218 Southern Historical Society Papers.

saw them. They led their regiments in the fight, and showed by
their conduct that they only desired their men to follow where
they were willing to lead.

But of our cool, gallant, noble brigade commander, it may not
be out of place to speak. Never had the brigade been better
handled, and never has it done better service on the field of battle.

There was scarcely an officer or man in the command whose
attention was not attracted by the cool and handsome bearing of
General Garnett, who, totally devoid of excitement or rashness,
rode immediately in rear of his advancing line, endeavoring by his
personal efforts and by the aid of his staff to keep his line well
closed and dressed.

He was shot from his horse while near the centre of the brigade?
within about twenty-five paces of the stone wall. This gallant
officer was too well known to need further mention.

Captain Linthicum, A. A. G., Lieutenant Jones, A. D. C, and
Lieutenant Harrison, acting A. D. C, did their whole duty and won
the admiration of the entire command by their gallant bearing on
the field while carrying orders from one portion of the line to the
other where it seemed almost impossible for any one to escape-
The conduct of Captain Shepard, of the Twenty-eighth Virginia,
was particularly conspicuous. His son fell mortally wounded at
his side. He stopped but for a moment to look on his dying son,
gave him his canteen of water, and pressed on with his company
to the wall, which he climbed and fought the enemy with his
sword in their own trenches, until his sword was wrenched from his
hands by two Yankees. He finally made his escape in safety.

In making the above report, I have endeavered to be as accurate
as possible, but have had to rely mainly on others for information
whose position gave them better opportunity for witnessing the
conduct of the entire brigade, than I could have, being with and
paying my attention to my own regiment.

I am. Major, with great respect, your obedient servant,

, Major Commanding.

Ninth Virginia Cavalry and the Dahlgren Raid. 219

Part Taken by the Kintli Yirgiuia Cavalry in Repelling the Dahlgren

Raid.

By General R. L. T. Beale.

[We have held this paper with the purpose of publishing it in connection
with the full liistoiy of the Dahlgren raid, which we have in course of pre-
paration, but we have concluded to give it in the form in which it has been
sent by its gallant author].

An Extract from a Narrative of the Movements of the Ninth Regiment
Virginia Cavalry in the Late War — Written from Notes taken at the
time by its Colonel, R. L. T. Beale.

Near the close of February, a third order was received to report
^vithout delay at Hanover Junction for orders. We marched upon
this, as we did upon the two previous occasions, sixty miles in
twenty-four hours. Reaching the Junction, we found no orders ;
but learning here that the enemy, under General Kilpatrick, were
making a raid upon Richmond, so soon as a supply of ammunition
was drawn our march was directed to Taylorsville. At this point,
a general officer commanding some infantry inforrried us the enemy
had been repulsed by General Hampton's command, and must re-
treat towards the Rapidaii, and w^e would probably encounter them
near Ashland. To Ashland our march was directed. In some two
miles of this point, reliable intelligence was obtained that the main
body of the enemy was near Old Church, but that a party of some
four hundred had moved upon the road to Hanover Courthouse.
Our line of march was now directed to that point, reaching it about
dark, only to learn our enemy had passed without halting.

Rest and food for men and horses were now much needed, and
the command bivouacked around a church a few hundred yards
from Hanover Courthouse. Before our meal of cold bread was
over, a prisoner, taken under such suspicious circumstances as to
induce the belief that he was a Yankee, was sent in by the picket.
He w^as subjected to a rigid examination by the Colonel, who got
from him information not very agreeable. The man had been
captured in the morning, and after hard usage, made his escape in
the evening from a body of cavalry, which he said was commanded
by a Colonel Dahlgren. They had passed in sight of Hanover
Courthouse, moving to Indiantown ferry, over the Pamunkey,
where about one-fourth of the party crossed the river, the remain-
ing three-fourths moving down the south bank towards Old Church.

220 Southern Historical Society Papers.

He also said he heard that the force which crossed had orders to
inarch by Saluda to Gloucester Point. In this route the direct road
would lead to our camp in Essex.

A tried soldier was summoned at once and provided with authority
to impress horses, was charged with an order to the senior officer at
camp, and required to deliver it by dawn of the morning. So soon
as the horses had eaten, the bugle sounded to horse, and we moved
down the south side of Pamunkey. Before dawn our advance was
halted by a picket near Old Church.

It proved to be that of Colonel Bradley T. Johnson. We halted
for breakfast, then marched to Tunstall's Station, to which point
Colonel Johnson moved to ambush. We saw only the half extinct
fires of the Yankee camp and evidences of ruin to the helpless
families near the road, and after a bootless chase, returned in the
evening to bivouac at the intersection of the New Castle and New
Kent roads, one mile from Old Church, to await the return of a
courier sent to General Hampton in the morning. Whilst seated
around our camp-fire, a courier — Private Bobbins, of New Kent —
rode in, and asked for Colonel Beale. He bore a dispatch from
Lieutenant James Pollard, of Company H, who was absent from
camp when we marched, and a package of papers. From the dis-
patch we learned that Pollard, hearing of a party of the enemy in
the county, hastily collected twelve of his men, and crossing the
Mattaponi, took position on the south bank at Dunkirk to dispute
their passage over the bridge. After waiting some time, he learned
the enemy had found a boat and crossed at Aylett's, two miles
lower down. He immediately pursued them, and availing him-
self of his perfect familiarity with the country, succeeded before
nightfall in getting in front of them. On reaching the road of the
enemy's march, he met a homeguard company, under command of
Captain Bichard Hugh Bagby, with several lieutenants and some
privates from other regular regiments, ready to dispute the advance
of the enemy. Falling back until a good position was reached, the
men were posted and darkness closed in. No advance after dark
was expected. A lieutenant was left in command on the road.
About 11 o'clock the tramp of horses was heard. When within
twenty or thirty paces the officer commanded "Halt!" The repl}''
was " Disperse, you damned Bebels, or I shall charge you." " Fire !"
ordered the lieutenant, and under it the horsemen retreated rapidly.
Their leader had fallen, as his horse wheeled, killed instantly. De-
serted by their officers, the men next morning, on the flats below

Ninth Virginia Cavalry and the Dahlyren Raid. 221

the hill, hoisted the white flag. The papers found on Colonel Dahl-
gren's person accompanied the dispatch. Nearly every paper had
been copied in a memorandum book; they consisted of an ad-
dress to the command, the order of attack from the south side of
the James upon the city of Richmond, enjoining the release of the
prisoners, the killing of the executive officers of the. Confederate
Government, the burning and gutting of the city, directions where
to apply for the materials necessary to setting fire to the city, and
an accurate copy of the last field return of our cavalry made to
General Stuart, with the location of every regiment. This last was
furnished by the Bureau of Instruction at Washington. The rest
were credited to no one. We forwarded all the papers by Pollard's
courier to Richmond. The memorandum book was retained. After
the publication of the papers and the denial of their authenticity,
we were interrogated and ordered to forward the memorandum
book, which was done.

222 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Iditxinal Ifat^apaphs,

An Extension of our Circulation is very desirable on manj'^ accounts.
We can be useful only as our Papers are circulated ; and we need a larger
list of subscribers in order that we ma}^ have the means of properly carrying
on our important work. Will not our friends generally help us in this
matter? Let each subscriber encleaver to secure for tis a neio one. And let
our present subscribers not fail to renew when their time is out. If we can
have the cordial co-operation and active help of our friends, our capacity for
usefulness will be greatly enlarged.

Donations to the Funds of the Society were contemplated in our
original organization, but tlie condition of the South has been such that we
have not made appeals in that direction.

We have received a large number of donations of books, MSS., documents,
pamphlets, &c., of very great pecuniary value ; but, with tlie exception of
a liberal contribution of $1,000 fi'om one large-hearted friend of the cause,
we have received very little money except in payment of subscriptions. Now
we begin to feci the great need of larger means with which to carry on our
work— to purchase books, MSS., &c., which we cannot otherwise secure, to
print more of our MSS., and to carry out various plans for the enlarged
usefulness of the Society. We have to compete to some extent with the
great historical societies whicli have their splendid buildings and ample en-
dowments, and we really do not know how friends of the South could more
judiciously invest funds just now than by contributions to this Society, which
has for its object the preservation of the records, and tlie vindication of the
history of the Confederacy.

We will say, then, frankly, that if there are tliose who are able and willing-
to help us, donations would be at this time particularly acceptable, and that
any contributions made to us will be sacredly used in accordance with the
wishes of tlie donors.

The Fire which Destroyed the Private Residence of the Sec-
retary, over a month ago, was not alluded to in these colunms, because we
are not accustomed to introduce into them mere private matters. But as an
impression has gone abroad that important papers belonging to the Society
were destroyed, it becomes proper to say that the archives of the Society are
kept in our oflice in the State Capitol — that tliey ai-e under constant guard —
and are as safe as theXiibrary and archives of the Commonwealth.

While, tlierefore, the Secretary lost his private librarj^, most of his furniture,
&c., nothing belonging to the Southern Historical Society was eitlier destroyed
or injured.

Editorial Paragraphs. 223

The correction given below is a very proper one, though we are not quite
sure whether the mistake was Mr. HoUydaj^'s, or a typographical error :

Rev. J. William Jones, D. D.,

Secretary Sovtheru Historical Society., BicJimond Virginia :
Dear Sir — 5Ir. Lamar Hollyday in his narrative of tlie " Maryland
troops in tlie Confederate Service," published in the March number of the
Southern Historical Society Papers., states that Captain Latrobe, of the Tiiird
battery of Maryland artillery, was killed at Vicksburg, Mississippi. That is
a mistake. His report of the Third Maryland artillery should read thus :
Captain Henr}^ B. Latrobe, commissioned September 9th, 18G1 ; left tlie
service March Lst, 1863. Captain Ferd. O. Claiborne, promoted March 1st,
1863 ; killed at Vicksbui-g, Mississippi, June 22d, 1863.

flease make the above correction, and much oblige, yours truly,

William L. Ritter.
Baltimore, Maryland, April 5th, 1877.

Contributions to our Archives are always in order, and the kindness
of our friends in this I'cspect is most warmly aijpreciated. With no means
of purchasing books or documents, the free will oflerings of those interested
in our work are filling our shelves with historic material which money could
not buy. Since oar last acknowledgement we have received among others
the following :

From Eev. J. A. French — Letter book containing official copies of letters
written by the Confederate Secretary of the Treasur}'. Letter llle containing
letters received in 1861 at Register's office Confederate Treasury Department.

From Colonel Charles Ellis, Richmond — A package of war newspapers
carefully selected and preserved because of something valuable in each.
"Ordinances adopted by the Convention of Virginia in secret session in
April and May, 1861." Virginia " Ordinance of Secession." "Report of
the Chief of Ordnance of Virginia (Colonel C. Dimmock), for the j'car ending
September 30th, 1861. "Message of the Governor of Virginia" (Hon. John
Letcher), December 7th, 1863. Letter from General C. F. Henningsen in
reply to the letter of Victor Hugo on the Harper's Ferry invasion." "Dis-
course on the Life and Caracterof Lieutenant-General Thomas J, Jackson,"
by, General F. H. Smith, Superintendent Virginia Military Institute, read
befor the Board of Visitors, Faculty and Cadets, July 1st, 1863, together
with proceedings of the Institution in honor of the illustrious deceased."

From the American Colonization Society — A full set of the annual reports,
addresses, &c., of the Society. " ISIemorial of the Semi-Centennial Anni-
versary of the American Colonization Society, celebrated at Washington,
January loth, 1867."

From Judge W. S. Barton, Fredericksburg, Virginia — A bundle of official
papers relating to the fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson, which were put
into his hands as Judge Advocate of the Court of Inquiry which was ordered
by the Confederate War Department to investigate those disasters. Tlie
package contains such papers as the following : Report of General R. Taylor
of operations in North Louisiana from June 3d to 8th, 1863 ; correspondence
between the Secretary of War and General J. E. Johnston, from the 9th of

224 Southern Historical Society Papers.

'May to the 20tli of June, 1S63 ; correspondence between the President and
and General J. E. Johnston ; correspondence and reports showing the efforts
made to provision Vicksbur": and Poi't Hudson ; I'eports of the ordnance
Department as to the issues of ordnance, precussion, caps, &c., to Vicksburg
and Port Hudson ; and a lumiber of letters, telegrams, reports, &c., bearing
on the whole question of the defence and final capitulation of those posts.

From J. D. Davidson., Esq., Lexinr/ton, Virginia — A co])y of the Augusta
(Georgia), Chronicle for 1S17.

From Norval Byland, Esq., Bichmond— Copy of the Ftiehniond Dispatch,
containing full account of the battle of Seven Pines.

From J. L. Peyton, Esq., Staunton, Virginia— '■^ The American Crisis, or
pages from the ISTote Book of a State Agent during the Civil War, by John
Lewis Peyton." London : Saunders, Otley & Co., 1867 (two volumes).

From the Author {George Wise, Esq.,) Alexandria, Fir^mm—" History of
the Seventeenth Vn-ginia Infantry, Confederate States Army." Baltimore :
Kelly, Piet & Co., 1870.

From A. Barron Holmes, Esq., Charleston, South Ca/-oZi??a—" Fort Moultrie
Centennial," being a beautifully illustrated account of the celebration at
Fort Moultrie, Sulivan's Island, Charleston (South Carolina) harbor on June
28th, 1876. " Judge O'JSTeale's Annals of Newberry District, South Carolina."
"Logan's History of Upper South Carolina" (volume I). (Mr. Holmes fre-
quently places the Society under obligations for similar favors).

From the Society of the Army of the Tennessee — Report of proceedings at
tenth annual meeting held at Washington, D. C, on the occasion of unveiling
the equestrian statue of Major-General James B. MePherson.

From Colonel F. H. Archer, of Petersburg— A bundle of very interesting
original papei-s (reports, letters, telegrams, &c.) of operations and movements
about Suflblk, Smithfield, &c., in the spring of 18G2.

From General Fitz. Lee — Sketch of the life and character of the late General
S. Cooper, Senior General and Adjutant and Inspector-General of the Con-
federacy, together with a letter from ex-President Davis giving his impressions
of General Cooper.

From General J. A. Early, General Fitz. Lee, General E. P. Alexander,
General A. L. Long, General Cadmus M. Wilcox, Colonel Walter H. Taylor
and General Henry Heth — Papers on the battle of Gettysburg. (These papers
discuss the policy of invading the North, the plan of the campaign, the origin,
conduct, events, result and causes of the result of the battle of Gettysburg
and other points of deep interest, together with similar papers from other
leading Confederates who were in a position to know whereof they affirm.
This series of papers will do more to give to the world the true story of Gettys-
burg than anything that has yet been written, and with the full series of
reports on the great battle which have already appeared, they will afford
invaluable material to the historian who sincerely seeks after the truth.
Among other points they settle beyond all controversy that General Lee had
at Gettysburg only 62,000 effectives of all arms, while General Meade had
105,000 on the field, and at least 10,000 more within supporting distance).

I

■TBiii iimm iiffl PiPEBS,

Tol. III. Richmond, Ta., May and June, 1877. Nos. 5 and 6.

Report of Major-General C. L. Sterenson from tlie Beginning of the
Daltou- Atlanta Campaign to May 30, 1864.

[The following is from the original MS. furnished us by General Stevenson
himself, and has never before been in print so far as we are aware.]

Major ;

Headquarters Stevenson's Division,

In the Field, May 30th, 1864.

During the latter part of last month I received orders to break
up my winter camp on the Sugar Valley road and move my divi-
sion to the position assigned it in front of Dalton. I went into
bivouac in Crowe Valley, and immediately went to work to com-
plete the defences of the portion of the line allotted me — from the
signal station upon Rocky Face mountain on my left to Ault's
creek on my right. General Pettus was placed upon the left, Gen-
eral Reynolds on the left-centre, General Gumming on the right-
centre, and General Brown on the right. General Pettus was
ordered to hold the mountain with a regiment of rifles. The
movements of the enemy very soon showed that his greatest efforts
would be against the mountain, which was, in fact, the key
to my position ; and accordingly, on the — instant, General Pettus
was ordered to occupy the mountain with his brigade, and the
vacancy in the trenches created by his removal filled by extending
intervals to the left.

On the 8th instant, the enemy pushed forward his skirmishers
vigorously, supported by a line of battle, against the angle in Pet-
tus' line at the crest of the mountain. This attack was quickly
and handsomely repulsed by that portion of his line which occu-
pied the angle. In compliance with instructions from the Lieu-
tenant-General, Brown's brigade was then moved from its position
on my right to the left of Pettus on the crest of the mountain, who
was thus enabled to contract his lines and strengthen his weak
point — the angle referred to. Brown's place in the works was first

226 Southern Historical Society Papers.

supplied by Mercer's, then by Walthall's, and then by Govan's
brigades. General Brown, as senior officer, was directed to take
charge of the defence of that portion of the mountain occupied
by my troops.

On the 9th instant the enemy, formed in column of divisions,
made a heavy assault upon the angle in Pettus' line. The fight
was obstinate and bloody, but resulted in a complete success to us.
For details I would refer you to the reports of Generals Brown
and Pettus. In the mean time, the enemy had advanced his
sharpshooters close upon the line of Brown's brigade on the moun-
tain, and Reynold's and Cumming's in the valley. Soon after the
assault upon Pettus, the enemy manoeuvred considerably in the
valley, and seemed at one time disposed to assault the position of
Generals Gumming and Reynolds. In front of General Gumming
he appeared several times in line of battle, but was checked by the
fire of skirmishers, and of those guns of Major J. W. Johnston's
battalion of artillery that could be brought to bear upon him.
From this time until we retired from the position, there was con-
stant skirmishing, first along my whole line, and later mainly in
front of Brown's and Pettus' brigades.

On the night of the 18th instant, agreeably to orders, I vacated
my position and took up the line of march for Resaca. On the
morning after my arrival near this place, I took up position in two
lines north of Resaca, and immediately ujDon the right of the
Resaca and Dalton road. I was soon afterwards ordered to con-
nect with Major-General Hindman on the left of the Resaca road,
and, for this purpose, moved two regiments across the road. Gum-
ming and Brown were in my front line, Pettus being the second
line to the former and Brown to the latter. During the morning
there were several attacks upon General Hindman, and in my
front the sharpshooters of the enemy obtained positions which en-
tirely enfiladed portions of Cumming's line. The men were shel-
tered as well as possible by such defences as they could construct
of logs and rails, but still suffered severely. The fire of these
sharpshooters upon the artillery, some pieces of which were ad-
vanced in front of the line of General Gumming, was particularly
destructive, and amongst the wounded was the brave Major J. W.
Johnston, the battalion commander.

About five o'clock that evening, agreeably to orders, I commenced
a movement to dislodge the enemy from the high points of the
ridge some distance in front of General Gumming. Brown and his

General Stevenson's Re-port of the Dalton- Atlanta Campaign. 227

support (Reynolds) were directed to move out in front of their
trenches and then swing around to the left. After the movement
commenced, General Gumming was also directed to wheel all of
his brigade, which was to the right of the backbone of the ridge,
to the left in front of his works, the regiment upon the crest being
the pivot. I was much gratified by the gallantry with which the
movement was made, and by the success which attended it. Too
much praise cannot be awarded Brown's gallant brigade; for par-
ticulars I refer you to his report.

Late that night I received orders to retire from the position which
I had taken, which was done. The next morning I was ordered to
retake it, which was accomplished without difficulty, the enemy not
having reoccupied it. My command immediately went to work to
construct defences of logs and rails, and in a short time were quite
well entrenched. During the course of the morning I received
orders to place the artillery of my division in such a position as
could enable it to drive off a battery that was annoying General
Hindman's line. Before the necessary measures for the protection
of the artillery could be taken, I received repeated and peremptory
orders to open it upon the battery before alluded to. Corput's
battery was accordingly placed in position at the only availa-
ble point, about eighty yards in front of General Brown's line.
It had hardly gotten into position, when the enemy hotly engaged
my skirmishers, driving them in, and pushing on to the assault
with great impetuosity. So quickly was all this done, that it was
impossible to remove the artillery before the enemy had effected a
lodgment in the ravine in front of it, thus placing it in such a po-
sition, that, while the enemy were entirely unable to remove it, we
were equally so, without driving off the enemy massed in the
ravine beyond it, which would have been attended with great loss
of life.

The assaults of the enemy were in heavy force, and made with
the utmost impetuosity, but were met with a cool, steady fire, which
each time mowed down their ranks, and drove them back, leaving
the ground thickly covered in places with their dead. When
Brown's brigade had nearly exhausted their ammunition, I caused
it to be relieved by Reynolds' brigade, upon which assaults were
also made and repulsed with the same success.

During the attack, I ordered General Pettus up with three (3) of
his regiments, which had remained in our position of the day pre-
vious. My intention was to employ his force in attacking the

228 Southern Historical Society Papers.

enemy in front of the battery and remove it. A portion of Gibson's
brigade of Stewart's division was also sent me, but was soon re-
called. The troops engaged, it will thus be seen, were Brown's and
Keynolds' brigades, and also the two right regiments of Cumming's.
During the day, Tenner's battery reported to me, and rendered good
service. In the evening I received orders to move that portion of
my force which was on the right of General Gumming, out of the
trenches, and, co-operating with General Stewart, to swing around
upon the enemy. At the moment that I received the order, the
enemy were making a heavy assault upon General Reynolds, and
Brown had not yet replenished his ammunition. The order, however,
was peremptory, and the movement was attempted. The Fifty-
fourth Virginia on the right leaped the trenches, and rushed bravely
upon the enemy, but found that there was no connection with General
Stewart's left, and being thus unsupported, were compelled to fall
back before the rest of the brigade moved out. Tn this attempt,
the gallant Captain G. D. Wise, of my staff, was dangerously
wounded, and the regiment, in less than fifteen minutes, lost above
one hundred (100) officers and men.

That night I received orders to withdraw, which was effected,
owing to the coolness of the troops, without serious loss. My last
brigade had not marched -three hundred yards from the trenches
before the enemy made an assault. Especial credit is due the
skirmishers of Brown's brigade for their conduct in this affair, and
I ask attention to his report.

As I have stated, I covered the disputed battery with my fire
in such a manner that it was utterly impossible for the enemy to
remove it, and I knew that I could retake it at any time, but
thought that it could be done with less loss of life at night, and
therefore postponed my attack. When ordered to retire, I repre-
sented the state of things to the General-Commanding, who decided
to abandon the guns.

Upon my arrival at New Hope church, I put my command in
position on the right of General Stewart, and very soon thereafter
the enemy assaulted him in force. A small portion of my left bri-
gade (Brown's) was engaged, and the men behaved with their usual
spirit until relieved. The enemy kept up a heavy fire of skir-
mishers and artillery upon my front line — Brown and Pettus — and
inflicted considerable loss; but my skirmishers behaved well, and
were onl}'- driven back upon portions of the line. On the 28th, I
was informed by General Baker that the enemy had succeeded in

General Stevenson^s Report of the Dalton- Atlanta Campaign. 229

planting a battery a short distance in front of his works, and that,
having no long range guns, he could not drive them off. I sent
him a regiment of rifles from Cumming's brigade, which soon dis-
lodged the enemy. The following statement will show my losses
during the whole movement :

Killed. Wounded. Missing.

Brown's brigade, 39 173 10

Cumming's brigade, 19 89 270

Reynold's brigade, 33 126 190

Pettus' brigade, . 30 177 61

121 565 531

It affords me pleasure to bear witness to the uniform gallantry
with which my division has acted, and to acknowledge my indebt-
edness to my brigade commanders, their officers and men, as well
as to the officers and men of Johnston's battalion of artillery,
commanded since Major Johnston was wounded by Captain M. 0.
D. Corput.

While in position near New Hope church, I regret to state that
I lost the services of Brigadier-General Reynolds, who there received
a painful, but I hope not a dangerous wound.

The limits of this imperfect report will not permit me to make
mention of particular individuals. We have been called upon to
mourn the loss of many gallant spirits, among them, Major Barber,
Third Tennessee, and Major Francis, Thirtieth Alabama.

I desire to express my renewed obligations to my staff, Majors
John J. Reeve, G. L. Gillespie (wounded at Resaca), H. M. Mathews,
R. Orme, Captain G. D. Wise (wounded at Resaca), W. H. Sykes,
and Lieutenants Shane and Botts, and Chief Surgeon H. M. Comp-
ton.

The above is a copy of the rough draft of a rej3ort made to
Major I. W. Ratchford, A. A. G. of Hood's corps.

Carter L. Stevenson.

230 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Battle of CliancellorsYille— Report of Gfeneral R. E. Lee.

[The following report was printed by order of tlie Confederate Congress ;
but as it is one of deep interest and importance, and so rare tliat we have
been unable to meet frequent demands for it bj' military students, we deem
it best to give it a place in our Papers. We print from an original MS. in

our possession.]

Headquarters Army Northern Virginia,
September 21st, 1863.

General S. Cooper, A. and I. G. C. S. A., Richmond., Va. :

General — After the battle of Fredericksburg, the army re-
mained encamped on the south side of the RaiDpahannock until
the latter part of April. The Federal army occupied the north
side of the river opposite Fredericksburg, extending to the Potomac.
Two brigades of Anderson's division — those of Generals Mahone
and Posey — were stationed near United States Mine or Bark Mill
ford; and a third, under command of General Wilcox, guarded
Banks' ford. The cavalry was distributed on both flanks — Fitz-
hugh Lee's brigade picketing the Rappahannock above the mouth
of the Rapidan, and W. H. F. Lee's near Port Royal. Hampton's
brigade had been sent into the interior to recruit. General Long-
street, with two divisions of his corps, was detached for service
south of James river in February, and did not rejoin the army
until after the battle of Chancellorsville. With the exception oi
the engagement between Fitz. Lee's brigade and the enemy's cavalry,
near Kelly's ford, on the seventeenth of March, ''1863, of which a
brief report has been already forwarded to the Department, nothing
of interest transpired during this period of inactivity.

On the fourteenth of April intelligence was received that the
enemy's cavalry was concentrating on the upper Rappahannock.
Their efforts to establish themselves on the south side of the river
were successfully resisted by Fitz. Lee's brigade and two regiments
of W. H. F. Lee's, the whole under the immediate command of
General Stuart. About the twenty-first small bodies of infantry
appeared at Kelly's ford and the Rappahannock bridge, and al-
most at the same time a demonstration was made oj)posite Port
Royal, where a party of infantry crossed the river about the twenty-
third. These movements were evidently intended to conceal the
designs of the enemy, but, taken in connection with the reports of
scouts, indicated that the Federal army, now commanded by Major-
General Hooker, was about to resume active operations. At half-

Battle of Chancellorsville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 231

past five o'clock A. M., the twenty-eight of April, the enemy crossed
the Rappahannock in boats near Fredericksburg, and driving off
the pickets on the river, proceeded to lay down a pontoon bridge a
short distance below the mouth of Deep run. Later in the fore-
noon another bridge was constructed about a mile below the first.
A considerable force crossed on these bridges during the day, and
was massed out of view under the high banks of the river. The
bridges, as well as the troops, were effectually protected from our
artillery by the depth of the river's bed and the narrowness of the
stream, while the batteries on the opposite heights completely com-
manded the wide plain between our lines and the river.

As in the first battle of Fredericksburg, it was thought best to
select positions with a view to resist the advance of the enemy,
rather than incur the heavy loss that would attend any attempt to
prevent his crossing. Our dispositions were accordingly made as
on the former occasion. No demonstration was made opposite any
other point of our lines at Fredericksburg, and the strength of the
force that had crossed, and its apparent indisposition to attack,
indicated that the principal effort of the enemy would be made in
some other quarter. This impression was confirmed by intelligence
received from General Stuart, that a large body of infantry and
artillery was passing up the river. During the forenoon of the
twenty-ninth that officer reported that the enemy had crossed in
force near Kelly's ford on the preceding evening. Later in the day
he announced that a heavy column was moving from Kelly's
towards Germana Ford on the Rapidan, and another towards Ely's
ford on that river. The routes they were pursuing, after crossing the
Rapidan, converge near Chancellorsville, whence several roads lead
to the rear of our position at Fredericksburg.

On the night of the twenty-ninth General Anderson was directed
to proceed towards Chancellorsville and dispose Wright's brigade
and the troops from the Bark Mill ford to cover these roads.
Arriving at Chancellorsville about midnight, he found the com-
mands of Generals Mahone and Posey already there, having been
withdrawn from the Bark Mill ford, with the exception of a small
guard. Learning that the enemy had crossed the Rapidan, and
were approaching in strong force, General Anderson retired early
on the morning of the thirtieth to the intersection of the Mine and
plank roads near Tabernacle church, and began to intrench him-
self. The enemy's cavalry skirmished with his rear guard as he
left Chancellorsville; but being vigorously repulsed by Mahone's

232 Southern Historical Society Papers.

brigade, offered no further opposition to his march. Mahone was
placed on the old turnpike, Wright and Posey on the plank road.
In the mean time General Stuart had been directed to endeavor to
impede the progress of the column marching by way of Germana
ford. Detaching W. H. F. Lee, with his two regiments, the Ninth
and Thirteenth Virginia, to oppose the main body of the enemy's
cavalry, General Stuart crossed the Rapidan at Raccoon ford, with
Fitz. Lee's brigade, on the night of the twenty-ninth. Halting
to give his men a few hours repose, he ordered Colonel Owens, with
the Third Virginia cavalry to throw himself in front of the enemy,
while the rest of the brigade attacked his right flank at the Wilder-
ness tavern between Germana ford and Chancellorsville. By this
means the march of this column was delayed until 12 o'clock M.,
when, learning that the one from Ely's ford had alread)'- reached
Chancellorsville, General Stuart marched by Todd's tavern towards
Spottsylvania Courthouse to put himself in communication with the
main body of the army, and Colonel Owens fell back upon General
Anderson.

The enemy in our front near Fredericksburg continued inactive,
and it was now apparent that the main attack would be made upon
our flank and rear. It was therefore determined to leave sufficient
troops to hold our lines, and with the main bod}' of the army to
give battle to the approaching column. Early's division of Jack-
son's corps, and Barksdale's brigade of McLaw's division, with part
of the reserve artillery under General Pendleton, were entrusted
with the defence of our position at Fredericksburg, and at mid-
night on the thirtieth. General McLaws marched with the rest of
his command towards Chancellorsville. General Jackson followed
at dawn next morning, with the remaining divisions of his corps.
He reached the position occupied by General Anderson at eight
A. M., and immediately began preparations to advance. At eleven
A. M. the troops moved forward upon the plank and old turnpike
roads — Anderson, with the brigades of Wright and Posey, leading
on the former; McLaws, with his three brigades, preceded by Ma-
hone's, on the latter. Generals Wilcox and Perry, of Anderson's
division, co-operated with McLaws. Jackson's troops followed
Anderson on the plank road. Colonel Alexander's battalion of
artillery accompanied the advance. The enemy was soon encoun-
tered on both roads, and heavy skirmishing with infantry and
artillery ensued, our troops pressing steadily forward. A strong
attack upon General McLaws was repulsed with spirit by Semmes'

Battle of Chancellorsville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 233

brigade; and General Wright, by direction of General Anderson,
diverging to the left of the plank road, marched by way of the
unfinished railroad from Fredericksburg to Gordonsville, and turned
the enemy's right. His whole line thereupon retreated rapidly,
^vigorously pursued by our troops, until they arrived within about
one mile of Chancellorsville. Here the enemy had assumed a
position of great natural strength, surrounded on all sides by a
dense forest, filled with a tangled undergrowth, in the midst of
which breastworks of logs had been constructed, with trees felled
in front, so as to form an almost impenetrable abatis. His artillery
swept the few narrow roads by which his position could be ap-
proached from the front, and commanded the adjacent woods. The
left of his line extended from Chancellorsville towards the Rappa-
hannock, covering the Bark Mill ford, where he communicated with
the north bank of the river by a pontoon bridge. His right stretch-
ed westward along the Germana Ford road more than two miles.
Darkness was approaching before the strength and extent of his
line could be ascertained ; and as the nature of the country ren-
dered it hazardous to attack by night, our troops were halted, and
formed in line of battle in front of Chancellorsville, at right angles
to the plank road, extending on the right to the Mine road, and to
the left in the direction of the Catharine furnace.

Colonel Wickham, with the Fourth Virginia cavalry, and Colonel
Owens' regiment, was stationed between the Mine road and the
Rappahannock. The rest of the cavalry was upon our left flank-
It was evident that a direct attack upon the enemy would be attended
with great difficult and loss, in view of the strength of his position and
his superiority of numbers. It was, therefore, resolved to endeavor
to turn his right flank and gain his rear, leaving a force in front to
hold him in check and conceal the movement. The execution of
this plan was intrusted to Lieutenant-General Jackson, with his
three divisions. The commands of General McLaws and Anderson,
with the exception of Wilcox's brigade, which during the night
had been ordered back to Banks' ford, remained in front of the
enemy. Early on the morning of the second, General Jackson
marched by the Furnace and Brock roads, his movement being
effectually covered by Fitz. Lee's cavalry, under General Stuart in
person. As the rear of the train was passing the furnace, a large
force of the enemy advanced from Chancellorsville and attempted
its capture. General Jackson had left the Twenty-third Georgia
regiment under Colonel Best, at this point, to guard his flank;

234 Southern Historical Society Papers.

and upon the approach of the enemy, Lieutenant-Colonel J. T.
Brown, whose artillery was passing at the time, placed a battery
in position to aid in checking his advance. A small number of
men who were marching to join their commands, including Captain
Moore, with his two companies of the Fourteenth Tennessee regi-'
ment of Archer's brigade, reported to Colonel Brown, and supported
his guns. The enemy was kept back by this small force until the
train had passed, but his superior numbers enabled him subse-
quently to surround and capture the greater part of the Twenty-
third Georgia regiment. General Anderson was directed to send a
brigade to resist the further progress of this column, and detached
General Posey for that purpsse. General Posey became warmly
engaged with a superior force, but being reinforced by General
Wright, the enemy's advance was arrested. After a long and
fatiguing march, General Jackson's leading division, under General
Rodes, reached the old turnpike, about three miles in rear of Chan-
cellorsville, at four P. M. As the different divisions arrived they
were formed at right angles to the road — Rodes in front, Trimble's
division, under Brigadier-General Colston, in the second, and A. P.
Hill's in the third line. At six P. M. the advance was ordered.
The enemy were taken by surprise and fled after a brief resistance.
General Rodes' men pushed forward with great vigor and enthu-
siasm, followed closely by the second and third lines. Position
after position was carried, the guns captured, and every effort of
the enemy to rally defeated by the impetuous rush of our troops.
In the ardor of pursuit through the thick and tangled woods, the
first and second lines at last became mingled and moved on together
as one. The enemy made a stand at a line of breastworks across
the road at the house of Melzi Chancellor, but the troops of Rodes
and Colston dashed over the entrenchments together, and the fight
and pursuit were resumed and continued until our advance was
arrested by the abatis in front of the line of works near the cen-
tral position at Chancellorsville. It was now dark, and General
Jackson ordered the third line, under General Hill, to advance to
the front and relieve the troops of Rodes and Colston, who were
completely blended, and in such disorder, from their advance
through intricate woods and over broken ground, that it was
necessary to reform them. As Hill's men moved forward. General
Jackson, with his stafi" and escort, returning from the extreme front,
met his skirmishers advancing, and, in the obscurity of the night,
were mistaken for the enemy, and fired upon. Captain Boswell,

Battle of Chancellor sville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 235

■chief engineer of the corps, and several others were killed, and a
number wounded. General Jackson himself received a severe in-
jury, and was borne from the field. The command devolved upon
Major-General Hill, whose division, under General Heth, was ad-
vanced to the line of entrenchments which had been reached by
Rodes and Colston. A furious fire of artillery was opened upon
, them by the enemy, under cover of which his infantry advanced
to the attack. They were handsomely repulsed by the Fifty-fifth
Virginia regiment under Colonel Mallory, Avho was killed while
bravely leading his men. General Hill was soon afterwards dis-
abled, and Major-General Stuart, who had been directed by General
Jackson to seize the road to Ely's ford, in rear of the enemy, was
sent for to take command. At this time the right of Hill's division
was attacked by the column of the enemy alread}^ mentioned as
having penetrated to the furnace, which had been recalled to Chan-
cellorsville to avoid being cut off by the advance of Jackson.
This attack was gallantly met and repulsed by the Eighteenth and
Twenty-eighth, and a portion of the Thirty-third North Carolina
regiments. Lane's brigade.

Upon General Stuart's arrival, soon afterwards, the command was
turned over to him by General Hill. He immediately proceeded
to reconnoitre the ground and make himself acquainted with the
disposition of the troops. The darkness of the night, and the
difficulty of moving through the woods and undergrowth, rendered
it advisable to defer further operations until morning; and the
troops rested on their guns in line of battle. Colonel Cru'tchfield,
Chief of Artillery of the corps, was severely wounded, and Colonel
Alexander, senior artillery officer present, was engaged during the
entire night in selecting positions for our batteries. As soon as the
sound of cannon gave notice of Jackson's attack on the enemy's
right, our troops in front of Chancellorsville were ordered to press
him strongly on the left, to prevent reinforcements being sent to
the point assailed. They were directed not to attack in force unless
a favorable opportunity should present itself; and while con-
tinuing to cover the roads leading from their respective positions
towards Chancellorsville, to incline to the left so as to connect with
Jackson's *ight, as he closed in upon the centre. These orders were
well executed, our troops advancing up to the enemy's entrench-
ments, while several batteries played with good effect upon his
lines, until prevented by the increasing darkness.

Early on the morning of the third General Stuart renewed the

236 Southern Historical Society Papers.

attack upon the enemy, who had strengthened his right during the
night with additional breastworks, while a large number of guns,
protected by entrenchments, were posted so as to sweep the woods
through which our troops had to advance. Hill's division was in
front, with Colston in the second line and Rodes in the third. The
second and third lines soon advanced to the support of the first,
and the whole became hotly engaged. The breastworks at which
the attack was suspended the preceding evening, were carried by
assault, under a terrible fire of musketry and artillery. In rear of
these breastworks was a barricade, from which the enemy was
quickly driven. The troops on the left of the plank road, pressing
through the woods, attacked and broke the next line, while those
on the right bravely assailed the extensive earthworks behind which
the enemy's artillery was posted. Three times were these works
carried, and as often were the brave assailants compelled to aban-
don them — twice by the retirement of the troops on their left, who
fell back after a gallant struggle with superior numbers, and once
by a movement of the enemy on their right, caused by the advance
of General Anderson. The left being reinforced, finally succeeded
in driving back the enemy, and the artillery, under Lieutenant-
Colonels Carter and Jones, being thrown forward to occupy favor-
able positions, secured by the advance of the infantry, began to play
with great ]j«-ecision and effect. Anderson, in the mean time pressed
gallantly forward, directly upon Chancellorsville, his right resting
upon the plank road and his left extending around the furnace,
while McLaws made a strong demonstration to the right of the
road. As the troops advancing upon the enemy's front and right
converged upon his central position, Anderson effected a junction
with Jackson's corps, and the whole line pressed irresistibly on.
The enemy was driven from all his fortified positions, with heavy
loss in killed, wounded and prisoners, and retreated towards the
Rappahannock. By 10 A. M., we were in full possession of the
field. The troops having become somewhat scattered by the diffi-
culties of the ground and the ardor of the contest, were immediately
reformed, preparatory to renewing the attack. The enemy had
withdrawn to a strong position nearer to the Rappahannock, which
he had previously fortified. His superiority of numbers, the un-
favorable nature of the ground, which was densely wooded, and
the condition of our troops after the arduous and sanguinary con-
flict in which they had been engaged, rendered great caution
necessary. Our preparations were just completed, when further

Battle of Chancellorsville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 237

operations were arrested by intelligence received from Fredericks-
burg.

General Early had been instructed, in the event of the enemy
withdrawing from his front and moving up the river, to join the
main body of the army, with so much of his command as could
be spared from the defence of his lines. This order was repeated
on the second; but by a misapprehension on the part of the officer
conveying it, General Early was directed to move unconditionally,
leaving Hays' brigade and one regiment of Barksdale's at Frede-
ricksburg, and directing a part of General Pendleton's artillery to
be sent to the rear, in compliance with the order delivered to him.
General Early moved with the rest of his command towards Chan-
cellorsville. As soon as his withdrawal was perceived, the enemy
began to give evidence of an intention to advance; but the mistake
in the transmission of the order being corrected. General Early
returned to his original position. The line to be defended by
Barksdale's brigad^'extended from the Rappahannock, above Fred-
ericksburg, to the rear of Howison's house, a distance of more
than two miles. The artillery was posted along the heights in
rear of the town. Before dawn, on the morning of the third,
General Barksdale reported to General Early that the enemy had
occupied Fredericksburg in large force, and laid down a bridge at
the town. Hays' brigade was sent to his support, and placed on
his extreme left, with the exception of one regiment stationed on
the right of his line, behind Howison's house. Seven companies
of the Twenty-first Mississippi regiment were posted by General
Barksdale between the Marye house and the plank road ; the
Eighteenth and the three other companies of the Twenty-first occu-
pied the telegraph road at the foot of Marye's hill, the two remain-
ing regiments of the brigade being farther to the right on the hills
near to Howison's house. The enemy made a demonstration
against the extreme right, which was easily repulsed by General
Early. Soon afterwards a column moved from Fredericksburg
along the river banks, as if to gain the heights on the extreme left,
which commanded those immediately in rear of the town. This
attempt was foiled by General Hays and the arrival of General
Wilcox from Banks' ford, who deployed a few skirmishers on the
hill near' Taylor's house, and opened upon the enemy with a sec-
tion of artillery. Very soon the enemy advanced in large force
-against Marye's and the hills to the right and left of it. Two
assaults were gallantly repulsed by Barksdale's men and the

238 Southern Historical Society Papers.

artillery. After the second, a flag of truce was sent from the town
to obtain permission to provide for the wounded. Three heavy
lines advanced immediately upon the return of the flag and renewed
the attack. They were bravely repulsed on the right and left, but
the small force at the foot of Marye's hill, overpowered by more
than ten times their numbers, was captured, after a heroic resistance,,
and the hill carried. Eight piecies of artillery were taken on
Marye's and the adjacent heights. The remainder of Barksdale's
brigade, together with that of General Hays, and the artillery on
the right, retired down the telegraph road. The success of the
enemy enabled him to threaten our communications by moving
down the telegraph road or to come upon our rear at Chancellors-
ville by the plank road. He at first advanced on the former, but
was checked by General Early, who had halted the commands of
Barksdale and Hays, with the artillery, about two miles from
Marye's hill, and reinforced them with three regiments of Gordon's
brigade.

The enemy then began to advance up the plank road, his progress
being gallantly disputed by the brigade of General Wilcox, who
had moved from Banks' ford as rapidly as possible to the assistance
of General Barksdale; but arrived too late to take part in the
action. General Wilcox fell back slowly until he reached Salem
church, on the plank road, about five miles from Fredericksburg.

Information of this state of affairs in our rear having reached
Chancellorsville, as already stated, General McLaws, with his three
brigades and one of General Anderson's, was ordered to reinforce
General Wilcox. He arrived at Salem church early in the after-
noon, where he found General Wilcox in line of battle, with a
large force of the enemy — consisting, as was reported, of one army
corps and part of another — under Major-General Sedgwick, in his
front. The brigades of Kershaw and Wofford were placed on the
right of Wilcox, those of Semmes and Mahone on his left.

The, enemy's artillery played vigorously upon our position for
some time, when his infantry advanced in three strong lines, the
attack being directed mainly against General Wilcox, but partially
involving the brigades on his left. The assault was met with the
utmost firmness, and after a fierce struggle, the first line was re-
pulsed with great slaughter. The second then came forward, but
immediately broke under the close and deadly fire which it encoun-
tered, and the whole mass fled in confusion to the rear. They
were pursued by the brigades of Wilcox and Semmes, which ad-

Battle of Chancellor sville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 239

vanced nearly a mile, when they were halted to reform in the pre-
sence of the enemy's reserve, which now appeared in large force.
It being quite dark. General Wilcox deemed it imprudent to push
the attack with his small numbers, and retired to his original posi-
tion, the enemy making no attempt to follow. The next morning
General Early advanced along the Telegraph road, and recaptured
Mayre's and the adjacent hills without difficulty, thus gaining the
rear of the enemy's left. He then proposed to General McLaws
that a simultaneous attack should be made by their respective com-
mands, but the latter officer not deeming his force adequate to
assail the enemy in front, the proposition was not carried into
effect. In the mean time, the enemy had so strengthened his posi-
tion near Chancellors ville that it was deemd inexpedient to assail
it with less than our whole force, which could not be concentrated
until we were relieved from the danger that menaced our rear. It
was accordingly resolved still further to reinforce the troops in
front of General Sedgwick, in order, if possible, to drive him- across
the Rappahannock. Accordingly, on the fourth. General Anderson
was directed to proceed, with his remaining three brigades, to join
General McLaws — the three divisions of Jackson's corps holding
our position at Chancellorsville. Anderson reached Salem church
about noon, and was directed to gain the left flank of the enemy
and effect a junction with Early. McLaws' troops were disposed
as on the previous day, with orders to hold the enemy in front and
to push forward his right brigades as soon as the advance of Ander-
son and Early should be perceived, so as to connect with them and
complete the continuity of our line.

Some delay occurred in getting the troops into position, owing
to the broken and irregular nature of the ground, and the difficulty
of ascertaining the disposition of the enemy's forces. The attack
did not begin until six P. M., when Anderson and Early moved
forward and drove General Sedgwick's troops rapidly before them
across the plank road in the direction of the Rappahannock. The
speedy approach of darkness prevented General McLaws from per-
ceiving the success of the attack until the enemy began to recross
the river a short distance below Banks' ford, where he had laid one
of his pontoon bridges. His right brigades, under Kershaw and
Wofford, advanced through the woods in the direction of the firing,
but the retreat was so rapid that they could only join in the pur-
suit. A dense fog settled over the field, increasing the obscurity
and rendering great caution necessary to avoid collision between

240 Southern Historical Society Papers.

our own troops. Their movements were consequently slow. Gen-
eral Wilcox, with Kershaw's brigade and two regiments of his own,
accompanied by a battery, proceeded nearly to the river, capturing
a number of prisoners and inflicting great damage upon the enemy.
General McLaws also directed Colonel Alexander's artillery to fire
upon the locality of the enemy's bridges, which was done with
good effect. The next morning it was found that General Sedgwick
had made good his escape and removed his bridges. Fredericks-
burg was also evacuated and our rear no longer threatened. But as
General Sedgwick had it in his power to recross, it was deemed
best to leave General Early with his division and Barksdale's bri-
gade to hold our lines as before. McLaws and Anderson being
directed to return to Chancellorsville, they reached their destina-
tion during the afternoon in the midst of a violent storm, which
continued throughout the night and most of the following day.

Preparations were made to assail the enemy's works at daylight
on the sixth, but, on advancing our skirmishers, it was found that
under cover of the storm and darkness of the night, he had re-
treated over the river. A detachment was left to guard the battle-
field while the wounded were being removed and the captured
property collected. The rest of the army returned to its former
position.

The particulars of these operations will be found in the reports
of the several commanding officers, which are herewith transmitted.
They will show more fully than my limits will suffer me to do
the dangers and difficulties which, under God's blessing, were sur-
mounted by the fortitude and valor of our army. The conduct of
our troops cannot be too highly praised. Attacking largely superior
numbers in strongly entrenched positions, their heroic courage
overcame every obstacle of nature and art, and achieved a triumph
most honorable to our arms. I commend to the particular notice
of the Department the brave officers and men mentioned by their
superiors for extraordinary daring and merit, whose names I am
unable to enumerate here. Among them will be found some who
have passed by a glorious death beyond the reach of praise, but
the memory of whose virtues and devoted patrotism will ever be
cherished by their grateful countrymen. The returns of the Medi-
cal Director will show the extent of our loss, which, from the
nature of the circumstances attending the engagement, could not
be otherwise than severe. Many valuable officers and men were
killed or wounded in the faithful discharge of duty. Among the

Battle of Chancellorsville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 241

former, Brigadier-General Paxton fell while leading his brigade
with conspicuous courage in the assault on the enemy's works at
Chancellorsville. The gallant Brigadier-General Nichols lost a leg;
Brigadier-General McGowan was severely, and Brigadier-Generals
Heth and Pender were slightly wounded in the same engagement.
The latter officer led his brigade to the attack under a destructive
fire, bearing the colors of a regiment in his own hands, up to and
over the entrenchments, with the most distinguished gallantry.
General Hoke received a painful wound in the action near Fred-
ericksburg. The movement by which the enemy's positions was
turned, and the fortune of the day decided, was conducted by the
lamented Lieutenant-General Jackson, who, as has already been
stated, was severely wounded near the close of the engagement on
Saturday evening. I do not propose here to speak of the character
of this illustrious man, since removed from the scene of his eminent
usefulness by the hand of an inscrutable but allwise Providence,
I nevertheless desire to pay the tribute of my admiration to the
matchless energy and skill that marked this last act of his life,
forming as it did a worthy conclusion of that long series of splendid
achievements which won for him the lasting love and gratitude of
his country, Major-General A. P. Hill was disabled soon after
assuming command, but did not leave the field until the arrival of
Major-General Stuart. The latter officer ably discharged the diffi-
cult and responsible duties which he was thus unexpectedly called
to perform. Assuming the command late in the night, at the close
of a fierce engagement, and in the immediate presence of the
enemy, necessarily ignorant, in a great measure, of the disposition
of the troops, and of the plans of those who had preceded him,
General Stuart exhibited great energy, promptness and intelligence.
During the continuance of the engagement the next day, he con-
ducted the operation on the left with distinguished capacity and
vigor, stimulating and cheering the troops by the example of his
own coolness and daring. While it is impossible to mention all who
were conspicuous in the several engagements, it will not be con-
sidered an invidious distinction to say that General .Jackson, after
he was wounded, in expressing the satisfaction he derived from the
conduct of his whole command, commended to my particular
attention the services of Brigadier-General (now Major-General)
Rodes and his gallant division. Major-General Early performed
the important and responsible duty intrusted to him in a manner
which reflected credit upon himself and his command. Major-
2

242 Southern Historical Society Papers.

General R. H. Anderson was also distinguished for the promptness^
courage and skill with which he and his division executed every
order; and Brigadier-General (now Major- General) Wilcox is en-
titled to especial praise for the judgment and bravery displayed in
impeding the advance of General Sedgwick towards Chancellors-
ville, and for the gallant and successful stand at Salem church.
To the skillful and efficient management of the artillery, the suc-
cessful issue of the contest is in great measure due.

The ground was not favorable for its employment, but every
suitable position was taken with alacrity, and the operations of the
infantry supported and assisted with a spirit and courage not second
to their own. It bore a prominent part in the final assault which
ended in driving the enemy from the field at Chancellorsville,
silencing his batteries, and by a destructive enfilade fire upon his
works, opened the way for the advance of our troops. Colonels
Crutchfield, Alexander and Walker, and Lieutenant- Colonels Brown,
Carter and Andrews, with the officers and men of their commands,
are mentioned as deserving especial commendation. The batteries
under General Pendleton also acted with great gallantry. The
cavalry of the army at the time of these operations was much re-
duced. To its vigilance and energy we were indebted for timely
information of the enemy's movements before the battle, ^nd for
impeding his march to Chancellorsville. It guarded both flanks of
the army during the battle at that place, and a portion of it, as has
been already stated, rendered valuable service in covering the
march of Jackson to the enemy's rear. The horse artillery ac-
companied the infantry, and participated with credit to itself in
the engagement. The nature of the country rendered it impossible
for the cavalry to do more. When the enemy's infantry passed the
Rappahannock at Kelly's ford, his cavalry, under. General Stone-
man, also crossed in large force, and proceeded through Culpeper
county towards Gordonsville, for the purpose of cutting the rail-
roads to Richmond. General Stuart had nothing to oppose to this
movement but two regiments of Brigadier-General W. H. F. Lee's
brigade — the Ninth and Thirteenth Virginia cavalry. General Lee
fell back before the overwhelming, numbers of the enemy ; and
after holding the railroad bridge over the Rapidan during the first
of Ma}^, burned the bridge and retired to Gordonsville at night.
The enemy avoided Gordonsville, and reached Louisa courthouse,
on the Central railroad, which he proceeded to break up. Dividing,
his force, a part of it also cut the Richmond and Fredericksburg!

Battle of Chancellor sville — Report of General R. E. Lee. 243

railroad, an^ a part proceeded to Columbia, on the James river and
Kanawha canal, with the design of destroying the aqueduct at
that place. The small command of General Lee exerted itself
vigorously to defeat this purpose. The damage done to the rail-
roads was small and soon repaired, and the canal was saved from
injury. The details of his operations will be found in the accom-
panying memorandum and are creditable to officers and men.

The loss of the enemy in the battle of Chancellorsville and the
other engagements was severe. His dead and a large number of
wounded were left on the field. About five thousand prisoners,
exclusive of the wounded, were taken, and thirteen pieces of
artillery, nineteen thousand five hundred stand of arms, seventeen
colors and a large quantity of ammunition fell into our hands.

To the members of my staff I am greatly indebted for assistance
in observing the movements of the enemy, posting troops and
conveying orders. On so extended and varied a field all were
called into requisition and all evinced the greatest energy and zeal.
The Medical Director of the army. Surgeon Guild, with the officers
of his department, were untiring in their attention to the wounded.
Lieutenant-Colonel Corley, Chief Quartermaster, took charge of the
disposition and safety of the trains of the army. Lieutenant-
Colonel Cole, Chief Commissary of its subsistence, and Lieutenant-
Colonel Baldwin, Chief of Ordnance, were everywhere on the field
attending to the wants of their departments. General Chilton, Chief
of Staff, Lieutenant-Colonel Murray, Major Peyton and Captain
Young, of the Adjutant and Inspector-General's Department, were
active in seeing t(\ the execution of orders. Lieutenant-Colonel
Smith and Captain Johnston, of the engineers, in reconnoitering
the enemy and constructing batteries ; Colonel Long, in posting
troops and artillery ; Majors Taylor, Talcott, Marshall and Venable,
were engaged night and day in watching the operations, carrying

orders, &c.

Respectfully submitted,

R. E. Lee, GeneraL

244 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park, Twelftii Alabawia Reg-iment.

[Concluflefl.]

April 5th to 10th, 1865 — Our hospital life is monotonous and varied
only by daily discussions of reports of General Lee's situation,
gathered from the rabid, black Republican papers we are permitted
to bu3^ The news to-day (10th) is dreadful indeed. " General
Lee has surrendered "' is repeated with hushed breath from lip to
lip. No human tongue, however eloquent, no pen, however gifted,
can give an adequate description of our dismay and horror at the
heartrending news. The sudden, unexpected calamity shocked
reason and unsettled memory. The news crushed our fondest hopes.
On every countenance rests the shadow of gloom, on every heart
the paralyzing torpor of despair. We move about, or sit on our
beds, silent, almost motionless, in the speechless agony of woe, in
the mute eloquence of unutterable despair. After four long weary
years of battle and marches, of prayers and tears, of pain and
sacrifice, of wounds and woe, of blood and death, such an ending
of our hopes, such a shocking disajopointment, is bitter, cruel,
crushing. Few tears are shed ; there is no time for weakness or
sentiment. The grief is too deep, the agony too tenible to find
vent through the ordinary channels of distress. Hope seems forever
buried, and naturally too. After four years of gallant resistance,
heroic endurance and incredible suffering, we find ourselves broken
in fortunes, crushed, ruined ; yet, amid our misery and wretchedness,
though sad and sick at heart, we have no blush of shame. We feel
deep, unutterable regret at our failure, but no humiliation. We
have done nothing wrong. Our rights were trampled upon, our
property stolen, and our liberties attacked, and we did but our
sacred duty to defend them as well as we could. We freely offered
up our lives and property in defence of principle and right and
honor. A stern, conscientious sense of duty has influenced us to
fight, bleed and suffer all these terrible years. The Yankees of
New England first practiced and taught us the doctrine of secession,
and then by force forbade us to apply it peaceably. The heroic
men who fought, bled and died, are in prison or in exile for this
principle, this inherent right, ought not and will not be known in
history as traitors. Sorrow has crushed us, defeat has ruined us,
but we must not and shall not forget or cease to cherish the brave
deeds of as brave hearts as the world ever produced. Our homes

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 245

are burnt, our land desolated, our wealth departed in smoke and
ashes, our very hearthstones dyed in blood, our dear dead have
fallen in vain, but we shall ever remember, honor and be grateful
to them. But I will not admit that the cause is entirely lost. The
armies of Generals Joseph Johnston, Dick Taylor and Kirby Smith
are still in the field, and may snatch victory from apparent defeat
yet. The Yankees guarding us, while jubilant at the news, are
seemingly kinder than usual,

April 11th to 15th — I was the only officer in our ward that suc-
ceeded in buying a morning's paper to-day (the 15th). The In-
quirer WSLS brought me at a late hour, hurriedly and stealthily, by
the nurse Curry. I was inexpressibly shocked at reading at the
head of the first column, first page, the terrible words:

"ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT LINCOLN,

John Wilkes Booth the Murderer.

ATTEMPTED ISIURDEK OF SECRETARY SEWARD,

John Howard Payne the Supposed Assassin."

Then followed in detail the account of the assassination. I called
aloud to my hospital comrades, and as I read, they left their bunks
and crowded around me, listening with awe to the tragic recital.
One of them remarked that he would gladly divide his last crust
of bread with the daring Booth, if he should meet him in his
wanderings. I said I looked upon Lincoln as a tyrant and invete-
rate enemy of the South, and could shed no tears for him, but
deprecated the cruel manner of his taking off. While we were
eagerly and excitedly discussing the startling news, the young
galvanized renegade Curry came to my bunk and took down my
card, saying, "the doctor says you must go to the barracks." The
order was given to no one else, and not having recovered sufficiently
for the change, I replied that I would not go until ordered to do so
by the surgeon in person. Curry left, and, in a»few minutes, young
Doctor Miller came in, and told me to get ready for the barracks.
Protesting against the inhumanity of his order, I crawled on my
hands, right foot and hips to the door of the ward, and near by, in
a small ante-room, put on my old suit of clothes, laying aside my
hospital garb. I was then directed to the door of the hospital,
down a long, bleak, windy passage, near the gate to the officers'
barracks. Here I waited for my crutches and further orders.
Very soon I saw Captain McSherry approaching, and others of my
ward and those adjoining followed. Colonel James W. Hinton

246 Southern Historical Society Papers.

was of the number. Colonel Hinton inquired of me, " what is the
matter?" "I suppose we are to be punished as accessories to the
murder of Abe Lincoln," I replied. "Schoepff has ordered every
man that can walk from the hospital to the barracks. He evidently
regards us as accomplices of Wilkes Booth," said the Colonel.
Many who were quite sick — some of the scurvy afflicted among
them— hobbled slowly and painfully out of their wards, and the
long, cold hall was soon crowded with the sick, the lame and the
halt. Such a rigid course is senseless and cruel. It shows weak-
ness, cowardice and malice. Courage and humanity accompany
each other; cowardice and cruelty are comrades. After alternately
standing and sitting on the floor for hours, the gate of the dreaded
barracks was opened, and we were again ushered into the prison

proper.

"A prison, heavens, I loathe the hated name,

Famine's metropolis, the sink of shame,

A nauseous sepulchre , whose craving womb

Hourly inters poor mortals in its tomb."

The plank walk near and space in front of the gate were filled
with anxious and curious Confederate officers, who eagerly asked
the news. No papers had been allowed them during the day. I
headed the long procession, and repeated, as I walked, "Abe Lincoln
was killed last night." The 'news spread like wildfire, and a few
thoughtless fellows seemed overjoyed at it, throwing up their hats,
dancing, jumping, and even shouting aloud. Their imprudence
caused General Schoepff to order his guards to fire upon any Rebel
manifesting pleasure at the news, and he actually had the huge
guns of the fort turned frowningly toward us. A large majority of
the prisoners regret Lincoln's death, and in the wonderful charity
which buries all quarrels in the grave, the dead President was no
longer regarded as an enemy, for, with the noble generosity native
to Southern charact^-, all resentment was hidden in his death. My
copy qf the Inquirer was in great demand, was borrowed by officers
in different divisions, and the astounding particulars of Lincoln's
terrible death were read and reread to crowds of officers, all eager
to drink in every word of the startling account. I occupied my
old quarters in twenty-seven, with Captain Hewlett as my bunk-
mate. ]\Iy friends welcome my return very cordially.

April IQth to Idth — Most of the officers are greatly discouraged,
and have given up all hope of the success of our cause. I still
have hope from the Southern Fabius, General Joseph Johnston.

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 247

He is prudent and skillful. We have been deprived of mails for
several days, and have had many minor but desirable privileges
taken from us. The guns of the fort are still turned towards us,
and the guards are very harsh and peremptory in their orders.
The barracks have been enlarged for the reception of more pris-
oners, and field and staff officers separated from the others and
placed in a newly erected division to themselves. General R. L.
Page and General Rufus Barringer are the ranking officers of the
party. I attend surgeon's call every morning. The doctor is a
drunken sot, and seldom attends his nine o'clock morning sick call,
but sends his detailed Rebel clerk, a young Mississippi lawyer, from
the privates' pen, who sits on the outside of the fence and listens to
the grievances of the sick officers through a " pigeon hole," size eight
by twelve inches, which the sick approach, one by one, in his turn,
and, peeping through, make known their wants. This little "hole
in the wall " is crowded for hours frequently, and the young, in-
experienced, but accommodating Rebel substitute for the Yankee,
surgeon does his best to serve his patients. He tries to supply
such medicines as are called for. Itch is a very common disease,
and some of the neatest of the officers suffer from its trying annoy-
ance. Calls for sulphur and lard or grease, and epsom salts are
numerous. A number of officers "take in washing," calling for
clothes every Monday, or as their customers may direct. Five cents
per garment is the charge, and the washermen pull off their coats,
roll up their sleeves, and work with a vim, using the water from
the ditch.

April 20th to 2Sd (Sunday) — A large mail was delivered to-day
(23d). I received a letter from my beloved sister, Mrs. M. C. H.,
dated La Grange, Georgia, February 6th, and postmarked Old
Point Comfort, Virginia, March 31st, and Point Lookout, Mary-
land, April 11th. It had been sent from the latter place to Old
Capitol, Washington, D. C, and thence to Fort Delaware. It told
me of the reception of one of my letters by brother James, the
latest and only one since October 27th, and pained and saddened
me by news of my dearest of mothers having had her arm broken
in December. She was reported nearly well though. No particulars
were given, as all flag of truce letters are limited to one page.
Brothers John and Lemuel are in service at Andersonville prison.
The former is major of the First Georgia, and the latter is a
sergeant under Captain Wirz. I know they are kind to the prisoners
under their charge. Major Sherrar, of Maryland, slapped or

248 Southern Historical Society Papers.

kicked some cowardly fellow, who had solicited the oath and
release from prison, and, when reported to Ahl, was ordered
to the pen occupied by the "galvanized" men. Here he was
seized, and placed violently and forcibly upon a blanket, and
swinging him rapidly was hurled repeatedly high in air, until
exhausted and almost dead from the shameful violence. All
are justly indignant at such tyrannical conduct on the part of
the ignoble Ahl. An adjutant of a Virginia regiment bribed a
sentinel to mail a letter to his sweetheart in Baltimore for him, but
the letter was discovered and detained. The adjutant was sent for
and asked to explain how he mailed the letter, which he declined
to do. Whereupon he was hung up by the thumbs, sustaining his
entire weight in that painful position. Occasionally he was lowered
and again the name of the guard who mailed his letter demanded,
but he invariably refused to tell. His thumbs were almost torn
from his hands, their joints were torn apart, and the poor, brave,
faithful, honorable fellow fainted at last from excess of pain from
the cruel torture. He cannot now use his swollen hands, and is
fed by his messmates. He is entirely helpless so far as his hands
and arms are concerned. Such conduct as this on the part of
Schoepff and Ahl does not soften our asperity towards the Yankee
Government, nor make us willing to swear fealty to it.

April 24:th and loth — Captain Ahl came into the pen, arranged
the officers in three sides of a hollow square, and had the roll
called alphabetically, offering the oath of allegiance to all, with a
promise of early release, if accepted. Nearly 900 out of 2,300
agreed to take it. It was a trying and exciting time as each name
was called and the response "Yes" or "No "was announced. I
answered " No " with emphasis and bitterness. Born on Southern
soil, reared under its institutions, nurtured upon its traditions, I
cannot consent to take the hated oath. The very thought is repul-
sive in the extreme.

April 2^th to 29th — The distressing news of the surrender of
General Johnston to Sherman in North Carolina is announced in
words of exultation by the Northern papers. The cup of bitterness
and sorrow seems full. Those officers who had declined the oath
were again ordered out, the roll called a second time, and the oath
again offered. Hundreds who had promptly and boldly replied
"No" when their names were called after Lee's surrender, now
faintly and reluctantly answered " Yes." What a painful mental
struggle they must have passed through. My own messmates

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 249

pronounced the .fatal " Yes," but they do not allude to it in our
conversations. When my name was called, I promptly and de-
fiantly answered at the top of my voice "No." My messmates are
very reticent, and are evidently dissatisfied, grieved and humiliated.
I am sorry for them, and feel some indignation at their course.
The armies of Dick Taylor and Kirby Smith are still left, and no
one should give up the cause so long as there is an armed man in
the field, and I feel that I would be disgraced if I should^ consent
to such a course while we have an army ready to do battle, and
our President is still firm and resolute, and even now perhaps with
the army of his brother-in-law. General Taylor. A bold young
North Carolinian, Lieutenant Hugh Randolph Crichton, in my
division, openly denounces the precipitation of those who have
agreed to swallow the detested oath. Captain J. W. Fannin, of
Tuskegee, Alabama; "Captain A. C. Gibson, of La Grange, Georgia;
Lieutenant William A. Scott, of Auburn, Alabama; Major N. R.
Fitzhugh, of Scottsville, Virginia, and others, come to my bunk
frequently and earnestly discuss our exciting and heart-sickening
surroundings. All of them have declined the oath, and the two
former say they will remain firm as long as I do. Officers are
having meetings by States, and trying to take united action. The
Alabamians assembled in Division 24. Colonel Steedman, of the
First Alabama, was called to the chair, and several short speeches
were made, but no definite action was taken. I was a quiet spec-
tator, but mentally resolved not to be bound by any action looking
to taking the oath.

' Ap'il oOth to May 4;:^.— Another offer of the villainous oath, and
only 165 of the entire number of officers in the barracks now con-
tinue to resolutely decline it. I again refused. Lieutenant Crichton
proposed to me that we accept banishment in preference to the
oath. I replied that I preferred anything to the latter. My friends
are calling my attention to my crutches and helpless, crippled
condition, and warn me not to excite the anger of the Yankees by
my persistent refusal of the oath. My lady friends — among them
Mrs. Mary F. Chandler, of City Spring, Richmond, Virginia, the
only sister of Captain Keeling, Miss Jamison, of Baltimore, and
others — write urging me to consent to take it. I appreciate their
motives, but feel it my duty to refuse it to the last extremity. My
resolution is determined and unwavering. To take it would be
swearing against my wishes and my conscience. The Confederate
cause is right and holy, and I cannot swear not to aid or comfort

250 , Southern Historical Society Papers.

it and its still faithful defenders. None but a base and cowardly
despotism would force a man to swear against his own conscience,
to do something he can only do through perjury. To swear under
such circumstances is to suppress the noblest impulses of the
heart. Is it not cruel and contemptible to take advantage of our
misfortunes, of our dire extremity, and offer us the oath so repeatedly
and insultingly, especially when it is well known we would never
take it except under compulsion? Those prisoners who still refuse
the oath held a consultation meeting in Division 22. General
Barringer made a long speech, urging all of us to accept the terms
of the Yankees and go home, and declared that we would be ban-
ished from the country if we persisted in declining the proffered
oath. I sat on a bunk near Major Fitzhugh, of Virginia, and
Captain W. H. Bennett, of Georgia, and when General Barringer
concluded his speech, amid profound silence, Ihe cry of "Fellows !'
Fellows!" arose, and Captain .John W. Fellows, of General Beale's
staff, from Arkansas, but formerly of New York city, mounted a box
and eloquently responded to the call. He began by saying: "Gen-
eral Barringer says if we do not tamely submit, we shall be banished
from the country. What's banished but set free from daily contact
with the things we loathe? Banished! we thank you for it!
Twould break our chains, etc., etc." He was applauded throughout,
and rapturously as he closed urging us to remain faithful unto the
bitter ;end. Colonel Van H. Manning, of the First Arkansas, fol-
lowed in the same line, and made an excellent speech, full of fire
and stirring eloquence.

May 5th to 10th — General Dick Taylor has surrendered to General
Canby all the forces east of the Mississippi river. Everything
grows darker and more hopeless. The Trans-Mississippi army,
under General Kirby Smith, alone remains. A few of us, " like
drowning men catching at straws," still hope for exchange and
deliverance through this source. Captain Brown has received
some money from Mr. J. M. Bruff, of Baltimore; Lieutenant Ar-
rington from Mrs. Kearney, of Kearney sville, Indiana; Captain
Hewlett from friends in Clarkesville, Tennessee; and I from Misses
McSherry and Jamison. We live very well by making purchases
from the sutler.

3Iay 11th to ISth — I have little heart for conversation, and employ
myself reading and indulging bitter fancies. My nights are restless,
and hours are spent in anxious, troubled thoughts. It is said there
are only forty left who still decline the oath. The others have

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park. 251

yielded to the great pressure. Lieutenant Critchton and Captains
Gibson and Fannin remain firm and counsel with me daily. Re'
ceived ten dollars from Mrs. Martha J. Sullivan, of Baltimore, with
a noble letter, full of sweet, womanly sympathy, counseling me to
jdeld to the requirements of the Yankee Government, and secure

release from longer confinement. Miss Gertie C , now at

Baltimore Female College, sent me her photograph, a very hand-
some one. A prison newspaper, all in manuscript, has made its
appearance. It is a single sheet of foolscap, all written neatly
with the pen, and evidently by several hands. " The Prison Times "
is its name. It is divided into columns, and every page has its
contents properly classed. 'The head is prettily done in ornamental
letters. The motto is ^' en temps et lieny The number out is the
second issue. There is a prospectus and a salutatory. There is a
column of miscellany followed by a column of advertisements.
" Lieutenant White, of Thirty -third North Carolina, will execute on
metal all kinds of engravings;" "Lieutenant B. F. Curtright, Di-
vision 24, manufactures gutta-percha rings, chains and breastpins;"
"tailoring is done by Griggs and Church ;" " washing and ironing by
J. G. Davenport, of Tenth Georgia battalion, and by Lieutenant J.
C. Boswell, Thirty-third Georgia regiment;" "Broughton and
Walker keep a shaving and shampooing shop." The editors are
George S. Thomas, Captain Sixty-fourth Georgia; W. H. Bennett,
Captain and Adjutant same regiment, and F. J. Cassidy, Lieutenant
Eleventh South Carolina volunteers. The editorials consist of a
"Salutatory," "Our Prison World," "A Good Work," "A Local,"
"Our Paper," "Miscellaneous," "Report of the Markets," and there
are several original communications.

May 19th to Slst — The mortifying news of the capture of Presi-
dent Davis, near Washington, Georgia, is received, and the false
report of his attempt to escape in female attire is circulated and
maliciously harped upon by the fanatical Yankee newspapers.
While I feel sure the report is totally untrue, yet I confess I think
he would have been entirely justified in it, if he had sought to
escape by such means. Louis Napoleon once escaped from a dun-
geon in female garb, and no disgrace or shame attaches to him for
it. But it is a ringing and lasting shame to the Yankee nation
that our great chief has been compelled to endure the severest,
bitterest attempt to humiliate him and disgrace his people by being
basely manacled with irons. While thoroughly indignant we feel
that the disgrace of the cruel deed all belongs to President Johnson

252 Southern Historical Society Papers.

and Secretary Stanton, none whatever to our great, beloved, vicarious
sufferer. Our hearts were chilled, our countenances grew pale, and
we trembled with agony, as we heard whispered from lip to lip
"Jeff. Davis is captured." We were sickened, palsied by the pain-
ful, overpowering announcement. The illustrious, undaunted head
of our Confederacy is a manacled prisoner. Our honored, beloved
President a chained captive, his Cabinet prisoners or fugitives, our
cause lost, our country ruined, our native land desolated, our
gallant armies surrendered. The grand head, the noble embodi-
ment of our holy cause, the faithful friend and servant of the
South, President Davis, is now shut up in the dreary prison walls^
of Fortress Monroe. He is our uncomplaining, dignified, heroic,-
vicarious sufferer. How dull and leaden must be the heavy hours
in his weary, weary prison cell. May a Gracious God sustain and
comfort him in his wretchedness and misery.

On the 26th my last, fond hope was completely crushed. Gen-
eral Kirby Smith surrendered his forces in the Trans-Mississippi
Department to General Canby at Baton Rouge. My very last hope
has gone. What shall I do? If the alternative of banishment
from the country was offered, I would unhesitatingly accept it.
But it is the hated oath of allegiance or perpetual imprisonment.
Both are terrible, revolting.

Ju7ie 1st to 5th — A novel, called "Too Strange not to be True,'-
received from Miss McSherry, and promptly read. Farther O'Con-
nor, of Philadelphia, made a visit to the Catholic prisoners. It is a
notable fact that no Protestant minister in the entire North has
ever, to my knowledge, visited the prison. A few Catholic priests
have been more considerate. The "Prison Christian Association"
has weekly lectures from its members. Colonel Hinton delivered
a very fine one on "Benevolence." Rev. Mr. Kinsolving, Captain
Harris and others will doubtless follow. Prayers continue to be
offered by some oflBcer in each division at nine o'clock ever}^ night.
I am collecting the autographs of the brave men who to the last
have refused the oath of allegiance, nearly all of whom now, since
the surrender of Kirby Smith and his army, are willing to take
the oath when again offered, in accordance with the proclamation
of President Johnson. Among these true men whose autographs
I have are Major J. Raiford Bell, Twelfth Mississippi infantry,
Satartia, Mississippi; Adjutant Francis E. Ogden, Seventh Loui-
siana regiment, Natchez, Mississippi; Lieutenant Collin W. Gibson,
Twelfth Mississippi regiment, Natchez, Mississippi ; Lieutenant J.

Diary of Captain Robert E. Park.

9n?.

W. Lawrence, Seventeenth North Carolina regiment, Greenville,
North Carolina; Adjutant Alex, S.Webb, Forty-fourth North Caro-
lina regiment, Oaks, North Carolina; Lieutenant Hugh R. Crichton,
Porty-seventh North Carolina regiment, Louisburg, North Carolina ;
Lieutenant A. H. Mansfield, Eighth North Carolina regiment,
Greenville, Nortli Carolina; Captain George Sloan, Fifty-first North
Carolina regiment, Fayetteville, North Carolina; Lieutenant Wil-
liam M. Sneed, Twelfth North Carolina regiment, Townesville, North
Carolina ; Lieutenant Patrick H. Winston, Eleventh North Carolina
regiment, Franklinton, North Carolina; Adjutant David W. Gates,
Thirty-seventh North Carolina regiment, Charlotte, North Carolina;
Colonel James M. Whitson, Eighth North Carolina regiment, Poplar
Branch, North Carolina; Colonel J. T. Morehead, Fifty-third North
Carolina regiment, Greensboro,' North Carolina, Captain J. W.
Fannin, Sixty-first Alabama regiment, Tuskegee, Alabama: Adju-
tant S. D. Steedman, First Alabama regiment, Steedman, South
Carolina; Lieutenant-Colonel M. B. Locke, First Alabama regiment,
Perote, Alabama; Lieutenant R. H. Wicker, Fifteenth Alabama
regiment, Perote,'Alabama; Adjutant William R. Holcombe, Ninth
Alabama regiment, Athens, Georgia ; Lieutenant W. A. Scott,
Twelfth Georgia artillery, Auburn, Georgia; Lieutenant Frede-
rick M. Makeig, Fourth Texas regiment, Bold Spring, Texas;
Lieutenant William H. Eflinger, Eleventh Virginia cavalry, Har-
risonburg, Virginia; Major Norman R. Fitzhugh, Chief Quarter-
master Cavalry Corps, Army Northern Virginia, Scottsville, Vir-
ginia; Captain Julian P. Lee, A. A. General, Richmond, Virginia;
Colonel R. C. Morgan, P. A. C. S., Lexington, Kentucky; Captain
M. B. Perkins, Sixth Kentucky cavalry, Somerset, Kentucky;
Captain C. C. Corbett, M. D., Fourteenth Kentucky cavalry, Florence,
Georgia; Colonel T. W. Hooper, Twenty-first Georgia infantry,
Rome, Georgia; Captain A. C. Gibson, Fourth Georgia infantry^
La Grange, Georgia ; Captain L. J. Johnson, Twenty-fifth Tennessee
regiment, Cooksville, Tennessee. These are the names of twenty-
nine of the faithful forty who firmly declined all offers of the oath
■of allegiance to the United States Government until after the sur-
render of the last armed body of Confederates. I am proud of
being one of the forty, and wish I had all of their names. We
have waited until even Mosby has surrendered his Partisan Rangers.
Yet I accord equal courage and equal patriotism with myself to
those gallant men who thought best to accept President Johnson's
terms after the surrender of Lee and Johnston. They merely felt

254 Southern Historical Society Papers.

the utter hopelessness of further resistance earlier than I did, and
accepted the dreaded but inevitable situation sooner. The ftiithfu
forty have at last most reluctantly come to the sad and painful
conclusion that further resistance is useless, and will no longer
refuse the oath if offered.

June 6th to 12th — Captain Waldhauer, of Georgia Hussars, from
Savannah, Georgia, a small, quiet, gentlemanly officer, who had
lost his right arm in battle, but on recovery, returned to the com-
mand of his company, .and was captured while bravely fighting
below Petersburg, has been released. He sent me from Philadelphia
a large blank book, of which I propose to make a prison Album.
Several of my friends have contributed articles, at my request,
writing brief biographical sketches of themselves, giving their war
histories, the battles in which they have been engaged, circumstances
of their capture, prison life, etc. Articles which I value very highly
have been written by Captain J, W. Fannin, Sixty-first Alabama;
Lieutenant W. S. Bird, Eleventh Alabama; Captain T. W. Harris,
Twelfth Georgia regiment ; Lieutenant G. R. Waldman, Forty-fourth
Virginia; Captain J. Whann McSherry, Thirty-sixth Virginia i
Captain W. A. McBryde, Third Alabama; Lieutenat H. C. Pool,
Tenth North Carolina troops; Lieutenant James K. Kinman,
Twelfth Georgia battalion infantry; Lieutenant A. H. Mansfield,
Eighth North Carolina; Lieutenant W. A. Scott, Twelfth Georgia
artillery; Captain A. E. Hewlett, Twelfth Alabama; Captain W.
H. Harrison, Thirty-first Georgia, and Colonel J. W. Hinton,
Sixty-eighth North Carolina.

June IZth to 15th — Miss Jamison has sent me a satchel, a citizen's
coat and other articles, stating that they were presented by a beau-
tiful Cuban girl. Miss Susie Matthews. I owe them both many
thanks.* Transportation for all the crippled officers was obtained,
and in company with Captain Russell and Captain Rankin, of
Georgia, Adjutant Reagan, of Tennessee, and a large number of
other wounded officers, I was escorted to the fort, where the oath
was read to us, while we stood with our right hands raised aloft.
I managed to drop to the rear and lowered my hand during its
reading. Soon we took a boat for Philadelphia, and began to
realize that the war was indeed over, and we on the way to our
respective homes.

■•I am happy to say that as soon as possible after my return home I took occasion to pay
liacls; all moneys received (luring my imprisonment to Mr. J. M. Coulter, Miss E. Jamison and
Mrs. M. J. Sullivan, of Baltimore, and Miss A. L. McSherry, of Martinsburg. They were true
friends tome while "sick and in prison," and my gratitude to them for their disinterested
kindness will end only with my life. May kind heaven prosper them.

K. E. P.

Torpedoes. 255

Torpedoes.

By General 6. J. Rains, Chief of the Confederate Torpedo Service.

[The following will be read with interest, both on account of the topic of
which it treats, and tlie high authority from which it comes.]

There is no fixed rule to determine the ethics of war — that
legalized murder of our fellow-men — for even mining is admited
with its wholesale destruction.

Each new weapon, in its turn, when first introduced, was de-
nounced as illegal and barbarous, yet each took its place according
to its efficacy in human slaughter by the unanimous consent of
nations.

Gunpowder and fire-arms were held to be savage and anti-chris-
tian, yet the club, the sling, the battle-axe, the bow and arrow, the
balister or cross-bow with the tormentum, javelin and spear, gave
way to the match-lock musket, and that to the flint-lock, and that
to the percussion.

The rifle is now fast superseding the musket, being of further
range, more accurate in direction and breech-loading.

The battering-ram and catapult gave way to the smooth-bore
cannon, chain, bar and spherical shot, which is now yielding,
except in enormous calibre 15-inch and more, to rifle-bores and
elongated chilled shot (yet, on account of inertia, rifle calibre should
never exceed ten inches).

Torpedoes come next in the catalogue of destructives, the modern
ne plus ultra of warlike inventions.

The world indeed is in throes of fire and marine monsters.
While war is looming up between Russia and Turkey, other nations
are striving in guns, iron-clads and torpedo ships, for maritime
supremacy. The powers of electricity in light-giving and heat-con-
trolling to examine and blind an adversary by its glare at night,
and fire-torpedoes for his destruction at all times, and the capa-
bility of steel and iron with Professor Barfly's superheated steam in
endurance, o0"ensive and defensive, will be called into action to resist
the 100-ton guns of Italy and other formidable calibres, also torpedo
boats like the Thornycroft of France, the Lightning of England,
and the Porter Alarm of the United States.

Iron-clads are said to master the world, but torpedoes master the
iron-clads, and must so continue on account of the almost total

256 Southern Historical Society Papers.

incompressibility of water and the developed gasses of the fired
gunpowder of the torpedo under the vessel's bottom passing
through it, as the direction of least resistance.

While other nations are pursuing the science of assault and
defence theoretically and experimentally, the United States has had
more practical experience with the torpedo, and better understands
its capabilities, wisely discarding the iron and steel leviathians of
the deep for models, as the Dreadnaught, Inflexible, Devastation,
Alexandria, Iron Duke, Duillio, &c.

During the war with the Confederacy, there were 123 torpedoes
planted in Charleston harbor and Stono river, which prevented the
capture of tluit city and its conflagration. There were 101 torpe-
does planted in Roanoke river, North Carolina, by which, of twelve
vessels sent with troops and means to capture Fort Branch, but
five returned. One was sunk by the fire from the fort, and the
rest by torpedoes. Of the five iron-clads sent with other vessels to
take Mobile, Alabama (one was tin-clad), three were destroyed by
torpedoes. There were fifty-eight vessels sunk by torpedoes in the
war, and some of them of no small celebrity, as Admiral Farragut's
flag-ship the Harvest Moon, the Thorn, the Commodore Jones, the
Monitor Patapsco, Ram Osage, Monitor Milwaukee, Housatonic
and others. (Cairo in Yazoo river). Peace societies we must ac-
knowledge a failure in settling national differences by arbitration,
since enlightened nations goto war for a mere political abstraction,
and vast armies in Europe are kept ready for action, to be frustrated,
however, by this torpedo sj^stem of mining, carried out according to
views.

For three years the Confederate Congress legislated on this subject,
passing each house alternately for an organized torpedo corps until
the third year, when it passed both houses with acclamation, and
$6,000,000 appropriated, but too late, and the delay was not short-
ened by this enormous appropriation.

Could a piece of ordnance be made to sweep a battle field in a
moment of time, there soon would be no battle field, or could a
blast of wind loaded with deadly mephitic malaria in one night,
sent like the destroying angel in Sanacherib's army, or the earth be
made to open in a thousand places with the fire of death for de-
struction, as in the days of Korah, Dothan and Abiram, to which
this system tends, then and then only may we beat the sword into
the ploughshare, the spear into the pruning-hook, and nations
learn wars no more.

Torpedoes. 257

The following will show who is the founder of this arm of
service :

THE FIRST TORPEDO.

"In the experiments with the torpedo lately in the Florida
channel," saj^s an Eastern paper, "the country has been furnished
with a more complete exhibition of the destructive capacities of
this submarine projectile, than is now known to military and naval
science." Admiral Porter, in his recent report, called particular
attention to the torpedo as a defensive and offensive weapon, and
urged upon the navy a thorough study of its powers as a destruc-
tive agent in warfare. We therefore congratulate the service upon
the success of the torpedo exercises., believing that they will com-
mand the attention of all the navies in the world. Enthusiasts
claim that naval warfare has been substantially revolutionized
by its invention; and the exercises of the squadron during the
closing days of February, prove that "this newfangled concern"
is not to be despised, as the navy often learned to its sorrow during
the protracted blockade of the Southern coast at the time of the
recent war. The Wabash, Congress, Ticonderoga, Canandaigua,
Ossipee, Colorado, Brooklyn, Wachusett, Kansas, Lancaster, Alaska,
Franklin, Fortune and Shenandoah, participated in the practice.
This recalls to mind the following narration, well known to
some of our readers: During the war with the Seminole Indians
in Florida, April, 1840, the Seventh United States infantry
was stationed at posts in the interior of the peninsula, and the
country had been divided into squares of twenty miles each, and
the headquarters located at Fort King, the former agency, which
was commanded by Colonel Whistler, and Captain G. J. Rains
commanded at Fort Micanopy, just twenty-five miles distant.

Though there was, and had been since the beginning of hostili-
ties, an Indian town within sound of drum at Fort King; yet it
was so surrounded by swamp that it had not been discovered, and
some twenty miles journey was required to reach it,'; and the
Indians so located their depredations in Micanopy square, that
Colonel Whistler made representation that there the enemy was to
be found and not at Fort King, and General Taylor changed the
headquarters accordingly. The colonel's command, consisting of
several companies of infantry and dragoons, was transferred to
Fort Micanopy, and Captain Rains and his command, one company
with diminished numbers, to Fort King.
3

258 Southern Historical Society Payers.

Here the Captain soon discovered he was in a hornet's nest, and
so reported, but was unheeded. The Indians perceived at once
the disparity in numbers from their spies, and that their opponents
were few at that post, and they became bold accordingly. Captain
Rains' men were so waylaid and killed that it became dangerous to
walk even around the post, and finally two of his best men were
waylaid and murdered in full view thereof. Desperate diseases
often require desperate remedies, and as the preservation of the
lives of his command required it, the following was resorted to by
the Captain. The clothing of the last victims was made to cover a
torpedo invented by him, and it was located at a small hammock
and pond of water in a mile or two of the post where the Indian
war parties had to get water.

Some day or two elapsed, when early one night the loud booming
sound of the torpedo was heard, betraying the approach of a hostile
party. Quickly Commander Rains and some dragoons who hap-
pened to be at the post rode to the spot ; yet all was still and but
an opossum found, which the Indians with tact, near where the
torpedo had been, left to deceive. A yell indeed was heard, but
the dragoons supposed it to be from the infantry which were
arriving, and the latter thought it to come from the former. On
returning to the post the facts of the yell appearing and the animal
found, discovered to have been killed by a rifle bullet, early next
morning Captain Rains with sixteen men, all which could be
spared from garrison duty, for the dragoons had left, repaired to
the hammock, some four or five acres in extent, and, spreading out
his men as skirmishers, swept through it. The copse was surrounded
by pines and was full of bushes and beds of needle palmettoes,
impenetrable except next to the roots, where lay concealed some
hundred and more infuriated savages, all ready for action. They
were passed undiscovered until the soldiers had reached the pond,
a small one of five or six yards across, and were examining the
spot of the torpedo, which gave evidences of its destructive effects.

A little dog which had accompanied the command here became
furious, barking in the thicket of bushes and needle palmettoes.
" What is that dog barking at?" said Captain Rains. " Nothing, sir,"
said one of the soldiers, " but a rabbit." Quickly he changed his
place and again became furious, barking on the opposite side of
the pond. " Sergeant Smith," said Captain Rains to his first sergeant
near by, "see what that dog is barking at?" The poor fellow
turned and advanced some four or five paces with the soldiers near

Tor'pedoes. 259

liim, and, shouting Indians, he and his men fired their guns sim-
ultaneously with the enemy lying in covert.

The whole hammock in a moment was alive with Indians, yelling
and firing rapidly. The little party of soldiers was surrounded, and
the captain shouted, " men clear the hammock, take the trees and
give them a fair fight." No sooner commanded than executed.
The sergeant came to his officer with blood running from his
mouth and nose, and said, " Captain, I am killed." Too true; it was
his last remark. He was a brave man, but his captain could do
nothing then but tell him to get behind a tree near by.

As the hammock was occupied by the foe and the military behind
the trees at theend furthest from the post, the order was given to
charge, and the men rushed into the thicket, driving the enemy
right and left flying before the bayonet and getting behind trees
outside the hammock, the troops passing through their centre.
From the nature of the place on arriving at the other end of the
thicket, the soldiers were much scattered, and the firing still going
on, no little exertion was required for the captain to rally his men,
and while thus engaged he was badly wounded, shot through the
body, but continued his efforts until successful and the enemy
driven from the ground. The captain was carried to the fort in
the arms of his men.

FIRST SUBMARINE TORPEDO.

We have thus numbered them, as all others before made were
abortions. We remember the doggerel of the battle of the kegs of
the revolution, and a more subsequent attempt to blow up British
shipping blockading our ports in the war of 1812, which prema-
ture explosions rendered ineffective, and even Lord- Admiral Lyon's
flag-ship, at Cronstadt, which had her stern nearly blown out of
water by a torpedo, set by the Russians during the Crimean war,
was found in the dry-dock at Liverpool not to have had a plank
started. Our story of the first torpedo ended in the fighting of
sixteen soldiers and an officer with some one hundred or more In-
dians, and among the casualties the wounding of the officer and
his being carried to Fort King in the arms of his men. Another
and second torpedo had been previously plac,ed at the post by him^
and soon after the fight a thousand or more troops were collected
there, and it became such an object of dread to the whole army
that a soldier guard was put over it until Captain Rains was able
to go and take it in. "Suppose," said one officer to another, high

260 Southern Historical Society Papers.

in rank, "that the Captain had died of his wound, what would
you have done? " " I thought," said he, " of firing at it with a six-
pounder at a safe distance, and thys Icnoclving it to pieces." The
occasion of the first submarine torpedo was as follows: Soon after
the battle of Seven Pines (called in Northern prints "Fair Oaks")
General R. E. Lee, commanding, sent for General Rains and said
to him: "The enemy have upwards of one hundred vessels in the
James river, and we think that they are about making an advance
that way upon Richmond, and if there is a man in the whole
Southern Confederacy that can stop them, you are the man. Will
you undertake it?" "I will try," was the answer; and observing
that ironclads were invulnerable to cannon of all calibre used and
were really masters of rivers and harbors, it required submarine
inventions to checkmate and conquer them. So an order was
issued forthwith putting General Rains in charge of the submarine
defences, and on the James river banks, opposite Drewry's Bluff, was
the first submarine torpedo made — the primo-genitor and predeces-
sor of all such inventions, now world renowned, as civilized nations
have each a torpedo corps. And if, as has been asserted, that
"naval warfare has been substantially revolutionized" by them,
there is no doubt but that is the case on land, and the tactics of
the world has been changed, perhaps, under the providence of God,
making a vast stride to arbitration of nations and universal peace.

Note. — Having read the MS. of General Rains' valuable paper,
I desire to say that the total number of vessels sunk by torpedoes
in Mobile bay was twelve, instead of three, viz: three ironclads, two
tinclads and seven transports.

D. H. Maury,
Late Maj 07'- General C. S. A.

Report of General Jones of Operations at Charleston. 261

Report of Major-General Samuel Jones of Operations at Charleston,
South Carolina, from December 5th to 27th, 1864.

[The following is from the original MS. kindly furnished us by the gallant
•oldier who prepared it, and never before published to our knowledge.]

Charleston, South Carolina, January 11th, 1865.

Colonel — The report of operations of the troops under my com-
mand, in the late campaign ending in the evacuation of Savannah,
called for by the Lieutenant-General commanding on the 2d instant,
has been delayed because of my absence from my headquarters on
other duty, and the failure of some of the subordinate commanders
to forward to me their reports. They have not all yet been received,
but as I have been ordered to another and distant command, I
respectfully submit, without longer delay, the following report :

The dispatch from the Lieutenant-General commanding, then in
Savannah, directing me to establish my headquarters at or near
Pocotaligo, was received in this city about sunset on the 4th ultimo.
I started by the first train, but owing to detentions on the road, did
not reach Pocotaligo until nearly sunset on the fifth. I was not
informed as to the number, description or location of the troops in
that vicinity, and immediately endeavored to obtain information
on those points. I ascertained that the troops, with the exception
of the Fifth and Forty-seventh Georgia regiments, a battalion of
the Thirty-second Georgia regiment, the artillery, a part of the
Third South Carolina cavalry and Kirk's squadron, were composed
of Georgia and South Carolina reserves, and South Carolina militia,
and occupied positions extending from Pocotaligo to Savannah
river, and up that river beyond Sister's ferry. Those at and near
Grahamville were commanded by Brigadier-General Chesnut, those
at and near Coosawhatchie by Brigadier-General Gartrell. They
had arrived but a few days previously, and until my arrival were
under the immediate orders of the Lieutenant-General command-
ing or other officer under him. The reserves were very imperfectly
organized, and the militia without organization, and many of the
men were without arms. Having obtained as accurate information
as I could of their numbers and positions, and the positions and
movements of the enemy, I ordered Brigadier-General Chesnut to
send the Forty-seventh Georgia regiment and a section of artillery
by railroad, to be thrown thence to any point that might be threat-
ened, the train to remain at Coosawhatchie and be held in readiness

262 Sovihern Historical Society Papers.

to move the troops at any moment. This order, I regret to say,
was not promptly obeyed. Dispatches received during the night
indicated that the enemy was threatening Coosawhatchie by way
of Bee's creek and the Coosawhatchie river. At ten o'clock the
morning of the 6th, General Gartrell telegraphed me that the enemy
was landing from twelve barges at Gregory's point on Tulifinny
river; that he had moved forward a part of his force to meet them.
The battalion of South Carolina cadets, having arrived at Pocotaligo ,
was ordered to guard the Tulifinny trestle, and aid in checking
any advance on Coosawhatchie. A section of artillery, supported by
the battalion of the Thirty-second Georgia regiment, was ordered
to a point on the left of the Tulifinny, from which it was thought
it could drive off or annoy the enemy's transports and barges, and
I started myself to ride to Coosawhatchie. But before reaching
Tulifinny bridge, the enemy, having landed in much larger force
than was at first supposed, had pressed forward up Gregory's neck
to the Coosawhatchie or State road, and having driven back a
battalion of the Fifth Georgia regiment (about one hundred and
fifty men), interposed between me and Coosawhatchie.

Brigadier-General Gartrell has not submitted a report, but I
ascertain from a conversation with him and his subordinate com-
manders, that on first receiving information of the advance of the
enemy, he sent forward only a small battalion (one hundred and
fifty men) of the Fifth Georgia, which encountered the enem}!- on
the Gregory's Point road, about a mile from its junction with the
State road, and drove back the advance guard. But the enemy,
discovering that the handful of men in their front was not the
twentieth part of their own number, pressed forward and nearly
enveloped the Fifth Georgia, forcing it back. The Georgia reserve
and a section of artillery were then sent by Gartrell to the support
of the Fifth Georgia, but it was too late; the entire line soon gave
way, fell back in confusion, crossed the Coosawhatchie river and
partially destroyed the bridge immediately under the guns, and
within easy and effective musket range of our works at Coosaw-
hatchie. Major John Jenkins, whom I had sent forwad to ascertain
the position of the enemy, was conducting the battalion of cadets
under Major White into action, and that gallant body of youths
was moving at double quick, manifesting an eagerness to encounter
the enemy, which they subsequently so handsomely sustained in
action, and would in ten minutes have opened fire on the enemy's

Report of General Jones of Operations at Charleston. 263

right, when our line gave way as above stated, and the cadets were
withdrawn to the railroad.

The enemy having secured a footing at the junction of the Gre-
gory's Point and State roads, immediately commenced entrenching,
and I had no troops at hand with which to attack them that even-
ing. During the night of the 6th, I concentrated on the railroad,
near the Tulifinny trestle, all the available troops I could collect,
being the Forty-seventh Georgia and a battalion of the Thirty-
second Georgia regiments, a company of the First South Carolina
artillery, the battalion of cadets and one of North Carolina reserves
that had just arrived, and Buckman's battery of artillery; and
ordered Colonel Edwards, the senior colonel, to attack the enemy
with that force at day-dawn the next morning. General Gartrell
was ordered to make a spirited demonstration of attack from
Coosawhatchie as soon as he should hear Colonel Edwards' guns,
and if Edwards' attack proved successful, to press forward the
attack from Coosawhatchie with all vigor. Colonel Edwards at-
tacked as directed, with the result shown by his report, herewith
forwarded. The demonstration from Coosawhatchie was not made
with any spirit, and this effort to dislodge the enemy failed.

Not having a suflicient number of reliable troops to renew the
attack, I endeavored by defensive works to hold the railroad, and
the enemy was thus unavoidably allowed time, of which they
availed themselves, to strengthen their j^osition on Gregory's neck.
In the mean time, I had ordered Brigadier-General B. H. Robert-
son from his sub-division to the immediate command of the troops
from Bee's creek to Pocotaligo. On the morning of the 9th, the
enemy, endeavoring to get possession of the railroad, vigorously
assailed our left near Tulifinny trestle and were repulsed. Later
in the day, they concentrated and attacked our line near Coosaw-
hatchie, and were again repulsed. Failing in this attack they never
renewed it, but strengthened their position within less than a mile
of the railroad, and established several batteries with which they
endeavored, but unsuccessfully, to prevent us from using it.

On the 11th, under instructions from the Lieutenant-General
commanding, Brigadier-General Taliaferro was assigned to the im-
mediate command of the troops from Bee's creek to Pocotaligo.

I have stated thus minutely the operations of very small bodies
of troops during the 6th, 7th and 9th, because the result of those
operations decided my subsequent action. If the Forty-seventh
Georgia regiment and the section of artillery, which I ordered up

264 Southern Historical Society Papers.

from Grahamville within an hour after my arrival at Pocotaligo,
had been sent to Coosawhatchie, as I directed, or if, instead of
sending forward only a battalion, General Gartrell had employed
all of his available force to engage the enemy on the Gregory's
Neck road, leaving a small support for the guns in the fort at Coo-
sawhatchie, I think the enemy would not have succeeded in establish-
ing themselves on Gregory's neck. The position they succeeded in
securing was strong, being on a peninsula, not more than a mile
and a half in width, between the Coosawhatchie and Tulifinny,
with both flanks protected by those rivers and swamps, some of
them thickly wooded. They also occupied Mackey's point, making
it necessary that I should employ a part of my small force to
watch the enemy on Graham's neck, to guard against a movement
on the railroad from that quarter. I was convinced that I could
not, with the force at my command, dislodge the enemy from his
position by a direct attack in front, and therefore directed my atten-
tion to their rear. The only plan offering any prospect of success
was an attack in the rear from the Tulifinny side. To do this it
was necessary to bridge that stream and concentrate a column of
reliable troops to attack the enemy in his entrenchments. The
means of bridging the stream were procured, and I selected the
most suitable point of passage, but at no time was I able to con-
centrate for the attack more than a thousand troops reliable for
such service; for, by the concurrent testimony of the subordinate
commanders, the reserves and militia could not be relied on to
attack the enemy in their entrenchments. The number of the
enemy on Gregory's neck I estimate at between four and five thou-
sand.

[Note. — It was the same body of troops. General Hatch com-
manding, that was defeated at Honey Hill, on the 30th November.
It was then said to consist of 5,000 men of all arms. General
Grant, in an oflicial report, states the Federal loss at Honey Hill to
have been 746 in killed, wounded and missing. Six days later. Gen-
eral Hatch landed with his command on Gregory's neck, and it is
reasonable to estimate the number between four and five thousand.]

Under instructions from the Lieutenant-General commanding,
directing me if I could not dislodge the enemy from his position^
to strengthen my own so as to hold the railroad, and send him all
the troops I could spare, I sent him the part of General Young's
brigade that had arrived, and a few other troops, to operate in the
immediate vicinity of Savannah, and directed my attention to

Report of General Jones of Operations at Charleston. 265

holding the road to Savannah river, watching and obstructing the
crossings on that stream, and making preparations for dislodging the
enemy on Gregory's neck, whenever I could collect the necessary
force.

Whilst these operations were in progress near Coosawhatchie,
Brigadier-General Chesnut guarded the road from Bee's creek to
Harduville, and Colonel Culcork guarded the line of the Savannah
river to Hudson's ferry, until the arrival in that vicinity of Major-
General Wheeler and Brigadier-General Young.

I regarded it as my especial duty to hold the Charleston and
Savannah railroad, and keep open communication to Savannah
river. This was done, for though the enemy succeeded in establish-
ing batteries within easy range of the railroad, and used their
artillery very freely, we held that road ; the passage of trains was
never interrupted , and only one locomotive and one box car damaged,
and two rails broken, until after Savannah had been evacuated
and the troops and material brought from that city secured. Trains
were passing over the road up to the 27th December, when, under
instructions from the Lieutenant-General commanding, I turned
over the immediate command of the troops in that vicinity ta
Major-General McLaws.

Whilst these operations were going on from Pocotaligo to the
Savannah river, the other troops under my command held securely
Charleston and its harbor, and all of the coast of South Carolina
in our possession. The artillery and other veteran troops behaved
throughout with their accustomed steadiness and gallantry, and the
South Carolina cadets. Major White commanding, who for the first
time felt the fire of the enem}', so bore themselves as to win the ad-
miration of the veterans who observed and served with them.

For the casualties, which considering the heavy fire to which the-
troops were exposed for many days, were very few ; and for other
details, I respectfully refer to the reports of subordinate com-
manders.

I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,

Samuel Jones, Major-General.

To Colonel T. B. Kay, A. A. <?., Department

South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Charleston, South Carolina.

266 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Headquarters Adams Run, South Carolina,
January 5, 1865.
Major Charles S. Stringfellow,

Assistant Adjutant-General., Charleston., South Carolina:

Major — I have the honor to report that in obedience to in-
structions from Major-General Jones, I assumed command of all
the troops between Bee's creek and Tulifinny trestle on the 8th of
December, ultimo.

About 9 o'clock on the morning of the 9th, the enemy opened
on the left of my line a very rapid and continuous fire, from some
eight guns. His line of skirmishers advanced about 10 o'clock,
and immediately after the entire left became hotly engaged, our
men fighting behind temporary earth works. Several attempts were
made to carry our lines, but all were handsomely repulsed. The
troops fought with great spirit. Foiled in his undertaking, the
enemy moved to his left, in the direction of Coosawhatchie. The
engagement was renewed most vigorously on our right at 3 o'clock
P. M., and after an obstinate resistance by the enemy, lasting some
two hours, he was driven eight hundred yards from his original line.

The Thirty-second and Forty-seventh Georgia regiments, the
Seventh North Carolina battalion, and the battalion of South Caro-
lina cadets, all under the immediate command of Colonel Edwards,
occupied the left; the Fifth Georgia regiment, the First and Third
Georgia reserves, under Colonel Daniel, the right. It was reported
that General Gartrell was slightly wounded, by a fragment of a shell,
before he reached the field.

The German artillery, Captain Bachman, rendered very efficient
service on the left, as was proved by the number of dead found in
their front. Major Jenkins, commanding the cadets, was particularly
conspicuous during the morning fight.

Colonel Edwards deserves especial credit for the admirable dis-
position of his troops.

The enemy's loss, though not accurately ascertained, must have
been heavy, as quite a number of his dead were left on the field.

Our casualties during the day were fifty -two killed and wounded.
A tabulated list is herewith enclosed.

Both the officers and men of my command behaved well. Cap-
tains Haxalland Worthingtonand Lieutenants Johnston and Stoney
rendered most valuable assistance in the execution of orders while
the fight was progressing.

I am. Major, most respectfully, your obedient servant,

B. H. Robertson, Brigadier- General.

Report of General Jones of Operations at Charleston. 267

Headquarters Tulifinny Works, South Carolina,

December 19, 1864.
Major Charles S. Stringfellow,

Assistant Adjutant- General^ Charleston^ South Carolina:

Major — In obedience to instructions from Major-General
Jones, dated Pocotaligo, December 6, 1864, directing me to attack
the enemy early on the 7th, in his. position near this point, I made
the following disposition of the force under my command, consist-
ing of about two hundred men of the Forty-seventh regiment
Georgia volunteers, commanded by Captain I. C. Thompson ; two
companies of the Thirty-second Georgia, with the Augusta battalion
local troops ; one company of the First South Carolina infantry,
Captain King, and one hundred and thirty South Carolina militia,
commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Bacon, of the Thirty-second
Georgia, and the battalion of South Carolina cadets, commanded
by Major J. B. White, making in all seven or eight hundred men.
Early in the morning, four companies were thrown forward as
skirmishers, under command of Major White. The line, composed
of the Forty-seventh Georgia on the right, and the troops under
command of Lieutenant-Colonel Bacon, on the left, moved just in
rear of the skirmishers. In a thick wood, near a bend in the old
Pocotaligo road, the right of my skirmish line struck the enemy.
The front was then changed graduall}^ to the right, until the line
crossed the said road, at nearly right angles, when it confronted the
enemy and became engaged throughout its entire length. At this
stage of the action the command of Lieutenant-folonel Nesbett
arrived and was posted on the left of my line of battle. Our
skirmishers drove the enemy vigorously until the right of the line
became engaged with the enemy's line of battle, our left at the
same time overlapping his right. This position was maintained
until after Colonel Daniel's demonstration on my right, when the
enemy made new dispositions on and extending beyond my left.
It becoming apparent that the enemy's force considerably out-
numbered mine, which consisted largely of raw troops, it was
deemed impracticable to attack him in force, without which it was
impossible to drive him from his position. I therefore withdrew,,
in good order, unpursued by the enemy, to my present position.
The troops engaged, which were my skirmishers only, behaved with
great gallantry.

By permission of the Major-General commaning, we began, on
the morning of the 8th, to fortify our position. The work was

268 Southern Historical Society Papers.

continued uninterruptedly until the morning of the 9th, when the
enemy drove in our pickets and advanced in force to Avithin two
hundred and fifty yards of our position. We opened upon him
with artillery and musketry, and in a very short time drove him
back with considerable loss. On the afternoon of the same day,
in the attempt to re-establish our picket line, the enemy was
found in the wood on our right within a hundred yards of the
railroad. After severe fighting for about two hours, he was driven
off and our line re-established. On the next morning it was ascer-
tained that he had fallen back to his original position, and our
picket line was advanced four or five hundred yards beyond its
former position.

The casualties amounted in all to four killed, one commissioned
oflScer and thirty-one men wounded, many of them very slightly.

Judging from the unburied dead, the graves and other evidences
found upon the* field, the enemy must have suffered a loss of not
less than two hundred and fifty in the fighting of the 9th, and not
less than fifty in that of the 7th, making in all a loss of not less
than three hundred (300).

Respectfully submitted,

A. C. Edwards, Colonel Commanding.

I omitted to mention, in enumerating the force under my com-
mand on the 7th instant, the three pieces of Captain Bachman's
battery, which, owing to the character of the country, it was found
impracticable to use in the action.
Respectfully,

A. C. Edwards, Colonel Commanding.

Sketch of the Late General S. Cooper. 269

Sketch of the Late General S. Cooper.

By General Fitz. Lee.

[We cannot, as a rule, publish obituary notices or biographical sketches of
even our most distinguished men ; but we are sure all will recognize the pro-
priety of giving tlie following sketch of our Senior General, whose death has
been so widely lamented.]

Students of military history cannot fail to be impressed, when
war is aufait accompli, with the great advantage possessed by those
nations who have justly placed a value upon system and organiza-
tion in the preparation of their armies.

The military genius implanted by nature in a Cassar, a Hannibal,
a Wellington, or a Napoleon, might never have burst forth with
such overpowering light as to dazzle with its rays a wondering
world, had not the human tools with which they worked been so
formed, so fashioned, as to be perfectly flexible when placed in
their hands by some almost hidden but powerful agent, who,
grasping the subject with a master's mind, adapted the various de-
partments of war in such a way as to work harmoniously together,
and to be most effective. Strategy and grand tactics are indeed a
powerful machine, but to be used to full working strength, requires
an exact adjustment of all component parts.

To "set a squadron in the field," there must be arms, subsistence
stores, transportation and shelters, clothing and medical supplies.
The quartermaster's, commissary, ordnance and medical depart-
ments, though separate and distinct in their several spheres, must
be made conformable with each other, with scrupulous care, by
the constitutional commander-in-chief and his war secretary ; and
their chief counsellor is the soldier at the head of the adjutant-
general's department, through whom all official orders are promul-
gated. An efficient executive leader in that department is felt
from an army corps to a corporal's guard.

Chronicles of the important events in the rise and fall of nations
are filled with instructive instances that might be drawn upon in
illustration of this fact, whilst the pages of history, where results
are summed up and explanatory reasons given for them, abound
in examples. To keep this paper within proper limits, I shall only
briefly refer to one, viz: the Franco-Prussian war of 1870.

The French Emperor, it is recollected, declared war because the
King of Prussia would not promise that the head of the Catholic

270 Southern Historical Society Papers.

branch of the royal family, Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern,
should never again be a candidate for the throne of Spain. The
great and unquestioned ability of Louis Napoleon was deemed
evidence that all things were duly weighed, and that his organiza-
tion and preparations were at least complete. The French army
numbered some 350,000 trained soldiers. The population of France
was 38,067,064, in relation to which, says the president of the legis-
lative body to the Emperor, as he was about to depart for the
frontier: "Behind you, behind our army accustomed to carry the
noble flag of France, stands the whole nation, ready to recruit it."

On the other side, Prussia had a population of some twenty-four
millions, or, including the North German Confederation (of which
she is a part) of some thirty millions. Her standing army num-
bered less than 400,000. To what was due, then, the astounding
results of that conquest, for the world was prepared for a gigantic
and not unequal combat? Why, in the short space of six months,
do we witness a Sedan, with a capitulation by McMahon of 90,000
men? a Metz, with a surrender of nearly 200,000 by Bazaine? a
Strasburg, giving up 17,000 soldiers? and speedily the fall of Paris,
with awar indemnity to be paid the victors of five milliards of francs?
Why such a series of victories for Germany, such inglorious defeats
for France ? Why such a rapid fall of the curtain upon such a
striking tableau vivant? We trace it to the weakness and ineffi-
ciency of the military organization of France, and to the wisdom
of the system which gave the preponderating power of the reserves
to Germany — the marvellous comprehensive military method that
brings, at the tap of the drum, thousands of drilled, disciplined
men to the support of the main body, as opposed to a conscription
or enlistment of raw levies from the population at large.

King William and Von Moltke strongly felt the hand of Sham-
horst, who undertook the reorganization of the military resources
of Prussia after Jena in 1806 — an honor in our war which such
leaders as Albert Sydney Johnson, Lee, Johnston, Beauregard and
Jackson must share with a Cooper. It is the astute, clear, calm
and penetrating minds of Shamhorst and Cooper, whose judgment
and masterly ability quietly plan, arrange and direct the machinery
which is to be put in motion by the brilliant army chieftains, such
as I have mentioned, that wins success.

General Samuel Cooper possessed an inheritable right to his
enviable eminence.

From Dorsetshire, England, his great grandfather came, and set-

Sketch of the Late General S. Cooper: 271

tied in Massachusetts. This paternal ancestor had three sons —
John, the grandfather of General Cooper, Samuel and William.
Samuel was President of Harvard University during the Revolu-
tionary War, and was proscribed by General Gage of the British
army, and a reward offered for his head. The son of John, also
called Samuel, was the father of General Cooper. At eighteen
years old, we find him at Lexington, forming one of seventy men
that ''assembled in front of the meeting-house," to whom Major
Pitcairn, commanding the British advance, called out "disperse,
you rebels, throw down your arms and disperse," on the morning
of the 19th April, 1775. Early manifesting such a heroic spirit, it
was not surprising that he should have been found upon the night
of 16th June marching with Prescott, and working all night upon
a redoubt on Breed's Hill (mistaken for Bunker Hill, in the dark-
ness of the night), and obeying sturdy old Putnam's orders on the
morning of the 17th, not to fire "till they could see the whites of
the eyes of the British."

He afterwards served with distinction in Knox's regiment of
artillery, and upon his tombstone appears the following inscrip-
tion :

"Sacred to the

memory of

Major Samuel Cooper

of the Eevolutiouary Array, •

who in the first onset struck for liberty.

He fought at

Lexington, Bunker Hill, Brandy wine, Monmouth, Germantown,

and on otlier sanguinary fields,

and continued to wield the sword

in defence of his country
until victory crowned her arms."

At the close of the Revolutionary War, Major Cooper married
Miss Mary Horton, of Dutchess county, New York. Two sons and
six daughters were born from this marriage. George and Samuel
(the subject of this memoir) were the sons. The former graduated
at West Point, but afterwards went into the navy.

Adjutant-General Cooper was born in 1798, at Hackensack on
the Hudson river, at the family seat of his maternal ancestors, the
Hortons. He entered the United States Military Academy at West
Point when only fifteen years old, the term of service there then
being two years only. His first service was as a lieutenant of light
artillery. He was promoted a first lieutenant in the Third artillery,
and in 1824 was transferred to the Fourth. From 1828 to 1836 he
served as aid-de-camp to General Macomb, then commanding the

272 Southern Historical Society Papers.

American army, and was promoted to rank as captain 11th June
of that year.

Upon the 7th July, 1838, he first entered the War Department
as an assistant adjutant-generah During the Florida war he served \
as chief of staff to General Worth, and was in the action of Pila-
Kil-Kaha on the 19th April, 1842. In 1848 he was brevetted colo-
nel for meritorious conduct in the prosecution of his duties in con-
nection with the Mexican war, and on the 15th July, 1852, was
appointed the Adjutant-General of the United States army. General
Winfield Scott being then its Commander-in-Chief.

Whilst in the United States army, he compiled his work entitled
"Tactics for the Militia," a book at one time in almost universal
use among the volunteer soldiery, and extensively known as
" Cooper's Tactics."

In 1827 General Cooper married a daughter of General John
Mason, of Clermont, Fairfax county, Virginia, and a grand-daughter
of George Mason, of Gunston, "the Solon and the Cato, the law-
giver and the stern patriot of the age in which he lived," and to
whose memory the constitution of Virginia and her bill of rights
are lasting monuments.

At the head of the Adjutant-General's Department, United States
army. General Cooper gave great satisfaction. His qualifications
and his 'ability as an officer, and his private worth as a man, was
universally acknowledged by army officers, many of those living
to-day giving testimony that he was the best chief of that depart-
ment the army ever had.

On the 17th March, 1861, he resigned his commission as an
officer, having served the United States with a steady faithfulness
and a firm adherence to all of her interests fov forty-six years. In
view of the fact of General Cooper's Northern birth, this step has
been the subject of much comment, and some adverse criticism.
His Northern friends profess to see no reason why a soldier born
in their section, holding a high office of trust for life, honored and
respected, should, after fort3^-six years' service, and in the sixty-
third year of his life, relinquish a position in which he would not
be called upon for field service, and cast his fortunes and tender
his services to the Confederate Government. It has been said by
them that he was more guided by the counsels of his friend, the
Hon. Jefferson Davis, and his brother-in-law, Hon. James M.
Mason, than by his native and natural opinion and belief. To
those holding such sentiments, it may be truly said they did not

Sketch of the Late General S. Cooper: 273

indeed know their man. General Cooper, upon such an important
issue as the one he was called upon to meet in his own person,
allowed no dictation and asked no advice. That he should have
cast aside the personal possession of comfort and plenty to the end
of his days, and embarked with his family and household gods
upon an unknown sea, over which the storm clouds were riding
and the winds of war were blowing, and upon which many perils
were to be encountered, many difficulties surmounted, many dan-
gers contested, before the waters grew calm or the voyage prosper-
ous, is, in the estimation of his Southern admirers, the strongest
proof of the pure and conscientious character of the old hero.
^^Flat justitia ruat ccelum,''^ we can almost hear him exclaim, as he
dared to follow his convictions of right, and permit self-interest to
be taken prisoner by conscience and duty.

The new Confederacy of States, in the act of breathing life into
its corporal substance, and staggering at the amount of organiza-
tion to be performed to perpetuate national existence, warmly wel-
comed Adjutant- General Cooper's offer of services, because they
found in such a proposal the master mind, the perfect knowledge
and vast experience, necessary to put the intricate machinery into
successful operation. The President of the Confederate States had
served as Secretary of War in Pearce's Cabinet, and was thus
brought into close official relations with General Cooper in the dis-
charge of the latter's duties as Adjutant-General in the United
States army. No one knew better than he did the character and
qualifications of the soldier who joined him at Montgomery, Ala-
bama. His clear conception of this fact was at once manifested by
placing him at the head of tlie Adjuta'nt and Inspector-General's
Department, and afterwards making him a full general — the first
on the list of five — the remaining four being Generals Albert Syd-
ney Johnston, Robert E. Lee, Joseph E. Johnston and Beauregard,
holding respective rank in the order named.

During the four long years in the life of the Confederacy, Gene-
ral Cooper fully discharged the onerous duties confided to him
with a fidelity, an exactness, a loyalty and an honesty, which,
whilst perfectly consistent with his conscientiousness and ability,
gave great satisfaction to the army and the country.

It is indeed difficult to place a proper estimate upon the value
of his service during that trying period, so great was his capacity
for work.

4

274 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Punctiliously and unceasingly he daily discharged the great
duties of his office, and at night, when others sought relaxation
and rest, in a room in his private residence, his work was steadily
carried forward. At the termination of the war. General Cooper
returned to his country seat near Alexandria, Virginia, to find his
home in ruins.

His house had been torn down and destroyed by the Federal
troops, and upon the eminence, in its stead, a Federal fort had been
erected.

Adding to another house, which before the war had been his
manager's, the remaining years of the old hero were quietly and
peacefully passed.

General Cooper died upon the 3d of December, 1876, in the
seventy-eighth year of his age.

"Well done, thou good and faithful servant, enter thou into the
joy of thy Lord."

For many years before his death he was a conscientious and
consistent communicant of the Episcopal church.

His bereaved family can indeed find consolation, in their irre-
parable loss, in the belief: " Blessed are the jDure in heart, for they
shall see God."

Letter from Ex-President Davis.

Mississippi City, Mississippi, April 5th, 1877.
General F. Lee :

My Dear Sir — I am gratified to know that you have under-
taken to make a record of the services and virtues of a man than
whom none has higher claims upon the regard of all who loved
the Confederacy. No one presents an example more worthy of
the emulation'^of the youth of his country. My personal acquaintr
ance with General Cooper began at the time when he was associated
with Mr. Poinsett in the War Office, where his professional
knowledge was made available to the Secretary, in those army
details of which a civilian was necessarily but little informed.
His sterling character and uniform courtesy soon attracted the
attention and caused him to be frequently resorted to by members
of Congress having business with the War Office. Ex-President
Pierce, who was then a Senator, spoke in after years of the favora-
ble impression which General Cooper had made upon him, and
said his habit had been when he " wanted information to go to

. Sketch of the Late General S. Cooper. 275

Cooper instead of to the Secretary;" but while he thus brought to
the service of the Secretary his professional knowledge, the latter
eminently great in other departments of learning, no doubt did
much to imbue General Cooper's mind with those political ideas
which subsequently marked him as more profoundly informed
upon the character of our Government than most others of his
profession.

In the midst of his professional duties, he found leisure for high
literary culture, had much dramatic taste, and in the dull days of
garrison life he contributed much to refined enjoyment. When I
became Secretary of War, General Cooper was Adjutant-General of
the United States army. My intercourse with him was daily, and as
well because of the purity of his character as his knowledge of
the officers and affairs of the army, I habitually consulted him in
reference to the duties I had to perform.

Though calm in his manner and charitable in his feelings, he
was a man of great native force, and had a supreme scorn for all
that was mean.

To such a man, a life spent in the army could not fail to have
had its antagonisms and its friendships; yet when officers were to be
selected for special duties, to be appointed in staff corps, or to be
promoted into new regiments, where qualifications were alone to
be regarded, I never, in four years of constant consultation, saw
Cooper manifest prejudice, or knew him to seek favors for a friend,
or to withhold what was just from one to whom he bore reverse re-
lations. This rare virtue — this supremacy of judgment over feel-
ing — impressed me as being so exceptional, that I have often men-
tioned it as a thing so singular and so praiseworthy that it deserves
to be known by all men.

When in 1861 a part of the Southern States, in the exercise of
their sovereignty, passed ordinances of secession from the Union,
and organized a separate Confederacy, General Cooper was at the
head of the corps, in which a large part of his life had been passed.
This office was one for which he was peculiarly qualified, and
which was best suited to his- taste. He was a native of a Northern
State; his sole personal relation with the South was that he was
the husband of a granddaughter of George Mason, of Virginia —
Virginia, not yet belonging to the Confederate States. He foresaw
the storm, which was soon to burst upon the seceding States —
saw that the power which had been refused in the convention
which formed the Constitution of the Union — the power to use the

276 Southern Historical Society Paj^ers.

military arm of the General Government to coerce a State, was to
be employed without doubt, and conscientiously believing that
would be violative of the fundamental principles of the compact
of Union, he resigned his commission, which was his whole wealth,
and repaired to Montgomery to tender his services to the weaker
party, because it was the party of law and right.

The Confederate Government had no military organization, and,
save the patriotic hearts of gallant men, had little on which to rely
for the defence of their country. The experience and special
knowledge of General Cooper was, under these circumstances, of
incalculable value. If he would consent, while his juniors led
armies in the field, to devote himself to the little attractive labors
of the Adjutant-General's office — if he would consent? They little
knew the self-sacrificing, duty-loving nature of Cooper, who did
not anticipate his modest request "to be employed wherever it was
thought he might be useful," and with unrelaxing assiduity he ap-
plied himself to the labors of the Adjutant-General's office. The
many who measure the value of an officer's service by the con- .
spicuous part he played upon the fields of battle, may not pro-
perly estimate the worth of Cooper's services in the war between
the States, but those who like yourself were in a position to Jcnoio
what he did, what he prevented, what he directed, will not fail to
place him among those who contributed most to whatever was
achieved.

Faithful to the cause he espoused — unmoved by the prospect of
disaster, when the fortune of war seemed everywhere to be against
us — Cooper continued unswerving in the discharge of his duty,
and when the evacuation of the capital became a necessity, he
took with him such books and papers as were indispensable, and
although worn down by incessant labor, never relaxed his attention
to the functions of his office until disease compelled him to confess
his inability to continue the retreat. The affection, the honor and
the confidence with which I regarded him made our parting a
sorrowful one, under circumstances so hard for us both. Of the
events which followed his return to the spot where his house had
stood, you are so well informed that I will not protract this already
long letter.

I remain with great regard and affectionate remembrance,

Yours,
(Signed) Jefferson Davis.

Battle of Seven Pines — Report of General Longstreet. 277

Battle of Seren Pines — Report of General James Longstreet.

[The following report does not appear in the printed volumes of Confede-
rate Battle Keports, and has never, so far as we are aware, been in print.
It will be a valuable addition to our series of original reports.]

Major — Agreeably to verbal instructions from the Commanding
General, the division of Major-General D. H. Hill was, on the
morning of the 31st ultimo, formed at an early hour, on the Wil-
liamsburg road, as the column of attack ujDon the enemy's front
on that road, A brigade was placed on each side of the road to
advance to the attack, and each was supported by one of the other
brigades of the same division.

In advance of each of the columns of attack a regiment as
skirmishers was deployed. The plan for the forward movement
was that fields should be passed by a flank movement of the regi-
ments of skirmishers, and the woods in front once in our posses-
sion, the brigades were to advance rapidly, occupying them, and
move steadily forward. Abatis and entrenched positions were or-
dered to be taken by a flank movement of the brigades or brigade
in front of them, the skirmishers engaging the sharpshooters, and
the supporting brigade occupying the position of the brigades
during the flank movement.

The division of Major-General Huger was intended to make a
strong flank movement around the left of the enemy's position and
attack him in rear of that flank. This division did not get into
position, however, in time for any such attack, and I was obliged
to send three of my small brigades on the Charles City road to
sup]3ort the one of Major-General Huger's that had been ordered
to protect my right flank.

After waiting some six hours for these troops to get into position,
I determined to move forward without regard to them, and gave
orders to that effect to Major-General D. H. Hill. The forward
movement began about two o'clock, and our skirmishers soon be-
came engaged with those of the enemy. The entire division of
General Hill became engaged about three o'clock, and drove the
enemy steadily back, gaining 'possession of his abatis and part of
his entrenched camp. General Rodes, by a movement to the right,
driving in the enemy's left.

The only reinforcements on the field in hand were my own bri-
gades, of which Anderson's, Wilcox's and Kemper's were put in by

278 Southern Historical Society Papers.

the front on the Williamsburg road, and Colston's and Pryor's by my
right flank. At the same time the decided and gallant attack made
by the other brigades gained entire possession of the enemy's posi-
tion, with his artillery, camp equipage, &c. Anderson's brigade,
under Colonel Jenkins, pressing forward rapidly, continued to drive
the enemy till night-fall.

The severest part of the work was done by Major-General D, H-
Hill's division, but the attack of the two brigades, under General
R. H. Anderson — one commanded by Colonel Kemper (now Briga-
dier-General), the other by Colonel M. Jenkins — was made with
such spirit and regularity as to have driven back the most de-
termined foe. This decided the day in our favor.

General Pickett's brigade was held in reserve. General Pryor's
did not succeed in getting upon the field of Saturday in time to
take part in the action of the 31st. Both, however, shared in re-
pulsing a serious attack upon our position on Sunday, the 1st in-
stant, Pickett's brigade bearing the brunt of the attack and repuls-
ing it.

Some of the brigades of Major-General Huger's division took
part in defending our position, but being fresh at the work did not
show the same steadiness and determination as the troops of Hill's
division and my own.

I have reason to believe that the affair would have been a com-
plete success, had the troops Uf)on the right been put in position
within eight hours of the proper time. The want of promptness
on that part of the field, and the consequent severe struggle in my
front, so greatly reduced my supply of amunition that, at the late
hour of the move on the left, I was unable to make the rush neces-
sary to relieve that attack.

Besides the good effect produced by driving back such heavy
masses of the enemy, we have made superior soldiers of several
brigades that were entirely fresh and unreliable. There can
scarcely be a doubt about our ability to overcome the enemy upon
any fair field.

Brigadier-General J. E. B. Stuart, in the absence of any opportunity
to use his cavalry, was of material service by his presence with me on
the field.

The conduct of the attack was left entirely to Major-General
Hill. The entire success of the affair is sufficient evidence of
his ability, courage and skill. I will refer you to his reports
for particular mention of the conduct of his officers and soldiers.

Battle of Seven Pines — Report of General Longstreet. 279

I will mention Brigadier-General Rodes, of that division, as dis-
tinguished for coolness, ability and determination. He made one
of the most important and decisive movements on the field, and
held his command several hours after receiving a severe wound.
My own troops have been so often tried and distinguished on other
fields that they need no praise from my lips. A truer, better body
of men never marched upon a battle-field.

I will mention, however, as distinguished for their usual gal-
lantry and ability. Generals R. H. Anderson, C. M. Wilcox, Geo. E.
Pickett, R. E. Colston, R. A. Pryor, and Colonels Kemper and Jen-
kins (commanding brigades), and Colonels Corse, Winston, Funs-
ton and Sydenham Moore — the latter twice shot, once severely
wounded.

I desire also to mention the conspicuous courage and energy of
Captain James Bearing, of the Lynchburg artillery, and his officers
and men. His pieces were served under the severest fire, as his
serious loss will attest. Captain Carter, of Gen-eral Hill's division,
also displaj^ed great gallantry and skill in the management of his
battery.

My personal staff— Majors G. M. [Sorrel, J. W. -Fairfax, P. T.
Manning, and Captains Thomas Goree, Thomas Walton, and my
young aid, Lieutenant R. W. Blackwell — have my kind thanks for
their activity, zeal and intelligence in carrying orders and the pro-
per discharge of their duties. Captain Walton was slightly wounded.
I am indebted to General Wigfall and Colonel P. T. Moore, volun-
teer aids, for assistance in rallying troops and carrying orders
during the battle of the 31st instant, and kindly aided in carrying
orders during the several assaults made by the enemy on that day.
I am also indebted to Colonel R. H. Chilton for material aid. Dr.
J. S. D. Cullen, Surgeon-in-Chief, and the officers of his Depart-
ment, kindly and untiringly devoted themselves to the wounded.
They have none of the chances of distinction of other officers, but
discharge the most important duties. I refer to his report for the
conduct of the officers of his department.

Detailed reports of the major-generals, brigadiers and other com-
manders and chiefs of staff have been called for, and will be for-
warded as soon as received. Our loss in valuable officers and men
has been severe. Colonels Giles, Fifth South Carolina; Jones,
Twelfth Alabama; Lomax, Third Alabama, fell at the head of their
commands, gallantly leading them to victory.

Three hundred and forty-seven prisoners, ten pieces of artillery,

280 Southern Historical Society Papers.

five thousand small arms, one garrison flag and several regimental
standards were taken. A rough estimate of the loss on this part
of the field may be put at three thousand killed and wounded.
The loss on the part of the enemy may be put at a much higher
figure, inasmuch as he was driven from his positions, and some
half dozen attempts to recover them were successfully repulsed.

List of killed, wounded and missing.

Officers. Enlisted Men. Aggregate.-

Killed, ...... 61 755 816

Wounded, - - - - 209 3,530 3,739

Missing, 3 293 296

Total, - - - 273 4,578 4,851

Headquarters Right Wing, June 11th, 1862.

Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) J, Longstreet,

Major- General Commanding..

To Major Thomas G. Rhett, Assistant Adjutant-General.

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 281

Keport of General J. E. B. Stuart of Cavalry Operations on First Mary-
land Campaign, from August 30th to September 18tli, 1862.

[We were suprised to find the following report missing from the published
reports of the campaign of 1862, and can only account for the omission by
reference to the late date at which it was sent in. As it has never, we believer
been printed in any other form, and is a report of importance and value, we
give it fi-om the original autograph MS. of the great cavalryman.]

Headquarters Cavalry Corps, Army Northern Virginia,

February 13th, 1864.

Colonel — I have the honor to submit the following report of the
operations of the cavalry division from the battle of Groveton
Heights, August 30th, 1862, to the recrossing of the Potomac, Sep-
tember 18th, 1862.

On the 31st of August, while following up the enemy in the
direction of Centreville, Colonel Rosser was sent in the direction of
Manassas, where it was understood the enemy were still in some
force. He succeeded in driving them from that place with some
captures, and rejoined the command, when, in pursuance of the
instructions of the Commanding General, I made a flank move-
ment to the left, gained the Little River turnpike, and effected a
concentration of Robertson's and Lee's brigades near Chantilly.
Near this point, Robertson's brigade captured one entire company
of New York cavalry, and Lee's brigade an entire company of the
old Second Dragoons (regulars), Captain Thomas Hight, and also
his subaltern, Robert Clay, and their horses, arms and equipments.

It was here ascertained that the main body of the enemy was at
Centreville and Fairfax Courthouse. A section of the Washington
artillery accompanied the movement, designed to attack the enemy
on the Centreville and Fairfax Courthouse pike. A position was
gained, by a difficult road, commanding this road, which was com-
pletely occupied by the enemy with one continuous roll of wagons
going toward Fairfax Courthouse. It was discovered also that we
were in sight of the sentinels of a camp, the dimensions of which
could not be seen.

The artillery was placed in position just after dark, and opened
upon the road. A few rounds sufficed to throw everything into
confusion ; and such commotion, upsetting, collisions and smash-
ups were rarely ever seen. The firing continued as long as it seemed
desirable, and the pieces and the command withdrew to camp for

282 SoiUhern Historical Society Papers.

the night, two miles north of the Oxhill, on that road. Next
morning, I returned by way of Frying Pan to connect with General
Jackson, and inform him of the enemy as far as ascertained.

The head of his column was opposite Chantilly, and I disposed
part of Robertson's brigade on his right flank between him and
Centreville, and reconnoitred in person, but no force but a small
one of cavalry was discernible nearer than Centreville. Oxhill was
held by my cavalry till General Jackson came up, and having charged
General Robertson with the care of the right flank, I first tried to
force, with some skirmishers, our way down the turnpike toward
Fairfax Courthouse, but the wooded ridges were firmly held by
infantry and artillery, and it was plainly indicated that the enemy
would here make a stand. General Jackson being in advance, waited
for Longstreet to close up. Meanwhile, with Lee's brigade, I moved
round toward Flint Hill, directly north of Fairfax Courthouse, to
attack the enemy's flank. Passing Fox's mill and following a
narrow and winding route in the midst of a heavy thunder-storm,
I reached the summit of the ridge which terminates in the Flint
Hill, about dark, and discovered in my immediate front a body of
the enemy, a portion of which was thrown out as sharpshooters to
oppose our further advance. Having thus discovered that Flint
Hill was occupied by the enemy in force, and hearing about the
same time some shots in my rear, I withdrew my command by the
same road. As we approached the mouth of the road, the advance
guard, under Colonel Wickham, engaged and drove off a portion of
an infantry regiment which had taken position on the steep embank-
ment of the road to dispute our return, and the command continued
its march, bivouacking that night in the neighborhood of German-
town.

Meanwhile a heavy engagement had taken place on Jackson's
right, the enemy having penetrated to his flank by way of Mollen's
house.

On the next day, the enemy having retired, Fairfax Courthouse
was occupied by Lee's brigade, and I sent Hampton's brigade, which
had just reported to me, having been detained on the Charles City
border until the enemy had entirely evacuated that region, to
attack the enemy at Flint Hill. Getting several pieces of the
Stuart horse artillery in position, Brigadier-General Hampton opened
on the enemy at that point, and our sharpshooters advancing about
the same time, after a brief engagement, the enemy hastily retired.
They were immediately pursued, and Captain Pelham having chosen

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 283

a new position, again opened upon them with telling effect, scatter-
ing them in every direction. They were pursued by Hampton's
brigade, which took a few prisoners, but owing to the darkness and
the fact that the enemy had opened fire upon us with infantry and
artillery from the woods, he considered it prudent to retire, which
was done with the loss of only one man.

This proved to be the rear guard of Sumner's column retreating
towards Vienna, and I afterwards learned that they were thrown
into considerable confusion by this attack of Hampton. With a
small portion of the cavalry and horse artillery, I moved into
Fairfax Courthouse, and taking possession, obtained some valuable
information, which was sent to the Commanding General. On the
night of the second the command bivouacked near Fairfax Court-
house, except Robertson's brigade, which, by a misapprehension of
the order, returned to the vicinity of Chantilly before the engage-
ment.

While these events were occurring near Fairfax Courthouse, the
Second Virginia cavalry. Colonel T. T. Munford, had proceeded by
my order to Leesburg to capture the party of marauders under
Means which had so long infested that country and harassed the
inhabitants. Colonel Munford reached the vicinity of Leesbnrg on
the forenoon of the 2d, and learning that Means with his command
was in the town, supported by three companies of the Maryland
cavalry, on the Point of Rocks road, he made a circuit toward
Edward's ferry, attacked from that direction, and succeeded, after
a heavy skirmish, in routing and driving the enemy as far as
Waterford, with a loss on their part of eleven killed, nine severely
wounded, and forty-seven prisoners, including two captains and
three lieutenants. Our own loss was Lieutenant Davis killed, and
several officers and privates wounded. In this engagement, Edmund)
a slave belonging to one of the men, charged with the regiment and
shot Averhart, one of the most notorious ruffians of Means' party.
The enemy's papers acknowledged that there entire force, of 150 men
of the First Maryland and Means' company, were, all but forty, killed
or captured, stating that our force was 2,000. Colonel Munford's
entire force was 163 men, of whom but 123 were in the charge.

On the morning of the 3d, General Fitz. Lee, pursuant to in-
structions, made a demonstration with his brigade and some horse
artillery toward Alexandria, Hampton's brigade moving by way of
Hunter's mill to the Leesburg turnpike below Dranesville, encamp-
ing near that place. Robertson's brigade, having also crossed over

284 Southern Historical Society Papers.

from the Little River turnpike, encamped near the same place on
the same night. Meantime the main army was moving by a flank
toward Leesburg. Demonstrations were also'kept up toward George-
town and the Chain bridge, Robertson's brigade moving in the
direction of Falls church. Between Vienna and Lewinsville he
encountered'the enemy's pickets, and after a brief skirmish drove
them in. Having posted a portion of his cavalry with one piece
of artillery near Lewinsville to prevent surprise, he then drew up
the remainder of the cavalry in a conspicuous position near the
church, and^opened with his two remaining pieces. The enemy
replied with two guns, and the firing continued until nearly sun-
down, when perceiving several regiments advancing to assail his
position ,",General Robertson, in accordance with his instructions^
retired.

The cavalry followed the rear of the army to Leesburg, and cross-
ing the Potomac on the afternoon of the 5th, Lee's brigade in ad-
vance, moved to Poolesville. He encountered at that point a body
of the enemy's cavalry, which he attacked, capturing the greater
portion. The reception of our troops in Maryland was attended
with the greatest demonstrations of joy, and the hope of enabling
the inhabitants to throw off the tyrant's yoke stirred every South-
ern heart with renewed vigor and enthusiasm.

The main army moving to Frederick, the next day the cavalry
resumed their march on the flank, halting at Urbanna, Hampton's
•brigade in advance. The advance guard had the good fortune to
rescue, from a member of the enemy's signal corps, a bearer of dis-
patches from President Davis to General Lee. The dispatches,
fortunately, by the discreetness of the bearer, had not fallen into
the hands of the enemy, and were eventually safely delivered. At
Urbanna the main body was joined by Robertson's brigade, at this
time under command of Colonel T. T. Munford.

Near this place I remained with the command until the 12th of
September, covering the front of the army then near Frederick
city, in the direction of Washington. My left, consisting of Lee's
brigade, rested at New Market, on the Baltimore and Ohio railroad;
my centre, Hampton's brigade, near Hyattstown; and my right,
Robertson's brigade, Colonel Munford commanding, in the direc-
tion of Poolesville, with one regiment (the Twelfth Virginia cavalry)
at that point.

The enemy having advanced upon my front, Hampton's brigade
became engaged in several skirmishes near Hyattstown, driving the

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 285

enemy back on every occasion; and on the 8th September, ascer-
taining that the enemy were about to occupy Poolesville, I ordered
Colonel Munford to proceed to that point and drive them from the
place. Munford's advance guard had just reached the town when
the enemy appeared, with three regiments of cavalry and four
pieces of artillery. Munford selected a position and oi^ened fire
with a Howitzer and Blakely, when the enemy also brought up two
pieces and returned the fire. Their guns had scarcely opened when
their cavalry suddenly advanced and charged the Howitzer. They
were, however, received with two rounds of canister, which drove
them back, and the Seventh Virginia cavalry, Captain Myers com-
manding, charged them. They also charged the Blakely, but Col-
onel Harman, with about seventy-five men of the Twelfth Virginia
cavalry, met and repulsed them. Lieutenant-Colonel Burks, in tem-
porary command of the Second Virginia cavalry, held the cross-
roads commanding the approach to Sugar Loaf mountain and kept
the enemy in check with his sharpshooters. The loss on this occa-
sion was fifteen, killed, wounded and missing. The cross-roads
were successfully held for three days, during which regular skir-
mishing and artillery firing took place, when on the 11th the ene-
my advanced in force with infantry. Having maintained the pre-
sent front even longer than was contemplated by the instructions
covering the investment of Harper's Ferry, found in the orders
appended to this report, the cavalry was withdrawn to within three
miles of Frederick.

Lee's brigade having fallen back from New Market and crossed
the Monocacy near Liberty, Robertson's brigade was ordered to re-
tire in the direction of Jefferson, and Hampton's brigade was di-
rected to occupy Frederick city, in the rear of the army then mov-
ing toward Middletown. Hampton's pickets were thrown out on
the various roads leading in the direction of the enemy's approach,
and about midday on the 12th he was notified that a heavy force
was advancing on the National road. As two squadrons had been
left on picket at the bridge over the Monocacy, between Frederick
city and Urbanna, it was of great importance to hold the ap-
proaches by the National road until the squadrons were withdrawn,
and with this end in view, a rifle piece was added to the two guns
already in position on the turnpike, and a squadron from the Sec-
ond South Carolina cavalry, under Lieutenant Meighan, sent to
support the battery. The enemy soon appeared, and opened fire
on the cavalry, when, the squadrons at the bridge having rejoined

286 Southern Historical Society Papers.

him, General Hampton slowly retired to the city, sending his ar-
tillery on before to occupy a position commanding the ground be-
tween the city and the mountain. The enemy now pressed for-
ward, and planting a gun in the suburbs of the city, supported by
a body of cavalry and a regiment and half of infantry, opened fire
upon the crowded thoroughfares of the place. To secure a, safe re-
treat for the brigade, it was necessary to charge this force, which
was gallantly done by the Second South Carolina cavalry. Colonel
Butler, Lieutenant Meighan leading his squadron in advance.

The enemy were scattered in every direction, man}'- of them
killed and wounded, ten prisoners taken, among them Colonel
Moore, Twenty-third Ohio, and the gun captured. Unfortunately,
five of the horses attached to the piece were killed; so that it could
not be removed. The enemy's account, subsequently published,
admits the repulse of their force and the capture of the gun. After
this repulse the enemy made no further efforts to annoy our rear.
The brigade retired slowly, bringing off the prisoners captured, and
bivouacked that night at Middletown — Lieutenant-Colonel Martin
having been left with his command and two pieces of artillery to
hold the Catoctin mountain. Munford was in the meanwhile
ordered to occupy the gap in this range near the town of Jefferson.
The force under his command consisted at this time of only the
Second and Twelfth Virginia cavalry — the Sixth Virginia having
been left at Centreville to collect arms, etc., the Seventeenth bat-
talion detached before crossing the Potomac on a*n expedition into
Berkely, and the Seventh Virginia cavalry having been ordered a
day or two before to report to General Jackson for operations
against Harper's Ferry. Every means was taken to ascertain what
the nature of the enemy's movement was, whether a reconnoisance
feeling for our whereabouts, or an aggressive movement of the
army. The enemy studiously avoided displaying any force, except
a part of Burnside's corps, and built no camp fires in their halt at
Frederick that night. The information w^as conveyed promptly to
the Commanding General, through General D, H. Hill, now at
Boonsboro'; and it was suggested that the gap which I held this
night was a very strong position for infantry and artillery. Friday
the day on which (by the calculation of the Commanding General)
Harper's Ferry would fall, had passed, and as the garrison was not
believed to be very strong at that point, I supposed the object
already accomplished. I nevertheless felt it important to check
the enemy as much as possible, in order to develop his force. With

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 287

a view to ascertain what the nature of this movement was, I had,
before leaving Frederick, sent instructions to Brigadier- General
Fitz. Lee to gain the enemy's rear from his position on the left.

On the morning of the 13th, I moved forward all of Plampton's
command to the support of Colonel Martin. Foiled in their attack
on the preceding evening, the enemy appeared in front of Colonel
Martin, at daylight on the 13th, and endeavored to force their way
through the mountain. Their advance guard was driven back,
when they posted artillery on the turnpike and opened fire on
Colonel Martin, who held the mountain crest. This was responded
to by a section of rifle guns under Captain Hart, whose fire was so
effective that the enemy's battery was forced several times to change
its position. The skirmishers on both sides had meanwhile become
actively engaged, and the enemy was held in check until he had
marched up to the attack two brigades of infantry, which was the
only force we were yet able to discover, so well did he keep his
troops concealed. About 2 P. M. we were obliged to abandon the
crest, and withdrew to a position near Middletown. All this was
duly reported in writing by me through General D. H. Hill, to the
Commanding General.

In the engagemts at the gap in the Catoctin and near Middletown,
the Jeff. Davis Legion and First North Carolina cavalry, respectively
under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Martin and Colonel Baker,
conducted themselves with the utmost gallantry, and sustained a
hot fire of artillery and musketry without flinching or confusion
in the ranks. Captain Siler, a gallant officer of the First North
Carolina cavalry, had his leg broken during the engagement.

The enemy soon appeared in force crossing the mountain, and
a spirited engagement took place, both of artillery and sharpshooters,
the First North Carolina, Colonel Baker, holding the rear and acting
with conspicuous gallantry. This lasted for some time, when, having
held the enemy in check sufficiently long to accomplish my object,
I withdrew slowly toward the gap in the South mountain, having
given General D. H. Hill ample time to occupy that gap with his
troops, and still believing that the capture of Harper's Ferry had
been effected. On reaching the vicinity of the gap near Boonsboro',
finding General Hill's troops occupying the gap, I turned off Gene-
ral Hampton with all his cavalry, except the Jeff. Davis Legion, to
reinforce Munford at Crampton's gap, which was now the weakest
point of the line. I remained myself at the gap near Boonsboro'
until night, but the enemy did not attack the position. This was

288 Southern Historical Society Papers.

obviously no place for cavalry operations, a single horseman pass-
ing from point to point on the mountain with difficulty.

Leaving the Jeff. Davis Legion here, therefore, and directing
Colonel Kosser, with a detachment of cavalry and the Stuart horse
artillery, to occupy Braddock's gap, I started on my way to join the
main portion of my command at Crampton's gap, stopping for the
night near Boonsboro'. I had not up to this time seen General
D. H. Hill, but about midnight he sent General Ripley to me to
get information concerning roads and gaps in a locality where Gene-
ral D. H. Hill had been lying for two days with his command.
All the information I had was cheerfully given, and the situation
of the gaps explained by map. I confidently hoped by this time
to have received the information which was expected from Brigadier-
General Fitz. Lee. All the information I possessed, or had the
means of possessing, had been laid before General D. H. Hill and
the Commanding General. His troops were duly notified of the
advance of the enemy, and I saw them in line of battle awaiting
his approach, and myself gave some general directions concerning
the location of his lines, during the afternoon in his absence.

Early next morning I repaired to Crampton's gap, which I had
reason to believe was as much threatened as any other.

Brigadier-General Hampton proceeded as directed toward Bur-
ketsville. As General Jackson was then in front of Harper's Ferry,
and General McLaws with his division occupied Maryland Heights
to prevent the escape of the Federal garrison, it was believed that
the enemy's efforts would be against McLaws, probably by the route
of Crampton's gap. On his way to the gap, Brigadier-General
Hampton encountered a regiment of the enemy's cavalry, on a
road parallel to the one which he was pursuing, and, taking the
Cobb Legion, Lieutenant-Colonel Young, at once charged them,
dispersing them, killing or wounding thirty, and taking five prison-
ers. Our loss was four killed and nine wounded ; among the former
Lieutenant Marshall and Sergeant Barksdale, and among the latter
Lieutenant-Colonel Young and Captain Wright, all of whom acted
with remarkable gallantry.

General Hampton then drew near the gap, when Colonel Munford,
mistaking his command for a portion of the enemy's cavalry,
ordered his artillery to open upon him. This order was on the
point of being executed, when Hampton, becoming aware of his
danger, exhibited a white flag, and thus averted this serious mis-
fortune.

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 289

Hampton's brigade reraainod at the gap for the night. Next
morning upon my arrival, finding that the enemy had made no
demonstration toward Crampton's gap up to that time, and appre-
hending that he might move directly from Frederick to Harper's
Ferry, I deemed it prudent to leave Munford to hold this point
until he could be reinforced with infantry, and moved Hampton
nearer the Potomac. General McLaws was advised of the situation
of affairs, and sent Brigadier-General Howell Cobb with his com-
mand to hold Crampton's gap. General Hampton's command was
halted at the south end of South mountain, and pickets sent out
on the roads toward Point of Rocks and Frederick. I proceeded
myself to the headquarters of General McLaws to acquaint him
with the situation of affairs, and also to acquaint myself with what
was going on. I went with him to the Maryland Heights over-
looking Harper's Ferry, which had not yet fallen. I explained to
him the location of the roads in that vicinity, familiar to myself
from my connection with the John Brown raid, and repeatedly
urged the importance of his holding with an infantry picket the
road leading from the Ferr}^ by the Kennedy farm toward Sharps-
burg; failing to do which the entire cavalry force of the enemy at
the Ferry, amounting to about 500, escaped during the night by
that very road, and inflicted serious damage on General Long-street's
train, in the course of their flight.

I had ordered Colonel Munford to take command (as the senior
officer) at Crampton's gap and hold it against the enemy at all
hazards. Colonel Munford gave similar instructions to the officers
commanding the two fragments of infantry regiments from Ma.
hone's brigade then present, and posted the infantry behind a
stone wall at the eastern base of the mountain. Chew's battery
and a section of Navy Howitzers belonging to the Portsmouth
battery were placed on the slope of the mountain, and the whole
force of cavalry at his command dismounted and disposed on the
flanks as sharpshooters. The enemy soon advanced with overpow-
ering numbers to assail the position — his force in sight amounting
to a division (Slocum's) of infantry. They were received with a
rapid and steady fire from our batteries, but confined to advance,
preceded by their sharpshooters, and an engagement ensued be-
tween these and our infantry and dismounted cavalry. Colonel
Parham, commanding Mahone's brigade, soon after arrived with
the Sixth and Twelfth Virginia infantry, scarcely numbering in all
5

290 Southern Historical Society Papers.

three hundred men; and this small force, for at least three hours,
maintained their position and held the enemy in check without
assistance of any description from General Semmes, who, Colonel
Munford reports, held the next gap below, and witnessed all that
took place. General Cobb finally came with two regiments to the
support of the force holding the gap. At his request, Colonel Mun-
ford. posted the new regiments, when the infantry which had been
engaged, having exhausted their ammuntion, fell back from their
position. The enemy took advantage of this circumstance and
suddenly advanced, and the fresh regiments broke before they were
well in position. General Cobb made great efforts to rally them,
but without the least effect, and it was evident that the gap could
no longer beheld. Under these circumstances, Colonel Munford.
(whose artillery had exhausted every round of ammunition and
retired) formed his command and moved down the mountain on
the Boonsboro' road to the point where the horses of the dismount-
ed sharpshooters were stationed. The enemy were at the forks of
the Harper's Ferry and Boonsboro' roads before many of the cav-
alry reached it — the infantry having retired in great disorder, and
the cavalry were the last to give up their position. In this hot
engagement, the Second and Twelfth Virginia cavalry behaved
with commendable coolness and gallantry, inflicting great injury
with their long range guns upon the enemy, and their exertions
were ably seconded by the troops under Colonel Parham, who held
his position most gallantly until overpowered.

Hearing of the attack at Crampton's gap, I rode at full speed to
reach that point, and met General Cobb's command, just after dark,
retreating in disorder down Pleasant valley. He represented the
enemy as only two hundred yards behind, and in overwhelming
force. I immediately halted his command, and disposed men upon
each side of the road to meet the enemy, and a battery, which I
had accidentally met with, was placed in position commanding the
road. The enemy not advancing, I sent out parties to reconnoitre,
who found no enemy within a mile. Pickets were thrown out, and
the command was left in partial repose for the night. The next
morning, more infantry and a portion of the cavalry having been
brought up to this point, preparations were made to repulse any
attack — Major-General R. H. Anderson being now in immediate
command at this point. The battle of Boonsboro' or South Moun-
tain having taken place the evening previous, resulted unfavorably

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 291

to us, and the troops occupying that line were on the march to
Sharpsburg.

The garrison at Harper's Ferry surrendered during the forenoon.
Late on the afternoon previous, Brigadier- General Fitz. Lee arrived
at Boonsboro' and reported to the Commanding General, having
been unable to accomplish the object of his mission, which his
report will more fully explain.

His command was assigned to the important and difficult duty
of occupying the line of battle of the infantry to enable it to with-
draw during the night, and early next morning his command was
charged with bringing up the rear of that column to Sharpsburg,
while Hampton accomplished the same for McLaws' command
moving out of Pleasant Valley to Harper's Ferry. I reported in
person to General Jackson at Harper's Ferry, and thence rode, at
his request, to the Commanding General at Sharpsburg, to commu-
nicate to him General J.'s views and information.

Our army being in line of battle on the heights overlooking the
Antietam, I was assigned to the left, -^here Brigadier-General Fitz.
Lee's brigade took position after his severe engagement near Boons-
boro' between the enemy and his rear guard, Munford's small com-
mand being on the right.

On the afternoon of the 16th, the enemy was discovered moving
a column across the Antietam to the pike, with the view of turning
our left beyond the Dunkard church. This was duly reported, and
the movement watched. A little skirmishing took place before
night. I moved the cavalry still farther to the left, making way
for our infantry, and crowned a commanding hill with artillery,
ready for the attack in the morning. General Jackson had arrived
in time from Harper's Ferry, with a part of his command, on the
night before to take position on this line, and the attack began
very early next morning. The cavalry was held as a support for
the artillery, which was very advantageously posted so as to bring
an enfilading fire upon the enemy's right. About this time, Lieu-
tenant-Colonel John T. Thornton, of the Third Virginia cavalry,
was mortally wounded, at the head of his regiment. To the ser-
vice he was a brave and devoted member. In him one of the
brightest ornaments of the State has fallen.

This fire was kept up with terrible effect upon the enemy ; and
the position of the artillery being somewhat endangered, Early's
brigade was sent to me by General Jackson as additional support.
The enemy had advanced too far into the woods near the Dunkard

2f)2 Southern Historical Society Papers.

church for the fire to be continued without danger of harming our
own men. I accordingly withdrew the batteries to a position
further to the rear, where our own line could be seen, and ordered
General Early to rejoin liis division, with the exception of the
Thirteenth Virginia infantry, commanded by Captain Winston,
which was retained as a support for the artillery.

The artillery opened from its new position at close range upon
the enemy, with still more terrible effect than before: the Thirteenth
Virginia infantry being within musket range, did telling execution.
Early's division now pouring a deadly fire into their front, while
the artillery and its support were bearing so heavily upon their
flank, the enemy soon broke in confusion, and were pursued for
half a mile along the Williamsport turnpike. I recognized in this
pursuit part of Barksdale's and part of Semraes' brigades, and I
a,lso got hold of one regiment of Ransom's brigade, which I posted
in an advantageous position on the extreme left flank, after the
pursuit had been checked by the enemy's reserve artillery coming
into action. Having informed General Jackson of what had trans-
pired, I was directed by him to hold this advance position, and
that he would send all the infantry he could get in order to follow
up the success. I executed this order, keeping the cavalr}' well out
to the left, and awaiting the arrival of reinforcements. "These re-
inforcements were, however, diverted to another part of the field,
and no further engagement took place on this part of the field be-
yond a desultory artillery fire.

On the next day it was determined, the enemy not again attack-
ing, to turn the enemy's right. In this movement I was honored
with the advance. In endeavoring to pass along up the river bank,
however, I found that the river made such an abrupt bend that
the enemy's batteries were within 800 yards of the brink of the
stream, which would have made it impossible to have succeeded
in the movement proposed, and it was accordingly abandoned.

The Commanding General having decided to recross the Potomac,
the delicate and difficult duty of covering this movement was
assigned to Brigadier-General Fitz. Lee, while I was directed to
ford the river that afternoon with Hampton's brigade, at an obscure
ford, and proceeding to Williamsport, cross the river again at that
point so as to create a diversion in favor of the movement of the army.
Hampton's brigade did not reached the ford until dark, and as the
ford was very obscure and rough, many got over their depth and had
to swim the river. The duty assigned to Brigadier-General Fitz. Lee

Cavalry Operations on First Maryland Campaign. 29o

was accomplished with entire success, and he withdrew his com-
mand safely to the south side of the Potomac on the morning of
the 19th.

Hampton's brigade crossed the Potomac a short distance above
Williamsport, while a part of the Twelfth Virginia cavalry dashed
across the river immediately at Williamsport, chasing a few of the
enemy's pickets from the place. I was also aided in this demon-
stration by a battalion of infantry, under Captain Randolpth, of
the Second Virginia, also by a detachment of the Eleventh Georgia,
and it may be by small detachments of other regiments, and a
section of the Salem artillery, and one of the Second company
Howitzers.

The bridge over the canal was destroyed, but a very good road
was constructed, without much labor, under the aqueduct, over the
Conochocheague. Having moved out the command, including
Hampton's brigade, upon the ridges overlooking Williamsport,
active demonstrations were made toward the enemy.

On the 20th the enemy were drawn toward my position in heavy
force, Couch's division in advance. Showing a bold front, we
maintained our position and kept the enemy at bay until dark,
when, having skirmished all day, we withdrew to the south bank
of the Potomac, without loss.

During the Maryland campaign my command did not suffer on
any one day as much as their comrades of other arms, but theirs
was the sleepless watch and the harassing daily ^^ petite guerre,^'' in
which the aggregate of casualties for the month sums up heavily.
There was not a single day from the time my command crossed
the Potomac till it recrossed, that it was not engaged with the
enemy, and at Sharpsburg was several times subjected to severe
shelling. Their services were indispensable to every success at-
tained, and the officers and men of the cavalry division recur with
pride to the Maryland campaign of '62.

I regret exceedingly that I have not the means of speaking more
in detail of the brave men of other commands whose meritorious
conduct was witnessed both at Sharpsburg and Williamsport, but
whose names owing to the lapse of time cannot be now recalled,
and I have no reports to assist me. Brigadier-General Early at
the former place behaved with great coolness and good judgment,
particularly after he came in command of his division, and Colonel
(since General) William Smith, Forty-ninth Virginia infantry, was
conspicuously brave and self-possessed.

294 Southern Historical Society Papers.

One of the regiments of Ransom's brigade, also becoming detached
from the brigade, behaved with great gallantry, and for a long time
held an important detached position on the extreme left unaided.

The gallant Pelham displayed all those noble qualities which
have made him immortal. He had under his command batteries
from every portion of General Jackson's command. The batteries
of Poague, Pegram and Carrington, the only ones which now recur
to me, did splendid service, as also did the Stuart horse artillery,
all under Pelham. The hill held on the extreme left so long and
so gallantly by artillery alone, was essential to the maintenance of
our position.

Major Heros Von Borcke displayed his usual skill, courage and
energy. His example was highly valuable to the troops.

Cadet W. Q. Hullihen, Confederate States army, was particularly
distinguished on the field of Sharpsburg for his coolness, and his
valuable services as acting aid-de-camp. I deem it proper to
mention here also a young lad named Randolph, of Fauquier, who,
apparently about 12 years of age, brought me several messages
from General Jackson under circumstances of great personal peril,
and delivered his dispatches with a clearness and intelligence highly
creditable to him.

* Private , Cobb's Georgia legion, one of my couriers,

was killed while behaving with the most conspicuous bravery,
having borrowed a horse to ride to the field. He had been sent to
post a battery of artillery from his native State.

Captain Frayser, signal corps, rendered important services to the
Commanding General from a mountain overlooking the enemy on
the Antietam.

I have the honor to be.

Very respectfully, your obedient servant,

(Signed) J. E. B. Stuaet, Major- General.

Colonel R. H. Chilton, Chief of Staff, Army Northern Virginia.

Field Telegrams.' 295

Field Telegrams.

[A deeply interesting volume might be made by collecting together the
field telegrams and letters sent by our leading Generals on the eve of or
during important battles. Unfortunately the full material for such a volume
has been destroyed, or is scattered so widely that it would be almost impos-
sible to collect it. We have in our archives, however, a large amount of
such material, and propose, from time to time, to give some specimens of it.
We have recently received from Mr. R. M. J. Paynter, of this city, the loan
of files of telegrams sent principally from army headquarters on the south
side of the James during the summer of 1864. The telegrams themselves
(written generally on scraps of Confederate paper, and frequently in the
autograph of the officer sending them), possess a curious interest. They are
valuable as giving the information received of the movements and intentions
of the enemy, and the consequent orders in reference to the movements of
our troops. We give the following selections from these telegrams.]

Headquarters Drewry's Bluff,
May 10—1 P. M.
His Excellency Jefferson Davis,

President C. S. A., Richmond :

I have just received the following dispatch from General
Kansom: "Thus far we are doing well; the fight is progressing."
This is about all the information I can give you.
Very respectfully,

G. H. Terrett.

Headquarters Army Northern Virginia,
12 K. 45, P.M. 1, viaMc2d.
General G. T. Beauregard :

It would be disadvantageous to abandon line between Rich-
mond and Petersburg; but as two-thirds of Butler's force has joined
Grant, can you not leave sufficient guard to move with balance of
your command to north side of James river and take command of

right wing of arm}'-?

R. E. Lee, General.
Oflicial : W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Headquarters Army Northern Virginia,
7 K. A. M.
General R. E. Lee :

I have ordered a forced reconnoisance to ascertain more of
enemy's position and condition. Have ordered Ransom's brigade
to Bottom's bridge, as requested by General Bragg. I am willing

296 Southern Historical Society Papers.

to do anything for our succor, but cannot leave my department

without orders of War Department.

G, T. Beauregard.

Shady Grove Church, 1st June, 4 K. P. M.
General G. T. Beauregard, Hancock House :

General Grant appears to be gradually approaching the York
River railroad, whether with the view of touching James river or
not, I cannot ascertain. I am ignorant of the movements of the
enemy in your front, or whether it would be in your power to take

position north of James river,

R. E. Lee, General.

Drewry's Bluff, 4 A. M., 16th June, '64.
General B. Bragg, Richmond :

Just arrived at this point with Pickett's division ; have in-
formed General Beauregard. Direct to me here.

R. E. Lee.

Drewry's Bluff, 16th June, '64.
General A. P. Hill,

RiddeVs Shops, via Savage Station :

Send a brigade to vicinity of New Market station, intersection

of Kingsland and New Market roads.

R. E. Lee.

Drewry's Bluff, 9.40, 16 June, '64.
General Beauregard, Petersburg :

Please inform me of condition of affairs. Pickett's division

is in vicinity of your lines and front of Bermuda.

R. E. Lee.

Drewry's Bluff, 10.30 A. M., 16th June, '64.
General Beauregard, Petersburg :

Your dispatch of 9.45 receive ; it is the first that has come
to hand. I do not know the position of Grant's army; cannot
strip north bank of James river; have you not force sufficient?

R. E. Lee.

• Meld Telegrams. 297

Drewry's Bluff, 3 P. M., 16th June.

General — Dispatches 12.45 received. Pickett had passed this
place at date of my first dispatch. I did not receive your notice
of intended evacuation till 2 A. M; troops were then at Malvern
Hills, four miles from me. Am glad to hear you can hold Peters-
burg. Hope you will drive the enemy. Have not heard of Grant's
crossing James river.

R. E. Lee.

16th June, '64, 4 P. M.
General Beauregard, Petersburg :

The transports you mentioned have probably returned But-
ler's troops. Has Grant been seen crossing James river?

R. E. Lee.

Headquarters Dreavry's Bluff,
5.30 P. M., 16th June, '64.
Mr. D. H. Wood,

Transportation Office, Richmond, Virginia :

Trains are not wanted at Rice's turnout, about which in-
quiry was made this morning; do not send them.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official : W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Drewry's Bluff, June 16th, '64, 8 P. M.

General Wade Hampton, Pole Cat Station :

Dispatches of to-day received. Our cavalry north and south
of Chickahominy have been advised of movements of bearer of
dispatches ; also to endeavor to ascertain movements of Sheridan,
and to unite with you when practicable to crush him. Keep them
advised of his movements.

R. E. Lee.

Drewry's Bluff, Midnight, 16th June, '64.

President or Superintendent Richmond and

Petersburg Railroad, Richmond, Virginia :

The line of breastworks across Bermuda Neck is being reoccu-
pied by our troops. General Anderson reports that the enemy tore
up and burned about half a mile of the railroad below Walthall

298 Southern Historical Society Papers.

junction. Preparations should be made to repair this portion of

the track as soon as it is practicable.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official : W. H. TAYLOR, A. A. G.

Drewby's Bluff, June 17th, 1864, 6 A. M.

E. H. Gill, Superintendent Eichmond and

Petersburg Eailroad, Eichmond, Virginia :

About half a mile of railroad at Port Walthall junction was
torn up yesterday by enemy during their temporary possession.
Please replace the rails and open the road at once.

R. E. Lee.

Drewry's Bluff, June 17th, '64, 6 A. M.

General G. T. Beauregard, Petersburg :

I am delighted at your repulse of the enemy. Endeavor to
recover your lines. Can you ascertain any thing of Grant's move-
ments? I am cut off now from all information. At 11 P. M. last
night we took the original line of breastworks at Hewlett's house,
and the rest of the line is being recovered. I have directed that
the battery of heavy artillery be re-established, and the rails at
Walthall junction be replaced and the road reopened.

R. E. Lee.

Headquarters Clay's House,

10.30 A. M., 17th June, 1864.

His Excellency Jefferson Davis, Eichmond, Virginia :

At 11 o'clock last night took breastworks at Hewlett's house ;
other portions of same line were retaken. Pickett's division now
occupies trenches from Hewlett's to front of Clay's; Field's division
is on the right, but I believe whole of front line not occupied.
Battery at Hewlett's is being re-established.

Saw five vessels sunk by enemy in French's reach. Behind lie
the monitors; counted ten (10) steamers within the reach. Enemy
made two attacks last night on Beauregard, but were repulsed with
loss; 400 prisoners, including 11 commissioned officers captured.
He has not entirely recovered his original position. Some fighting
has occurred there this morning without result. Have ordered

Field Telegrams. 299

railroad at Port Walthall destroyed by enemy yesterday to be
repaired and reopened.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official : W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Clay's House, 10.45 A. M., 17th June, '64.
General G. T. Beauregard, Petersburg :

Battery at Howlett's is being re-established ; hope your new
line will protect the city. I would recommend it being established
sufficiently in advance. Your line from Howlett's to Clay's is re-
occupied. Enemy still hold some portion on right of Clay's.

R. E. Lee.

Clay's House, 12 M., 17th Jane, '64.
General G. T. Beauregard, Petersburg, Virginia :

Telegrams of 9 A. M. received. Until I can get more definite
information of Grant's movements, I do not think it prudent to
draw more troops to this side of the river.

R. E. Lee.

Headquarters Army Northern VrEGiNiA,
June 17th, 1864.
General "Wade Hampton,

Vernon Church, via Hanover Junction :

Grant's army is chiefly on south side of James river. Cham-
bliss has been ordered to co-operate with you. Communicate with
him.

R. E. Lee.
Official : C. S. Venable, A. D. C.

Clay's House, 1.45 P. M., 17th June, '64.
General G. T. Beauregard, Petersburg, Virginia :

Fifth corps (Warren's) crossed Chickahominy at Long bridge
on 13th ; was driven from Riddel's shop by General Hill, leaving
many dead and prisoners on our hands. That night it marched to
Westover. Some prisoners were taken from it on the 14th ; have
not heard of it since. All prisoners taken here are from Tenth

corps.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official : W. H, Taylor, A. A. G.

300 Southern Historical Society Papers.

Clay's House, 3.30 P. M., 17th June, '64.
Major-General W. H. F. Lee,

Malvern Hill, via Meadoie Station :

Push after enemy, and endeavor to ascertain what has be-
come of Grant's army. Inform General Hill.

R. E. Lee.

Lieutenant-General A. P. Hill,

Bidders Shop, via Meadow Station, Y. R. R. R.:

As soon as you can ascertain that Grant has crossed James
river, move up to Chaffin's Bluff, and be prepared to cross.

R. E. Lee.
Official : W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Clay's House, 4.30 P. M., 17th June, '64.

General G. T. Beauregard, Petersburg, Virginia:

Have no information of Grant's crossing James river, but

upon your report have ordered troops up to Chaffin's Bluff.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official : W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Clay's House, 4.30 P. M., 17th June, '64.
Lieutenant-General A. P. Hill,

RiddeVs Shop, via Meadow Station :

General Beauregard reports large number of Grant's troops

crossed James river above Fort Powhatan yesterday. If you have

nothing contradictory of this, move to Chaffin's Bluff.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official : W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Clay's House, 5 P. M., 17th June, '64.
His Excellency Jeff. Davis,

Richmond, Virginia :
At 4 P. M. assaulted that portion of our front line held by
enemy and drove him from it; we again have the entire line from
Howlett's to Dunn's mill.

R. E. Lee, General.
Official: W. H. Taylor, A. A. G.

Editorial Paragraphs. 301

Exlitanal Ifaragt^aphB.

We Consolidate our May and June N'umbees, and will be thus enabled
to make our issue hereafter the 1st instead of the last of the month, as many
of our readers seem to prefer. It is all the same to our subscribers, and they
will not object to our issuing the two under one cover since it is a convenience
at this time to us.

The Nation has very quietly refused to accept our challenge to a full
discussion of the question of the "Treatment of Prisoners" daring the war.
Immediately after the appearance of our last issue containing our reply to its
review, we addressed them the following private letter :

Office Southern Historical Society,
No. 7 State Capitol,
Richmond, Virginia, April 27th, 1877.
Editors The Nation :

I send you by this mail a copy of the April number of our monthly " South-
ern Historical Society Papers.,'''' which is just out.

You will find that we publish in full in this number your reply to our
papers on the Treatment of Prisoners, with such comments as we think
proper, and that we propose to you a full discussion of the whole question,
promising to publish your articles in full if you, loill reciprocate.
Awaiting your reply, I am, yours very respectfully,

J. William Jones,
Secretary Southern Historical Society.

To this letter we have received no reply.

But in The Nation for May 10th, we find the following among the notes :
*'The April number of the '•Southern Historical Society Papers'' republishes
in full the criticism published in these columns of its articles on the ' Treat-
ment of Prisoners at the South,' with comments. It proposes a full discus-
sion ' of the 'whole question,' promising to 'publish your [our] articles in
full,' provided 'you [we] will reciprocate.' We are compelled to decline this
polite offer for want of space."

" Want of space " is a very good excuse ; but there are those (unreasoning
"Rebels " the Nation would probably call them) who will be uncharitable
enough to conclude that the real reason why this able champion declines the
discussion is not so much "want of space " as the want of facts and argu-
ments to put into the space — that The Nation is more fully convinced than it is

302 Southern Historical Society Papers.

■filling to admit that "the stain upon the National honor "can be best
"wiped out," not by a manly discussion, but by silence and forgetfulness.

For ourselves, while we claim no special experience or skill in the field of
polemics, we feel that our position on this question is so impregnably forti-
fied by the facts, that we stand ready to defend it against all comers.

The Philadelphia Weekly Times is publishing a series of "annals of
the war " written by both Confederate and Federal actors in the great drama.
The papers are well written, and exceedingly interesting, and some of them
valuable contributions to the history of the stirring events to which they
relate. At some future time we propose to notice some of the articles in
detail. But we can only say now that Confederates will thank the Times
for allowing its readers to see so much of our side of the story (e. g., Judge
Quid's able and unanswerable statement of the '•'•Exchange'''' question).
We are very glad to be able to see the other side presented in papers
which are, in the main, so courteous, and which are so much fairer than our
experience has led us to expect from that side.

The Appreciation of Competent Judges of the work in which we are
engaged has been very gratifying. Not only has the press been warm in its
commendation of the intei'est and value of our work, but we have also received
private assurances from leading Confederates, from friends in Europe, and
from prominent Northern soldiers, that our publications have been of great
historic value. We have rarely alluded to this in our Papers, and do it now
only because we feel that we ought to let our readers see the following letter
from ex-President Davis, whose opinions in reference to anything pertaining
to Confederate history ought to have (and do have) the highest consideration
with our people.

We give his letter entire, and beg that our friends will catch its spirit, and
give us practical proof of their interest by sustaining us in our work, and
asking others to help us.

Mississippi City, Harbison County, Miss.,
15th May, 1877.
Rev. J. William Jones, Secretary :

My Dear Su-— I have read with great satisfaction the back numbers of
the Papers of the Southern Historical Society. The future historian, to do
justice to our cause and conduct, will require the material which can only be
furnished by contemporaneous witnesses, and a great debt is due to the
Society, and especially to you, for what you have done and are doing to save,
while there is yet time, the scattered records and unwritten recollections of
the events of the war against the Southern States.

Various causes, and not the least among them, such entire confidence in
the rightousness of our cause as gives assurance of a favorable verdict, have
prevented our people from presenting, or even carefullv preserving, the
material on which the verdict must be rendered by future generations.

Editorial Paragraphs. 303

The Society has done much in exposing and refuting the current slanders
in regard to the treatment of prisoners of war. That was most needful for the
restoration of good feeling, and sliould be welcome, beyond the limits of the
vindicated, even to all who respect trutli and eschew deception.

There are many brilliant exploits, concerning some of which there are no
official reports extant. In such cases, the recollection of actors would be a
valuable contribution to our war history. You have done so much to excite
a willingness to furnish the material for history, that it may be hoped you
will be able to draw from those to whom it is rather a dread than a pleasure
to see themselves "in print," special statements, such as any one can prepare
who can write a business letter. It is not syle, but facts which are to be
regarded.

With the hope that the interest felt by the public in the patriotic work of
the Society will be increased by the manifestation of its power for usefulness,
and with cordial regard for you personally,
I am, yours faithfully,

Jefferson Davis.

Contributions to our Archives continue to come in and are always
acceptable.
Since our last we acknowledge, among others, the following :

From Yates Snowden, Esq., of Charleston, South Carolina — "Bible View
of Slavery, by Eev. M. J. Eaphall, M. A., Ph. Dr.^ Kabbi preacher at the
Synagogue, Green street. New York. Declaration of the causes of the Seces-
sion of South Carolina, together with the Ordinance of Secession and its
signers. Address of the people of South Carolina to the people of the slave-
holding States; printed by order of the Convention in 1860. Fast-day
sermon of Kev. James H. Elliott, November 21st, 1860. Keport on the
address of a portion of the members of the General Assembly of Georgia,
1860. The Battle of Fort Sumpter, April 13th, 1861. The correspondence
of the Commissioners of South Carolina and the President of the United
States, together with the statement of Messrs. Miles and Keitt. Hon. Jere
Black on Wilson and Stanton, and Tliurlow Weed on Early Incidents of the
Rebellion. Journal of the Proceedings of the General Council of the Pro-
testant Episcopal church in the Confederate States of America, held in
Augusta, Georgia, November 12-22, 1862. In Memoriam of George Alfred
Trenholm, Ninth Annual Eeport of the " Home " for the Mothers, Widows
and Daughters of the Confederate soldiers. Map of Mobile Bay. Map of
Charleston Harbor. Mr. Snowden has been a warm friend of the Society,
and a frequent contributor to its archives.

From Graves Renfroe, Esq., of Talladega, Alabama — "The Cradle of the
Confederacy," or the Times of Troup, Quitman and Yancey, by Joseph
Hodgson, of Mobile, Alabama, 1876. Speech of Hon. William L. Yancey, of
Alabama, delivered in the National Democratic Convention, Charleston,
April 28th, 1860.

From Rev. H. E. Hayden, Broivnsville, Pennsylvania — Report of Adjutant-
General of Pennsylvania for 1863.

From ex-Governor John Letcher — Report of General Charles Dimmock,
Chief of Ordnance of Virginia, of February 9th, 1863. Governor Letcher

304 Southern Historical Society Papers.

is constautlj^ placing the Society under obligations for valuable papers and
documents, and promises still others in future.

Major J. M. McCiie, of EockingJmm— Several newspapers of value.

From Graham Daves, Esq., of Wilmington, North Carolina— Ro&ter of the
Confederate officers who, while prisoners of war, were placed under fire of
our own guns at Morris Island.

From Colonel William Allan, of Baltimore {former Chief of Ordnance,
Second Corps, Army Northern Virginia)— Two papers on the battle of Gettys-
\)uvg — valuable additions to our series.

From Fobert Clarke ^ Co., Cincinnati — The Washington-Crawford letters
concerning Western lands, arranged and annotated by C. W. Butterfield.

Fro7n B. M. J. Paynter, Esq., of Richmond — The loan of files of telegrams
sent from the Confederate army headquarters on the south side of James
river, May, June, August and September, 1864. Many of these telegrams
are autographs of Generals K. E. Lee, Beauregard, Ransom, Hoke, Heth,
Pickett, &c., and are both interesting and valuable.

From the Wisconsin State Historical Society — " Catalogue " for 1873-1875,
in three volumes.

From General C. M. Wilcox — A paper on the defence of Fort Gregg.

From Captain W. L. Bitter, Secretary Society of the Army and Navy of
the Confederate States in Maryland — Resolutions passed by the Society on the
death of General Cooper.

A ROSTER

OF

GENERAL OFFICERS,

HEADS OF DEPARTMENTS,

SENATORS, REPRESENTATIVES,

MILITARY ORGANIZATIONS, &a, &c.,

IN

CONFEDERATE SERVICE DURING THE WAR
BETWEEN THE STATES.

BY

Late Lieut. Colonel of Artillery, C. S. A.

RICHMOND, VA.:
SOUTHEKN HISTOEICAL SOCIETY.

1876.

PREFATORY NOTE.

In consequence of the general loss and destruction of Confede-
rate records, and a refusal on the part of the War Department to
permit free access to such as have been preserved at Washington,
the preparation of the following Roster was environed with no in-
considerable difficulty. The accompanying pages embody the re-
sult of much toil and inquiry. Fortunately many important wai
documents, original returns and official reports still exist in private
hands, and from them material aid has been derived. In not a
few instances the necessary information touching the commissions
and commands of general officers has been obtained either from the
officers themselves or from the friends of such as fell in the Con-
federate struggle, or have since died. While perfectness cannot be
claimed for it, this Roster may nevertheless be accepted as nearly
complete. No labor like the present having been as yet attempted,
it is offered in the hope that it will supply an existing deficiency
and prove a convenient roll of the Confederate Dramatis Personse
of the greatest of modern Revolutions — of which, in the language
of Phinius Minor, it may be truthfully affirmed, Si computes annoSf
exiguum tempus; si vices rerum, sevum putes.

CHARLES C. JONES, Jr.

New York City, May Isi, 1876.

COiNFEDERATE PiOSTEH.

THE PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT.

His Excellency Jefferson Davis, Mississippi, President of the Confederate
States and Commander-in-Cliief of the Army and Navy.

Hon. Alexander H. Stephens, Georgia, Vice President of the Confederate
States and President of the Senate.

THE PRESIDENT'S MILITARY FAMILY.

i Colonel Joseph E. Davis, Mississippi, A. D. C, w^ith rank of Colonel of
Cavalry ; in 1863 entered the field as Brigadier-General.

Colonel G. W. Custis Lee, Virginia, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel of
Cavalry ; subsequently entered the field and rose to the grade of Major-
General.

Colonel Joseph C. Ives, A. D. C, vv^ith rank of Colonel of Cavalry.

Colonel Wm. Preston Johnston, Kentucky, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel
of Cavalry.

Colonel Wm. M. Browne, Georgia, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel of
Cavalry ; subsequently entered the field and rose to the grade of Brigadier-
General.

Colonel John Taylor Wood, Louisiana, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel of
Cavalry.

Colonel James Chestnut, Jr., South Carolina, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel
of Cavalry ; subsequently entered the field and rose to the grade of Brigadier-
General.

Colonel Francis K. Lubbock, Texas, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel of
Cavalry ; also a Confederate Governor of Texas.

Robert Josselyn, Mississippi, Private Secretary to the President during the
Provisional Government.

Burton N. Harrison, Mississippi, Private Secretary to the President during
the Permanent Government.

Colonel John M. Huger, A. D. C, with rank of Colonel of Cavalry.

Colonel John B. Sale, Military Secretary, with rank of Colonel of Cavalry,
to General Braxton Bragg, who was assigned to duty at the Seat of Govern-
ment at Richmond, and, under the direction of the President, was charged
with the conduct of military operations in the armies of the Confederacy.
See General Orders, No. 23, A. and I. General's otfice, Richmond, Virginia,
February 24th, 1864. Colonel Sale was thus brought into intimate relatioa-
ghip with the President's military family.

6 CONFEDERATE ROSTEE.

DEPARTMENT OP STATE.

Hon. Robert Toombs, Georgia, First Secretary of State; subsequently
entered the Confederate army with the rank of Brigadier-General; also a
Delegate to Provisional Congress. i

Hon. E. M. T. Hunter, Virginia, succeeded General Toombs as Secretary
of State ; Delegate to Provisional Congress and Confederate Senator from.
Virginia.

Hon. Judah P. Benjamin, Louisiana, succeeded Mr. Hunter as Secretary
of State.

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE.

Hon. Judah P. Benjamin, Louisiana, first Attorney General.

Hon. Thomas Bragg, North Carolina, second Attorney General.

Hon. T. H. Watts, Alabama, third Attorney-General; subsequently elected
Governor of Alabama.

Hon. George Davis, North Carolina, fourth Attorney-General ; Delegate to
Provisional Congress, Senator from North Carolina, &c.
, Hon. Wade Keys, Assistant Attorney-General.

TREASURY DEPARTMENT.

Hon. Charles G. Memminger, Soutli Carolina, fii-st Secretary of the
Treasury.

Hon. George A. Trenholm, South Carolina, second Secretary of the
Treasury.

Hon. E. C. Elmore, Alabama, Treasurer.

Hon. Philip Clayton, Georgia, Assistant Secretary of the Treasury.

Lewis Cruger, South Carolina, Comptroller and Solicitor.

Boiling Baker, Georgia, First Auditor.

Robert Tyler, Virginia, Eegister.

WAR DEPARTMENT.

Hon. Leroy P. Walker, Alabama, first Secretary of War; afterwarda
entered the army with the rank of Brigadier-General,

Hon. Judah P. Benjamin, Louisiana, second Secretary of War; also Secre-
tary of State and Attorney-General.

Hon. George W. Randolph, Virginia, third Secretary of War; at one time
in the army with the rank of Brigadier-General.

Hon. James A. Seddon, Virginia, fourth Secretary of War; Delegate from
Virginia to Provisional Congress.

Major-General John C. Breckinridge, Kentucky, fifth Secretary of War;
Bummoned from the field [where he was serving with the rank and command
of a Major-General] to discharge the duties of tliis office.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER. 7

Albert Taylor Bledsoe, LL. D., Virginia, Assistant Secretary of War,

Hon. John A. Campbell, Louisiana, Assistant Secretary of War.

Greneral Samuel Cooper, Virginia, Adjutant and Inspector General.

Colonel A. C. Myers, first Quartermaster-General.

Brigadier-General A. K. Lawton, Georgia, second Quartermaster-General;
summoned from the field, where he was serving with the rank and command
of Brigadier-General, to discharge the duties of this office.

Colonel L. B. Northrup, South Carolina, first Commissary-General.

Colonel L. M. St. John, second Commissary-General; afterwards promoted
to the grade of Brigadier-General.

Colonel Josiah Gorgas, Virginia, Chief of Ordnance ; afterwards promoted
to the grade of Brigadier-General.

Colonel T. S. Rhett, in charge of the Ordnance Bureau.

Colonel J. F. Gilmer, North Carolina, Chief of the Engineer Bureau;
afterwards promoted to the grade of Major-General.

Colonel S. P. Moore, M. D., South Carolina, Surgeon-General; afterwards
promoted to the grade of Brigadier-General.

Colonel John S. Preston, South Carolina, Chief of the Bureau of Con-
scription ; afterwards promoted to the grade of Brigadier-General.

Colonel T. P. August, Superintendent of the Bureau of Conscription.

Brigadier-General John H. Winder, Maryland, Commanding Prison Camps
'and Provost Marshal General.

Colonel Robert Ould, Virginia, Chief of the Bureau of Exchange.

Colonel Richard Morton, Chief of the Nitre and Mining Bureau.

Colonel R. G. H. Kean, Chief of the Bureau of War.

Lieutenant-Colonel I. H. Carrington, Virginia, Assistant Provost Marshal
Genera'l, on duty at Richmond, Virginia.

Colonel Thomas L. Bayne, Louisiana, Chief of the Bureau of Foreign
Supplies.

NAVY DEPARTMENT.

Hon. Stephen R. Mallory, Florida, Secretary of the Navy.

Captain French Forrest, Virginia, Chief of the Bureau of Orders and
Detail.

Commander John M. Brooke, Florida, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance
and Hydrography.

POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.

Hon. John H. Reagan, Texas, Postmaster-General; Delegate from Texas
to the Provisional Congress.
H. St. George Offutt, Virginia, Chief of Contract Bureau.
B. N. Clements, Tennessee, Chief of Bureau of Appointment.
J. L. Harrell, Alabama, Chief of Finance Bureau.

Colonel Ruf us R. Rhodes, Mississippi, Commissioner of Patents.

CONFEDEEATE ROSTER.

GENERALS CONFEDERATE STATES'

Nahb.

Samuel Cooper....
Albert S. Johnston.

Robert E. Lee.

Joseph E. Jolinston....

Gustav. T. Beauregard.

Braxton Bragg.

State.

Virginia .
Texas....

Virginia ,

Virginia ,

Louisiana.

Louisiana.

To Whom to
Report.

B

Aug. 31, 1861.
Aug. 31, 1861.

Aug. 31, 1861.

Aug, 31, 1861.

Aug. 31, 1861.

Apl. 12,1862.

M

^

OS

ft

May

16,

1861.

May

30,

1861.

June 14,

1861.

July

4,

1861.

July

21,

18«1.

Apl.

12,

1862.

General Provisional Armt

1 Edmund B^rby Smith.. Florida.... Trans-Miss. Dept Feb. 19,1864. Feb. 19,1864.

\
llJohn B.Hood ITexas.,

General with

I July 18, 1864. [July 18,1864.1

NOTK.— At the times of their resignations from the United States army in 1861, five of the
above named officers held the following ranks respectively :

General Joseph E. Johnston was Quartermaster-General U. S. A., with the rank of Brlgadl er
General.

General Samuel Cooper was Adjutant-General U. S. A., with the rank of ColoneL

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

ARMY, IN ORDER OF RANK.

Aug. 31, 1861,

and
Apl. 23, 1863.
Aug. 31, 1861.

Aug. 31, 1861,

and
Apl. 23, 1863.

Aug. 31, 1861,

and
ApU 23,1863.

Aug. 31, 1861,

and
Apl. 23,1863.

Apl. 12, 1862,

REMARKS.

Adjutant and Inspector-General.

Killed at the Battle of Shiloh ; assigned by Special Order No»
149, A. & .1 G. O., Sept. 10, 1861, to the command of Depart-
ment Number 2, embracing Tennessee and Arkansas, that
part of Mississippi west of the N. O. J. & G. N. R. R. and the
G. N. & C. R. R., and the military operations in Kentucky,
Missouri, Kansas, and the Indian country west of Missouri
and Arkansas, &c., &c.

Nominated and confirmed as "General-in-Chief of the Armies
of the Confederate States of America" January 31, 1865; at
first appointed Major-General of the military forces of Vir-
ginia ; in command of the operations in the Trans-Alleghany
region; in the winter of 1861 in command of the South Caro-
lina and Georgia coast ; from the spring of 1862 to the close of
the war In command of the Army of Northern Virginia, <tc.,
&c.

At first Major-General of Virginia State forces; assigned by
President Davis to command at Harper's Ferry ; at Manassas ;
in command, on the Peninsula, of the Department of Northern
Virginia ; June 9, 1863, assigned to command of forces in Mis-
sissippi ; December 18, 1863, assigned to command of the
Army of Tennessee ; February 23, I860, again in command of
the Army of Tennessee in North Carolina and of all troops In.
the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and Florida, Ac,
&c.

Assigned to command at Charleston, S. C; at Manassas ; in
command of the District of the Potomac; March 5, 1862, as-
sumed command of the Army of the Mississippi ; subsequently
In command of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and
Florida, of North Carolina and South Virginia, .fee, <tc.

Assigned to duty at the Seat of Government, and, under the di-
rection of the President, charged with the conduct of military
operations in the armies of the Confederacy; see General
Orders No. 23 ; A. & I. General's office, Richmond, Va., Feb-
ruary 24, 1864 ; had previously commanded Department of tha
West, Army of Tennessee, Second Corps, Army of the Mis-
sissippi, &c., &c.

Confederate States.

Commanding District of Louisiana, occupied by Taylor's [after-
wards Buckner's] corps, consisting of Walker's and Polignac's
divisions and Green's cavalry brigade ; the District of Texas,
defended by Magruder's corps, consisting of Forney's, Mc-
culloch's and Wharton's divisions ; the District of Arkansas,
held by Price's corps, consisting of the divisions of Price and
Churchill and the brigades of Fagan, Shelby and Marmaduke,
and the district of the Indian Territory — the whole constituting
the Trans-Mississippi Department.

Commanding Army of Tennessee.

General Albert S. Johnston was Colonel of the Second cavairy U. S. A. with the rank ot
Brevet Brigadier-General.
General Robert B. Lee was Colonel of the First cavalry U. S. A.
General G. T. Beauregard was Captain and Brevet Major Corps of Engineers U. S. A.
See Official Army Register for September, 1S61, page 61

10

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

LIEUTENANT-GENERALS,

Name.

James Longstreet

E. Kirby Smith

Leonidas Folk

Theophllus H. Holmes.
William J. Hardee

Thomas J. Jackson

JohnC. Pemberton.. .

Richard S. Ewell ,

Ambrose P. Hill

Daniel H.Hill

John B. Hood

Richard Taylor

Stephen D. Lee

Jubal A. Early

State.

Alabama. . .

Florida .

Lonlsiana..

N. Carolina
Georgia....

Virginia . . ,

Virginia . . ,
Virginia . . ,
Virginia . .

N. Carolina

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. B. Bragg.,
Gen. R. E. Lee.,
Gen. R. E. Lee..

Louisiana. .
S. Carolina.

Virginia.. . .

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Texas Gen. J. E. Johnston . .

Gen. E. K. Smith

Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 11,1862,

Oct. 11,1862,

Oct. 13, 1862.
Oct. 11,1562.

Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 13, 1862.
May 23,1868.
May 23, 1863.

JuV 11, 1863.

Feb. 11,1864.

May 16, 1864.
June 23, 1864.

May 31, 1864.

Oct. 9, 1862,

Oct. 9, 1862,

Oct. 10,1862.

Oct. 10,1862,
Oct. 10,1862,

Oct. 10,1862.

Oct. 10,1862.
May 23,1863.
May 24,1863.

July 11,1863.

Sept. 20, 1863.

April 8, 1864.
June 23, 1864.

May 31,1864.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

11

IN ORDER OF RANK.

Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 11,1868.

Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 13,1862.
Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 13,1862.
Feb. 2, 1864.
Jan. 15,1864.

Feb. 11, 1864.
May 16, 1864.

May 31,1864.

REMARKS.

In command of 1st corps, Army of Northern Virginia, &c., &c.
At the Battle of Preaericksburg, in November, 1862, General
Longstreet's corps was composed of the divisions of Anderson,
Pickett, Ransom. Hood and McLaws, and the artillery
battalions of Colonels Alexander and Walton; In October,
1863, commanding corps In the Army of Tennessee, composed
of the divisions of McLaws, Preston, Walker and Hood, and
the artillery battalions of Alexander, Williams, Leyden and
Robertson ; Pickett's division belonged to this corps.

Promoted General P. A. C. S. February 19, 1864 ; commanded
Department of East Tennessee and Kentucky, North Georgia
and West North Carolina, with infantry division* of Steven-
son, McCown and Heth, and the cavalry brigades of Forrest,
Morgan, Scott and Ashby ; also in command of Trans-Missis-
sippi Department.

Killed, June 14, 1S64, on Pine Mountain, near Marietta, Georgia ;
at the time of his death in command of the Array of Missis-
sippi, co-operating with the Army of Tennessee, both under
command of General Joseph E. Johnston ; commanded corps
Army of Tennessee, composed of the divisions of Cheatham,
Withers and McCown ; commanded Army of Tennessee at
Chattanooga, August, 1863 ; also, in 1863 and 1864, commanded
Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louisiana;
assigned to command of Trans-Mississippi Department.

In command, August, 1863, of the parolled prisoners of Missis-
sippi, Arkansas, Missouri, Texas and Louisiana, recently form-
ing part of the garrisons of Vicksburg and Port Hudson.

In command of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia and
Florida ; his corps, in the Army of Tennessee, composed of
the Divisions of Cheatham, Cleyburne, Stevenson and Walker ;
subsequently Stevenson's division was exchanged for Bates'
division ; in command of the Army of Tennessee at Dalton,
Georgia. December 21, 1863.

Died May 10, 1863 ; commanding Second corps Army of North-
ern Virginia. At the Battle of Fredericksburg this corps was
composed of the divisions of A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill, Early and
Taliaferro. Colonel Brown's regiment of artillery and numerons
light batteries.

Resigned May 18, 1864 ; assigned to the command of the Depart-
ment of Mississippi and East Louisiana.

Commanding Second corps Army of Northern Virginia, the De-
partment of Richmond, &c.

Killed In front of Petersburg, Va.; commanding Third corps
Army of Northern Virginia, &c., composed of the divisions of
Anderson, Heth and Pender.

In October, 1863, commanding corps, Array of Tennessee,
composed of the divisions of Cleburne and Stewart; corps
afterwards composed of the divisions of Cleburne and
Breckinridge.

Promoted General with temporary rank July 18, 1864; com-
manding corps in the Army of Tennessee, composed of the
divisions of Hindmaa, Stevenson and Stewart.

Commanding Department of Alabama, Mississippi and West
Tennessee.

Assigned to the command of the Department of Alabama, Mis-
sissippi, East Louisiana and West Tennessee ; subsequently
in command of Hood's old corps. Army of Tennessee, com-
posed of the divisions of Hill, Stevenson and Clayton.

Commanded Second corps Army of Northern Virginia, composed
of the divisions of Rodes, Gordon and Ramseur, and three
battalions of light artillery under comraand of Brigadier-
General Long.

12

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

LIEUTENANT-GENERALS, IN

To Whom to

1

i

Kamb.

State.

Report.

1

a;
R

M

o

aj
'S
P

15

Richard H. Anderson. .

S. Carolina.

Gen. R. E. Lee

June 1, ISW.

May 31,1864.

16

Ambrose P. Stewart. ..

Tennessee .

Gen. J. E.Johnston..

June 23, 1S64.

June 23, 1864.

17

Nathan B. Forrest

Tennessee.

Gen. Beauregard

Feb. 28,1865.

Feb. 28, 1865.

18

Wade Hampton

S. Carolina.

Gen. J. E. Johnston. .

T)

Simon B. Buckner

Joseph Wheeler..

1865.

^20

Georgia. , . .

Gen. J. E. Johnston..

Feb. 28, 1865.

Feb. 28, 1865.

9,1

John B. Gordon

Georgia. . . .

Gen. R. E. Lee

1865.

J

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

13

ORDER OF RANK— Continued.

1

g

R

o

i
p.

o
o

o

V

1

REMARKS.

June 1, 1864.

Commanded Longstreet's corps while lie was disabled by wounds
encountered in the Battle of the Wilderness.

Corps composed of the divisions of French, Loringand Walthall,
Army of the West.

Command composed of the cavalry divisions of Chalmers, Jack-
son and Buford, McCulloch's Second Missouri cavalry regiment
as a special scouting force, and the Mississippi militia ; Army
of the West.

Commanding cavalry in General Joseph E. Johnston's army
during General Sherman's march through the Carolinas, and
Butler's division of cavalry from the Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Commanding District of Louisiana.

Commanding cavalry divisions of Allen, Humes and Dibbrell,
composed of the brigades of Allen, Anderson, Breckinridge,
Crews, Dibbrell, Ferguson, Harrison, Iverson and Lewis;
again, commanding cavalry corps. Army of Tennessee, com-
posed of the divisions of Martin, Kelley and Humes, and at
another time a cavalry division In the Army of Tennessee,
composed of the brigades of Hagan, Wharton and Morgan.

Commanding Second Army Corps, Army of Northern Virgiala ;
at the time of General Lee's surrender, General Longstreet was
in command of one wing of the Army of Northern Virginia
and General Gordon of the other.

Marcli 2, 1865.

14

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

MAJOR-GENERALS,

Name.

David B. Twiggs.
Leonldas Polk.. . .

Braxton Bragg

Earl Van Dorn

Gustavua W. Smith. . . .

Tlieopliilus H. Holmes,

William J. Hardee.
Benjamin Huger...
James Longstreet..

J. Bankhead Magruder.
Mansfield Lovell

Thomas J. Jackson. .

E. Kirby Smith.

George B. Crittenden.
John C. Pemberton. .

Richards. Ewell....
William W. Loring.

Sterling P^lce

State.

Georgia...
Louisiana.

Lonlslana..

Mississippi.
Kentucky..

N. Carolina

Georgia. . . .
S. Carolina.
Alabama. . .

Virginia . .
Maryland.

Virginia ,

Florida .

Kentucky.
Virginia . .

Virginia . .
Florida . . .

Missouri..

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. R. B. Lee.. .

Maj. Gen. Huger.

May 22,1861
June 25, 1861.

Sept. 12, 1861,

Sept. 19, 1861,
Sept. 19, 1861,

Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct. 7, 1861.
Oct. 7, 1861.
Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct. 7, 1861.
Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct. 11, 1861.

Nov. 9, 1861.
Feb. 23,1862.

Jan. 24,1862.

Feb. 15, 1862.

March 6, 1862.

May 22,1861.
June 25, 1861

Sept. 12, 1861,

Sept, 19, 1861,
Sept. 19, 1861,

Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct. 7, 1861.
Oct. 7, 1861.
Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct. 7, 1861.
Oct. 7, 1861.

Oct, 7, 1861.

Oct. 11,1861.

Nov. 9,1861.
Jan. 14,1862.

Jan. 24,1862.

Feb. 16,1862.

March 6, 1862.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

1&

IN ORDER OF RANK.

Ang. 29, 1861,
Aug. 29, 1861.

Dec. 13,1861.

Dec. 13, 1861,
Dec. 13, 1861,

Dec. 13,1861,

Dec. 13,1861.

Dec. 13,1861.

Dec. 13.1861.

Dec. 13,1861.

Dec. 13,1861.

Dec. 13,1861.

Dec. 13,1861,

Jan. 13,1862.

Jan. 24,1862.

Feb. 15, 1862,

and
Feb. 17,1864.

Uarche, 1862.

REMARKS.

Died July 15th, 1862; in command, at New Orleans, of the-

Military Department of Louisiana.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 10, 1862; commanding
First corps, Army of the Mississippi, composed of the divisions
of Clark and Cheatham, and Maxey's detached brigade ; origi-
nally assigned to command of Department No. 2, comprising
the defences of the Mississippi river ; also in command of the
Armies of Mississippi and Kentucky on the retreat from.
Kentucky.

Promoted General C. 8. A. April 12, 1862 ; commanding Army
of Tennessee, &c., &c.

Commanding Army of the District of the Mississippi.

Resigned February 17, 1863 ; assigned to the command of the-
Second corps A»my of the Potomac ; afterwards in command
of the First division in General J. E. Johnston's Army of Vir-
ginia; subsequently relieved General Holmes of the command
at Fredericksburg ; at Yorktown commanded division com-
posed of the brigades of Whiting, Hood, Hampton, Pettigrew
and Hatton, &c., &c.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 10, 1862; assigned tO'
the command of Confederate forces in North Carolina ; sub-
sequently in command of the District of Arkansas, &c., &c.;
at one time in command of Daniel's, Walker's and Wise'a
brigades, Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 10, 1862 ; commanding
Third corps, Army of the Mississippi, composed of the brigades
of Leddell, Cleburne, Wood, Marmaduke and Hawthorne.

In command at Norfolk, Virginia; division in the field near
Richmond, Va., composed of the brigades of Mahone, Wright,
Blanchard and Armistead.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 9, 1862; commanding
First corps Army of Northern Virginia, <fec., &c.; division com-
posed of the brigades of Kemper, Pickett, Wilcox, Anderson,
Pryor and Featherston ; Army of Northern Virginia.

On duty on the Peninsula; subsequently in command of the
District of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.

In command of New Orleans, &c., &c.; afterwards In command
of First division, Army of the District of .Mississippi, composed
of the brigades of Rust, Villepique and Bowen.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 10, 1862; assigned to
the command of the Army of the Monongahela ; later com-
mand consisted of the divisions of A. P. Hill, Ewell, Rodes,
and Jackson's old division.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 9, 1862; commanded
reserve division. Army of the Potomac, consisting of Trim-
ble's, Taylor's and Blzey's brigades.

Resigned October 23, 1862; commanding military operations in
East Tennessee and East Kentucky.

Promoted Lieutenant-General October 10, 1862; assigned to
the command of the Department of South Carolina, Georgia
and Florida.

Promoted Lieutenant-General May 23, 1868 ; commanding De-
partment of Richmond ; division composed of the brigades of
Elzey, Trimble and Taylor.

Commanding Department of Western Virgin.^a; subsequently
commanded division in Jackson's corps, and afterwards a di-
vision In the Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East
Louisiana.

Major-General commanding Missouri State Guard, and received
with that rank Into Confederate service ; commanding District
of Arkansas, Trans-Mississippi Department ; in 1S62 in com-
mand of the Army of the West ; in 1864 division composed of
the brigades of Drayton, Churchill, Tappan and Parsons.

16

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

MAJOR-GENERALS, IN

19

80

82

S3

S4

S5

ST

S9

80

Name.

Benjamin F. Cheatham

Samuel Jones

John P. McCown

Daniel Harvey Hill....
Jones M. Withers

T. C. Hindman

John C. Breckinridge. .

Lafayette ^cLaws

Ambrose P. Hill

Richard H. Anderson. .

J. E. B. Stuart

Richard Taylor

Simon B. Buckner

State.

Tennessee,

Virginia ,

Tennessee,

N. Carolina

To Whom to
Kepobt.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Alabama... Gen. B. Bragg.

Arkansas . ,

Kentucky. ,

Qeorgia....

Virginia . . .
S. Carolina.

Virginia...

Louisiana.
Kentucky.

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. R. E. Lee.,
Gen. B. Bragg..

a

Mch. 14, 1862.

Mch. 14, 1862.

Mch. 14, 1862.
Mch. 26, 1862.
Aug. 16, 1862.

ApL. 18, 1862.
Apl. 18,1862.

May 23,1862.

May 26,1862.
Julfr 14,1862.

July 25,1862.

July 28,1862.
Aug. 16, 1862.

M

§

^

S

03
P

Mch. 10,

1862.

Mch. 10,

1862.

Mch. 10,

1862.

Mch. 26,

1862.

AprU 6,

1862.

ApL 14,

1862.

ApL 14,

1862.

May 23,

1862.

May 26,

1862.

July 14,

1862.

July 25,

1862.

July 28,

1862.

Aug. 16,

1862.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

17

ORDER OF RANK— Continued.

Date of
Co

o

Mch. 14, 1S62.

Mch. 14, 1862.

Mch. 14, 1862.
Mch. 26, 1862.
Sept. 26, 1S62.

Apl. 18, 1868.
Apl. 18, 1862.

Sept. 26, 1862.

Sept. 26, 186z.
Sept. 26, 1862.

Sept. 26, 1862.

Sept. 26, 1862.
Sept, 26, 1862.

REMARKS.

Division composed of the brigades of Maney, Smith, Wright and
Strahl ; in January, 1864, in command of Hardee's corps; di-
vision afterwards composed of the brigades of Maney, Wright,
Strahl and Vaughan ; at anothpr time, of the brigades of Jack-
son, Maney, Smith, Wright and Strahl ; Army of Tennessee.

In 1864 in command of the Department of South Carolina,
Georgia and Florida; in 1862 commanding Second corps, Army
of the Mississippi, composed of the brigades of Anderson,
Richard and Walker ; again in command of the Department
of West Virginia and East Tennessee.

Commanding Army of the West, composed of the divisions of
Little, McCown and Maury ; again, in command of a division
in Polk's corps. Army of Tennessee, composed of the brigades
of Ector, Vance and McNair.

Division composed of the brigades of Deas, Manigault, Shoup
and Brantley ; also commanding division. Army of Northern
Virginia, composed of the brigades of Doles, Iverson, Ramseur,
Rodes and Colquitt.

Commanding reserve corps. Army of the Mississippi, composed
of the brigades of Gardner, Chalmers, Jackson and Manigault ;
also commanded division in PoIk s corps. Army of Tennessee,
composed of the brigades of Deas, Chalmers, Walthall and
Anderson.

Division composed of the brigades of Deas. Walthall, Manigault
and Anderson, Polk's corps. Army of Tennessee ; at one time
in command of a corps in the Army of Tennessee, composed
of the divisions of Hindman, Breckinridge and Stewart ; again,
division composed of the brigades of Tucker, Deas, Manigault
and Walthall.

Afterwards Secretary of War; division composed of the brigades
of Helm, Dan'l W. Adams and Stovall ; in 1862 commanding
division, Van Dorns Army, District of Mississippi; in De-
cember, 1862, commanding cavalry division, Polk's corps. Army
of Tennessee, composed of the IJrigades of Hanson, Palmer
and Walker; in 1863 division composed of the brigades of
Helm, Preston, Brown and Adams. »

Division composed of the brigades of Kershaw, Wofiford, Hum-
phreys and Bryan; m 1864 in command of the District of
Georgia; at the battle of ChancellorsviUe, division composed
of the brigades of Wofford, Kershaw, Barksdale and Semmes.

Promoted Lieutenant-General May 24, 1863; commanding di-
vision in Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Lieutenant-General shortly after the battle of Spotsyl-
vania; division composed of Mahone's, Wright's, Armistead's
and Martin's brigades ; Posey's, Wilcox's and Pryor's brigades
"were subsequently added ; ail attached to the Army of North-
ern Virginia ; at the battle of Fredericksburg his division was
composed of the brigades of Perry, Featherston, Wright,
Wilcox and Mahone.

Died of wounds May 12, 1864 ; division composed of the brigades
of Hampton, Fitzhugh Lee and W. H. F. Lee ; Chief of Cavalry
Armyol Northern Virginia; succeeded Lieutenant-General A.
P. Hill in command of the Second corps. Army of Northern
Virginia, during battle of ChancellorsviUe.

Promoted Lieutenant-General April 8, 1864 ; commanding De-
partment of Louisiana ; also District of Western Louisiana.

Promoted Lieutenant-General 1865 ; command composed of the
division of Major-General A. 1". Stewart, consisting of the
brigades of Johnson, Brown, Bate and Clayton, and the di-
vision of Brigadier-General Wm. Preston, consisting of the
brigades of Grade, Trigg and Kelly, and of three battalions
of light artillery ; Army of Tennessee.

18

S. G. French.....
C. L. Stevenson.

George B. Pickett.,

Jolin B. Hood.

D.B.Jones

John H. Forney..

I^AMS.

Dabney H. Maury.,

M.L. Smith ,

JohnG. Walker....
Arnold Elzey

Isaac K. Trimble.

D. S. DonelBon.
Jubal A. Early.

Joseph Wheeler...
W. H. C. Whiting.
Edward Johnson.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

MAJOR-GENERALS, IN

Prank Gardner

Patrick R. Cleburne....

Statb.

Mississippi.
Virginia . . .

Virginia . . .

Texas.

Georgia..
Alabama.

Virginia . .

Florida . . .

Missouri..

Maryland.

Louisiana.
Arkansas .

Maryland..

Tennessee.
Virginia . . .

Georgia. . . .
Mississippi,
Virginia . . .

To Whom to
Report.

Ma]. Gen. G.W.Smith
Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Lt. Gen. Pemberton..

Lt. Gen. Pemberton..

Lt. Gen. T. H. Holmes

Maj. Gen. G.W.Smith

Lt. Gen. Pemberton..
Gen. J. E. Johnston. .

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. J. B. Johnston..
Gen. R. E. Lee

fGen. Command'g"!
X Army of Tenn. j

Lt. Gen. Longstreet..
Gen. R. E.Lee

a

a

o

Oct. 22,1862.
Oct. 13,1862.

Oct. 11,1362.

Oct. 11,1862.

Oct. 11,1862.
Oct. 2T, 1862.

Nov. 4,1862.

Nov. 4,1862.

Nov. 8, 1862.

Dec. 4, 1862.

Dec. 20, 1862.
Dec. 20, 1862.

Apl. 23,1863.

Apl.^ 22, 1863.
Apl. 23, 1863.

Feb. 4,1864.
ApL 22,1863.
ApL 22,1863.

i

Aug. 31, 1862.
Oct. 10,1862.

Oct. 10,1862.

Oct. 10,1862.

Oct. 11,1862.
Oct. 2T, 1862.

Nov. 4,1862.

Nov. 4, 1862.

Nov. 8, 1862.

Dec. 4, 1862.

Dec. 13,1862.
Dec. 13,1862.

Jan. 17, 1863.

Jan. IT, 1863.
Jan. 17,1863.

Jan. 20,1863.
Feb. 28, 1863.
Feb. 28,1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

19

ORDER OF RANK— Continued.

oO

ApL

22,

1863.

Oct.

13,

1862.

Oct.

11,

1862.

Oct.

11,

1862.

Oct.

11,

1862.

Apl.

22,

1863.

Apl.

22,

1863.

Apl.

30,

1863.

Apl.

22,

1863.

Apl.

22,

1863.

June
Apl,

10,
22,

1864.
1863.

ApU 23, 1863.

ApL

22,

1863.

ApL

23,

1863.

Feb.

4,

1864

ApL

22,

1863

AdL

«2,

1663

REMARKS.

Commanding Department of North Carolina and Southern Vir-
ginia, with defensive line from the mouth of the Appomattox
to Cape Fear river.

Division composed of the brigades of Brown, Cumming, Pettus
and Reynolds, and the light batteries of Anderson, Rowan,
Corput and Carne ; at another time, of the brigades of Pettus,
Palmer and Cumming.

Commanding Department of North Carolina in 1864 ; commanded
division iu Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern Virginia,
composed of the brigades of Garnett, Armlstead, Kemper and
Jenkins, to which Corse's brigade was subsequently added.

Promoted Lieuteuant-General September 20, 1863 ; General with
temporary rank, July 18, 1864; division composed of the
brigades of Robertson, Law, Benning and Jenkins; at the
Battle of Fredericksburg, division composed of the brigades
of Law, Toombs, Robertson and Anderson.

Commanding division, Longstreet's corps, Army of Northern
Virginia, composed of the brigades of Toombs, Anderson,
Drayton, Kemper, Garnett and Jenkins.

Division consisted at first of Hebert's and Moore's brigades,
and, subsequently, of the brigades of King, Waterhouse, Waul
and McLain; at another time General Forney commanded a
division composed of the brigades of Cockrell and Green,
Army of the Mississippi.

Commanding Department of the Gulf; previously In command
of tlie Third division. Army of the West.

In command of the Second District, Department of Mississippi
and East Louisiana.

Division composed of Hawes', McCuIloch's and Randall's
brigades.

Commanding brigade, Army of Northern Virginia; also in com-
mand of the Department of Richmond, Virginia.

In command at Mobile, Alabama, &c., &c.

Killed at the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee ; division composed
of the brigades of Polk, Wood and Deshler, and the light
batteries of Calvert, Semple and Douglass ; division after-
wards composed of the brigades of Polk, Lowry, Govan and
Granberry, and again of the brigades of Wood, Johnson, Lid-
dell and Polk ; Army of Tennessee.

Commanded Stonewall Jackson's old division, of the Second
corps, Army of Northern Virginia ; at the Battle of Chancel-
lorsville, division composed of the brigades of Colston, Paxton,
Nicholls and Jones.

Died April 17, 1863 ; in command of the First division of the
right wing of the Army of the Mississippi, composed of the
brigades of savage, Stewart and Mauey.

Promoted Lieutenant- General May 31, 1864; division composed
of Early's, Hays', Lawton's and Trimble's brigades; at the
Battle of Chancellorsville, division composed of the brigades
of Hays, Gordon, Hoke and Smith, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Promoted Lleutenant-General February 28, 1365; commanding
cavalry in Tennessee, consisting of the divisions of Wharton.
Martin and Kelly, and the brigades of Roddy and Morgan.

Commanding at Wilmington, North Carolina, in 1S64; division
composed of the brigades of Hood and Law, and the light
batteries of Reilly and Balthis.

Commanding division in Eweil's corps. Army of Northern Vir-
ginia, composed of the brigades of Walker, Steuart and
J. M, Jones,

20

CONFEDEEATE BOSTER.

MAJOR-GENERALS, IN

TO

Naue.

K. E. Eodes

WllUam H. T. Walker.

Henry Heth

John S. Bowen

Robert Ransom, Jr....

W. D. Pender

A. P. Stewart

Stephen D. Lee

Cadmus M. Wilcox

J. F. Gilmer

Wade Hampton

Fltzhugh Lee

William Smith

Howell Cobb

John A. Wharton

William T.Martin

Nathan B. Forrest

Charles W. Field

J. Patton Anderson

W. B. Bate

Robert F. Hoke

State.

Alabama. . .
Georgia. . . .

Virginia . . .
Missouri...

N. Carolina

N. Carolina

Tennessee .

S. Carolina.

Tennessee.

N. Carolina
S. Carolina.

Virginia

Virginia.. . .

Georgia.
Texas . .

Mississippi.
Tennessee.

Kentucky..

Florida

Tennessee.

N. Carolina

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. E. E. Lee.......

Gen. J. B, Johnston.

Gen. R. B. Lee

Gen. J. E. Johnston. .

Lt. Gen. D.H.Hill....

Gen. R. B. Lee

Gen. B. Bragg

Gen. J. E. Johnston..

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. Beauregard.
Gen. R. E. Lee....

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. B. Bragg.
Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Lt. Gen. Longstreet..

Gen. J. E. Johnston. .
Gen. J. E. Johnston. .

May 7, 1863.
May 2T, 1863.

May 23, 1863.
May 29, 1863.

May 27, 1863.

May 27,1863.

June 5, 1863.

Aug. 3, 1863.
Aug. 13, 1863.

Aug.
Sept.

16, 1863.
3, 1863,

Sept. 3, 1863.

Aug. 13, 1863.

Sept.
Nov.

Nov.
Dec.

19, 1863.
12, 1S63.

12, 1863.
4, 1863.

Feb. 12, 1864.

Feb. 17, 1864.
March 5, 1864.

Apl. 23,1864.

May 2, 1863,
May 28, 1863,

May 24, 1863,
May 25, 1863,

May 26, 1863.

May 27,1863.

June 2, 1863.

Aug. 3, 1863.

Aug. 3, 1863.

Aug. 16, 1863.
Aug. 3,1868,

Aug. 3, 1863,

Aug. 12, 1863,

Sept, 9, 1863.
Nov. 10, 1863,

Nov. 10, 1863,
Dec. 4, 1868,

Feb. 12, 1864,

Feb. 17,1864,
Feb. 23, 1864.

Apl. 20, 1864.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

21

ORDER OF RANK— Continued.

^ o

Jan. 25, 1S64.
Jan. 25, 1864.

Feb. IT, 1864.

Feb. 17, 1864.

Jan. 25, 1864.

Jan. 25, 1864.

Feb. 17,1864.

Jan. 25, 1864.
Jan. 25, 1864.

Jan. 25,1864.

Jan. 25, 1864.

Jan. 25, 1864.
Jan. 25, 1864.

Jan. 26,1864.
Jan. 25, 1864.

Feb. 12, 1864.

Feb. 17, 1864.
May 11,1864.

May 11, 1864.

REMARKS.

Killed at Winchester, Va., lOth Sept., 1864 ; division composed
of tlie brigades of Doles, Battle, Daniel and Ramseur.

Killed in the battle around Atlanta, Georgia; division composed
of the brigades of Liddell, Walthall, Ector and Wilson ; di-
vision afterwards composed of the brigades of Mercer, Jack-
son, Gist and Stevens ; in October, 1863, division composed of
the brigades of Gregg, Gist and Wilson.

Division composed of Pettigrew's, Archer's. Davis', Cook's and
Brockenborough's brigades, Army of Northern Virginia.

Died July 16, 1863, from disease contracted during the siege of
Vicksburg; commanded division known as tne Missouri di-
vision, composed of the brigades of Cockrell and Green.

Commanding Departmen*; of Richmond, in 1864 ; at the Battle
of Fredericksburg, division composed of the brigades of
Ransom and Cook.

Died July 18, 1S63, from wounds received at Gettysburg ; division
composed of his old brigade and the brigades of McQowan,
Lane and Thomas, Armv of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Lieutenant-General June 23, 1864; division composed
of the brigades of Brown, Johnson, Strahl and Clayton ; after-
wards, of the brigades of Brown, Bate, Clayton and Stovall;
subsequently of the brigades of Stovall, Clayton, Gibson and
Baker ; Army of the West.

Promoted Lieutenant-General June 23, 1864; assigned to the
command of all the cavalry in the Department of Alabama,
Mississippi, East Louisiana and West Tennessee.

Division composed of the brigades of Generals Lane, Scales,
McGowan and Thomas.

Chief of the Engineer Bureau.

Promoted Lleutimant-General ; division composed of the cavalry
brigades of Young, Butler, Rosser and Gordon, Army of
Northern Virginia.

Division composed of Wickham's and Lomax's brigades; sub-
sequently in command of the cavalry corps, Army of Northern
Virginia, composed of the divisions of W. H. F. Lee, Rosser
and Munford.

Resigned December 31, 1863, because elected Governor of Vir-
ginia ; consequently, did not assume command of a division
or remain in the field.

In 1864 in command of the reserve forces of Georgia.

Commanding division In Wheeler's cavalry corps, Army of
Tennessee.

Commanding cavalry corps In East Tennessee, under General
Longstreet; subsequently a division in Wheeler's cavalry
corps, composed of the brigades of Morgan and Iverson.

Promoted Lieutenant-General February 28, 1865; assigned to
the command of all cavalry in West Tennessee and North
Mississippi, consisting of those of his own brigade and those
of Chalmers, McCuUoch, Richardson, Bell and Jeffrey Forrest ;
Lyon's brigade was afterwards added ; the whole was organ-
ized Into two divisions, commadned respectively by Chalmers
and Buford.

Division composed of Jenkins', Law's, BQnning's, Anderson's
and Gregg's brigades. Army of Northern Virginia.

In 1864 assigned to the command of the District of Florida.

Division composed of the brigades of Tyler, Lewis and Pinley,
and of the light batteries of Slocum, Cobb and Mebane ; Army
of Tennessee.

Commanding in North Carolina; division In General Beaure-
gard's army composed, May, 1864, of the brigades of Martin,
Hagood, Clingman and Colquitt ; Army Of Northern Virginia.

22

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

MAJOR-GENERALS, IN

78'

T9

Naus.

W. H. F. Lee...
John B. Gordon.

Bushi'ocl R. Johnson.

J. B. Kershaw.,
C. J. Pollgnac,

J. F. Fagan

William Mahone.

8. D. Ramseur.

B. C. Walthall.

H. D. Clayton.

John C. Brown.
L. L. Lomax

83 Henry W. Allen..

84 J. L. Kemper

85 J. S. Marmaduke.

86 A. R.Wright

John Pegram

Pierce M. B. Young.

M. Calvin Butler

T. L. Rosser

G. W. Custls Lee.
William Preston.

WUllam B. Taliaferro.
Bryan Grimes

State.

Virginia. . . .
Georgia

Tennessee.

S. Carolina,
France

Arkansas . .
Virginia . . .

N. Carolina

Mississippi.

Alabama..

Tennessee.
Virginia . . .

Louisiana.,
Virginia . . ,
Missouri...
Georgia

Virginia . . .

Georgia

S. Carolina.
Texas

Virginia . . .
Kentucky. .

Virginia . . .
N. Caiollna

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. R. E. Lee.
Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.

Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.
Gen. R. E. Lee ,

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. B. Hood.
Gen.R. E. Lee...

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Gen. E. K. Smith.
Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. B. Bragg

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen, R. E. Lee

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. Wm. J. Hardee..
Gen. R. E. Lee

Apl. 23, 1864.
May 14, 1864.

May 26, 1864.

June 2, 1864.

June 13, 1864.

June IS, 1864.
Aug. 8, 1864.

June 1, 1864.
June 10, 1864.

July 8, 1864.

Aug. 4, 1864.
Aug. 10, 1864.

Mch.

..1864.
1, 1864.

1864.

Nov. 23, 1864.

1864.

Dec. 12, 1864,

1864,

1864.

Jan. 1, 1865.

Jan. 1, 1865.

Jan. 1, 1865.

Feb. 23, 1865.

Apl. 23, 1864.
May 14, 1864.

May 21, 1864.

May 18, 1864.

Apl. 8, 1864.

Apl. 25, 1864.
July 30, 1864.

June 1, 1864.
June 6, 1864.

July 7, 1864.

Aug. 4, 1864.
Aug. 10, 1864.

1864.

Mch. 1, 1864.

1864.

Nov. 23, 1864.

1864.

Dec. 12, 1864.

1864.

1864.

Jan. 1, 1865.
Jan. 1, 1865.

Jan. 1, 1865.
Feb. 23,1868.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

23

ORDER OF RANK— Continued.

Jane 9, 1864

May 14,1864,

May 26,1864,

June 2, 1864.
June 13, 1864,
June 13, 1864.

June 1, 1864.
June 10, 1864.

Febr'y, 1865.

Dec. 22, 1864,

Oct, 13, 1862.

Oct. 13, 1862

Feb. 23,1865.

REMARKS.

Division composed of the cavalry brigades of Chambliss, Bar-
ringer and Roberts, and of two batteries liorse artillery. Cap-
tain McGreggor, Army of Northern Virginia.

Lleutenant-General in the spring of 1865 by promotion at the
hands of General R. E. Lee ; division composed of the brigades
of Evans, Terry and York, Army of Northern Virginia.

Division was composed of Ransom's, Johnson's, Wise's, Elliott's
and Grade's brigades, and the Sixty-fourth Georgia regiment,
Array of Northern Virginia.

Division composed of the brigades of Conner, Wofford, Hum-
phreys and Bryan, Army of Tennessee.

Division composed of the Second Texas brigade and Mouton'g
brigade.

Commanding District of Arkansas.

Assigned to command of Anderson's old division, composed of
the brigades of Generals Wright, Weisiger, Saunders, Harris
and Finnegan, Army of Northern Virgmia.

Assigned to the command of General Early's old division, at
that time composed of the brigades of Pegram, Johnston and
Godwin, Army of Northern Virginia.

Division composed of the brigades of Canty, Reynolds and
Quaries, Army of Tennessee ; again, of the brigades of Quarles,
Shelley and D. H. Reynolds, Stewart's corps. Army of Ten-
nessee.

Division composed of the brigades of Stovall, Baker and Henry
R. Jackson ; at another time, of the brigades of M. A. Stovall,
R. L. Gibson, A. Baker and J. T. Holtzclaw ; Army of Ten-
nessee.

Division composed of Govan's and Smith's brigades, Army of
Tennessee.

Division composed of the cavalry brigades of Johnson, Jackson,
Imboden, Vaughn and McCausland, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Commanding division in Trans-Mississippi Department.

In command of the reserve forces of Virginia.

Division composed of the brigades of Clarke and Harrison,

Commanding division during the siege of Savannah in Decem-
ber, 1864, composed of the brigades of Mercer and John K.
Jackson.

Killed in action at Hatcher's Run ; commanding Early's old di-
vision. Army of Northern Virginia.

Division composed of the cavalry brigades of Lewis, Ferguson
and Hannon, Wheeler's corps.

Division composed of the cavalry brigades of Wright and Logan,
Army of Northern Virginia.

Division composed of the cavalry brigades of McCausland and
Dearing, and subsequently of the brigades of Payne and Mum-
ford, Army of Northern Virginia.

In command of local brigade and reserves for the Immediate
defence of Richmond, Virginia.

Assigned to the command of the division of Major-General Po-
lignac, after his return to France ; in October, 1863, in com-
mand of a division, Longstreet's corps. Army of the Tennessee,
composed of the brigades of Gracie, Twiggs and Kelly.

Commanding division of mixed troops after the evacuation of
Charleston ; previously in command of James Island, South
Carolina.

Division composed of his old brigade and the brigades of Battle,
Cook and Cox, Army of Northern Virginia.

2i

COITFEDERATE ROSTER.

MAJOR-GENERALS, IN

Naub.

State.

To Whom to
Kepokt.

1

a

o
^§
«
O

i

o
I

95
96

97

98

Wiuiam W. AUen

W. Y. C. Humes

Harry T.Hays

B. M. Law

Alabama...

Temiessee.

Louisiana..
Alabama. . .
S. Carolina.

Gen. Jos. Wbeeler....

Gen. Jos. Wheeler....

Gen. E. K. Smith

Gen. J. E. Johnston . .
Gen. R. E. Lee

March, 1865.

March, 1865.

April, 1865.
April 9, 1S65.
1865.

March, 1865.

March, 1865.

April, 1865.
April, 1866.
186B.

V9

M, W. Gary

CONFEDEEATE ROSTER.

25

ORDER OF RANK— Continued.

REMARKS.

Commanding cavalry division composed of the brigades of

Crews and Hagan ; Brigadier-General Robert H. Anderson's

cavalry brigade was subsequently added.
Commanding division In Lieutenant-General Wheeler's cavalry

corps, composed of the brigades of Ashby, Harrison and

Williams.
On special duty in Trans-Mlsslsslppl Department. i

Commanding General Hampton's old cavalry division.
Division assigned, but never concentrated, consisting of hlB

old brigade and Robert's brigade of North Carolina cavalry.

26 CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIEB-GENERALS OF THE CONFEDERATE

Nams.

Statb.

Adams, CharleB W.
Adams, Daniel W..

Adams, John.
Adams, Wirt.

Alcorn, J. L

Alexander, E. Porter. .

Allen, Henry W

AUen, William W...

Anderson, CD

Anderson, George B. . .

Anderson, George T. . .

Anderson, Joseph R. . .
Anderson, J. Fatten. . .

Anderson, R. H.

Anderson, Robert H. ..
Anderson, Samuel R...
Archer, J.J

Armlstead, L. A

Armstrong, Frank C.

Arkansas . .
Louisiana.,

Tennessee.
Mississippi,

Georgia. . . .
Louisiana..
Alabama. . .

Georgia....
N. Carolina

Georgia....

Virginia . . .
Florida....

S. Carolina.

Georgia

Tennessee.
Virginia...

Virginia . . .

Arkansas..

To Whom to
Refort.

Maj. Gen. Price..
Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. J. E. Johnston..
Gen. Wm. J. Hardee.

Lt, Gen. Longstreet.
Gen. E. K. Smith....
Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. Q. W. Smith. .
Gen. R. E, Lee

a

1862,

May 23, 1862,

May 23, 186.S.
Sept. 28, 1863.

Gen. Longstreet.

Gen. R. E. Lee...
Gen. B. Bragg...

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. J. B. Hood.
Gen. R. E. Lee.. .
Gen. R. E. Lee...

Gen. Huger

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Mch. 1, 1864.
Aug. 19, 1863.
Mch. 1, 1864.

May, 1864.
June 9, 1862.

1862,

May 23, 1862,

Dec. 29, 186!?,
Sept. 25, 1863,

Feb. 26, 1864,
Aug. 19, 1863.
Feb. 26, 1864.

May, 1864,
June 9, 1862.

Nov. 1,1 862. Nov. 1,1862.

Sept. 3, 1861. Sept. 3,1861.
Feb. 10, 1862. Feb. 10, 1862.

July 19, 1861.

July 26, 1864,
July 9, 1861,
June 9, 1862,

Apl. 1, 1862.

Apl. 23, 1863.

July 19,1861,

July 26, 1864.
July 9, 1861.
June 3, 1862.

Apl. 1, 1862.

Jan. 20, 1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

27

STATES ARMY, ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.

1862.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Feb. 17, 1864,
Jan. 25, 1864.

May 28, 1864.
Jan. 25, 1864.
June 9, 1864.

May, 1864,
Sept. 30, 1862,

Apl. 22, 1863.

Dec. 13, 1861,
Feb. 10, 1862.

Aug. 29, 1861.

Oct. 13, 1862.

Aug. 29, 1861.
Sept. 30, 1862.

Apl. 1, 1862.

Apl. 23, 1863.

REMARKS.

Commanding brigade in Major-General Price's army.
Commanding Mississippi brigade, General Breckinridge's di-
vision, Army of Tennessee, composed of the 13th, 20th, 16th,
25th and 19th Louisiana and 32d Alabama regiments, Austin's
battalion of sharp-shooters and Slocomb's light battery.
Killed at Battle of Franklin ; commanded brigade in Lorlng'a
division, Stewart's corps. Army of Tennessee, composed ot
the 6th, ]4th, 15th, 20th, 28d and 43d Mississippi regiments.

Brigade composed of Colonel Wood's regiment, the 11th and
17th Arkansas regiments consolidated, the 14th Confederate-
regiment, the 9th Tennessee battalion and King's light
battery.

Commanding a brigade of Mississippi State troops at Columbus,
Kentucky.

In command of the artillery attached to the 1st corps (Long-
street's), Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General; resigned January 10, 1864; elected
Governor of Louisiana.

Promoted Major-General in the spring of 1865; brigade at first
composed of the 1st, 3d, 8th and 10th Confederate regiments,
and subsequently of the 1st, 3d. 4th, 9th, 12th and 51st regi-
ments Alabama cavalry. Army of the West.

Held commission in Georgia State forces ; commanding the 3d
Georgia brigade, composed of the Tth, Sth and 9th regiments.

Died October 16, 1862, from the effect of wounds received at
Sharpsburg; brigade composed of the 2d, 4th, 14th and 30tli
North Carolina regiments, D. H. Hill's division, Jackson's
corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the Tth, Sth, 9th and 11th Georgia regiments
and the 1st Kentucky regiment ; the 59th Georgia regiment was
afterwards substituted for the 1st Kentucky, whose term of
service had expired ; all of the Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 14th, 35th, 45th and 49th Georgia regi-
ments and the 3d Louisiana battalion, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia; resigned July 19, 1862.

Promoted Major-General February 17, 1864 ; brigade composed
of the 1st Florida, 17th Alabama and the 5th and Sth Mississippi
regiments ; subsequently in command of Major-General Hind-
man's division, Polk's corps. Army of Tennessee.

Promoted Major-General July 14, 1862; brigade composed of
Colonel Gladden's 1st Louisiana Regular Infantry, Colonel
Anderson's 1st Florida regiment, Colonel Jackson's 5th Georgia
regiment, the Tth and Sth Mississippi regiments, and Colonel
Tyler's battalion of marines; Ijrigade afterwards composed of
the 4th, 5th and 6th South Carolina Volunteers and the 2d
South Carolina Rifles, Longstreet's corps, Army of Northern
Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 5th Georgia and the 1st, 3d Sth and 10th
Confederate regiments cavalry. Army of Tennessee.

Resigned May 10, 1862; brigade was composed of the 1st, Tth
and 14tU Tennessee regiments and one company of cavalry.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 14th and 7th Tennessee regiments,
the 13th Alabama regiment and the 5th Alabama Imttalion,
Heth's division, A. P. Hill's corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

Killed in action at Gettysburg; brigade composed of the 9th,
14th, 38th, 53d and 5Tth Virginia regiments, Army of Northern
Virginia.

Commanding brigade In Chalmer's division, Forrest's cavalrj
corps. Army of the West.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

2T

Name.

Ashby, Turner.

Bagby, Arthur P.

BaSer, Alpheua

Baker, Lawrence S....
Baldwin, Wm. B

Barksdsle, William.

Barnes, James W.
Barringer, Eufus.

Barry, ■William S.
Barton, Seth M...

Bartow, Francis S.,
Bate, William B....

Battle, C. A

Baylor, John R

Beale, Richard L. T.

Beau, W.N. R

Beauregard, G. T..
Bee, Barnard E....

Bee, Hamilton P.
Bell, Tyree H....

Bennlng, Henry L.,
Benton, Samuel....

State.

Virginia . . .

Texas ,

Alabama. . .
N. Carolina
Mississippi.

Mississippi.

Texas

N. Carolina

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. T. J. Jackson.,

Lt. Gen. Buckner.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. Van Dorn

Gen. R.,E. Lee.,

Gen. R. B. Lee.,

Mississippi.
Virginia . . .

Georgia....
Tennessee.

Alabama...

Texas

Virginia . . .

Arkansas . .
Louisiana. .
S. Carolina.

Texas ,

Tennessee,

Georgia. . .
Mississippi.

Gen. E. K. Smith.
Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. Van Dorn

Commanding ^
Charleston i
Harbor. )
Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. P. O. Hebert.
Maj. Gen. Forrest.

Gen. R. B. Lee.. .
Gen. J. B. Hood.

a

May 23, 1862.

March, 1864.

March 7, 1864.
July 30,1863.
Oct. 8, 1862.

Aug. 12, 1862.

Mch. 5, 1864.
July 23,1863.
Sept. 19, 1862.

Aug. 12, 1862,

June 1, 1864.

Mch. 18, 1862.
July, 1861.

Oct. 3, 1862,
Aug. 25, 1863,

Febr'y, 1865.

Apl. IT, 1862,
Mch. 1,1861,
June 17, 1861,

March 6, 1862,
Nov., 1863,

Apl. 23,1863
July 26, 1864.

May 23, 1862.

June 1, 1864.

Mch. 11, 1862.
July, 1861.

Oct. 3, 1862.
Aug. 20, 1863.

Febr'y, 1865.

ApL 11,1862.
Mch. 1,1861.
June 17, 1861.

March 4, 1862,
Nov., 1863,

Jan. 17, 1863,
July 26,1864,

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

29

— Continued.

Vh °

May

Feb.
Oct.

11, 1864.

16, 1864.

8, 1862.

Sept. 30, 1862.

June 1, 1864.

Mch. 18, 1862.

Oct.

Feb.

3, 1862.
17, 1864.

Apl.
Mcb.
Aug.

17, 1862.
1, 1861.
29, 1861.

Mch. 6, 1862.

Apl. 23,1863.

REMARKS.

Killed June 6th, 1862, near Harrisonburg, Virginia ; command
composed of twenty-six companies ; subsequently constituting
Robertson's brigade, and organized into the 6th, 7th and lltS
Virginia regiments, and the 16th Virginia battalion. Colonel
Funsten.

Brigade composed of Texas cavalry ; in autumn of 1864 com-
manded a division composed of his old brigade and the
brigades of DeBray and Brent.

Brigade composed of the 37th, 40th, 42d and 54th Alabama
regiments.

Commanding Second Military District, Department of North
Carolina and South Virginia.

Died February 19, 1864 ; commanding brigade. District of Mobile ;
brigade, at the capture of P^ort Donelson, consisted of the
20th and 26th Mississippi and the 26th Tennessee regiments.

Killed in action at Gettysburg; brigade composed of the 21st,
13th, 17th and 18th Mississippi regiments, McLaw's division,
Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 2d, 3d and 5th North Carolina
cavalry regiments, Major-General W. H. F. Lee's division.
Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding brigade. Army of the Mississippi.

Commanded brigade, Army of Northern Virginia, composed of
the 9th, 14th. 38th, 53d and 57th Virginia regiments.

Killed at the Battle of First Manassas July 21, 1861 ; command-
ing brigade. Army of the Potomac, composed of the 7th and
8th Georgia regiments.

Promoted Major-General February 23, 1864; brigade composed
of the 2d, 10th, 1.5th, 20th, 30th and 37th Tennessee and the
37th Georgia regiments, and the 4th battalion Georgia sharp-
shooters ; Army of Tennessee.

Brigade [formerly Rodes'] composed of the 3d, 5th, 6th, 12th,
26th and 61st Alabama regiments, infantry.

Commanding brigade, Trans-Mississippi Department; also la
command of Confederate forces in Arizona.

Commanding brigade in Major-General W. H. F. Lee's cavalry
division, Army of Northern Virginia, composed of the 9th, 10th
and 13th Virginia cavalry regiments ; the 14th Virginia cavalry
regiment was subsequently added ; General Beale succeeded
General Chambliss in command of his brigade.

Commanding Second Sub-District, District of Mississippi,

Promoted General Confederate States Army July 21, 1S61 ; com-
manding at Charleston, South Carolina, and afterwards at
Manassas.

Killed at Manassas July 21, 1861 ; commanding brigade. Army
the Potomac, composed of the 2d and llth Mississippi, the 6th
North Carolina and the 4th Alabama regiments.

Brigade composed of DeBray's, Buchell's, Wood's, Terrell's,
Gould's aud Llkin's Texas regiments.

Commanding 12th Tennessee regiment and acting Brigadier-
General; brigade composed of the regiments of Colonels
Russell, Greer, Newsom, Wilson and Barteau ; afterwards
promoted Brigadier-General, and assigned to command of a
brigade in -Jackson's division. B'orrest's cavalry corps.

Brigade composed of the 2d, l.'5th, ITth and 20th Georgia regi-
ments, Hood's division, Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern
Virginia.

Died of wounds, received in action at Atlanta, Georgia, July 28,
1864 ; commanded a brigade composed of the 2Tth, 29th, 30tb
and 34th Mississippi regiments.

30

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

- ■ BRIGADIER-GENERALS

Namb.

Blanchard, A. G.

45

61

Boggs, William R.
Bonham, M. L

Bowen, John S.

Branch, L. O. B.

Brandon, Wm. L.
Brantly, W. P. . . .

BrattOB John.

BrecKlnridge, John C.
Brent, Joseph L

Brown, John C.

Browne, Wm. M. . .

Bryan, Goode

Buckner, Simon B.

Statb.

To Whom to
Report.

Louisiana.. Gen. Huger.

Bowles, Pinckney D. . .
Bragg, Braxton

Georgia

S, Carolina

Missouri.,.

Alabama...

Louisiana..

N. Carolina

Mississippi.
Mississippi.

S. Carolina.

Kentucky. .
Louisiana..

Tennessee.

a

Lt. Gen. B. K. Smith.
Gen. Beauregard

Gen. Beauregard.

Brig. Gen. Walker.

Commanding a1
Pensacola, Fla.

Lt. Gen. A. P. Hill.

Maj. Gen. I). H. Hill.
Gen. J. B. Hood

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. A. S. Johnston
Lt. Gen. S. B. Buckner

Gen. B. Bragg.

Georgia

Kentucky..

Gen. A. R. Wright...

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. A. S. Johnston.

Sept. 21, 1861,

Nov. 4,1862.
ApL 23, 1861,

Mch. 18, 1862.

Apl. 2, 1865.
Mch. 7, 1861

Nov. 16, 1861

June 18, 1864,
July 26, 1864.

June 9, 1864.

Nov. 2, 1861.
October, 1864.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Dec'r, 1864.
Aug. 31, 1863.
Sept. 14, 1861.

Sept. 21, 1864,

Nov. 4,1862,
Apl. 23,1861,

Mcb. 14, 1862.

April 2,1865.
Mch. T, 18«.

Nov. 16, 1861.

June 18, 1864.
July 26, 1864.

May 6, 1864.

Nov. 2,1861,
October, 1864,

Aug. 30, 1862.

Dec'r, 1864.
Aug. 29, 1863.
Sept. 14, 1861.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

31

—Continued.

Dec. 13, 1861

Apl. 22,1863,
Aug. 29, 1861.

Mcb. 18, 1862.

Mch. T, 1861.
Deo. 13,1861.

Jane 9, 1864.

Deo. 13,1861.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Feb. IT, 1864.
Deo. IS, 1861.

Oct. 13, 1862,

REMARKS.

Brigade composed of the 3d, 4tli and 22d Georgia regiments, the
3d Alabama regiment, 3d Louisiana battalion and Colonel
Williams' North Carolina battalion, Girardey's Louisiana
Guard artillery, Grimes' Portsmouth artillery, and the Sussex
cavalry.

Chief of Staff to General E. Kirby Smith, commanding Trans-
Mississippi Department.

Resigned ; reappointed October 21, 1861 ; brigade at first com-
posed of the 7th, 2d, 3d and 8th South Carolina Volunteers, in-
fantry, constituting First brigade, First corps, Army of the
Potomac ; upon reappointment, ordered to the command of
the 1st, 2d and 3d regiments South Carolina cavalry and
Lieutenant-Colonel Ti-enholm's battalion South Carolina
cavalry.

Promoted Major-General May 25, 1863; commanding 14th, 16th,
IVth and 18th Arkansas regiments, Adams' Arkansas infantry
regiment, and Jones' Arkansas infantry battalion ; assigned,
in 1861, to the command of the 4th division. Western Depart-
ment, embracing the brigades of Martin and Bonham ; agam
In command of the 3d brigade, 1st division, Army of the
District of Mississippi.

Brigade composed of the 21st Virginia battalion, the 2d and 6th
Virginia reserves, and the 1st and 2d Confederate [mixed]
regiments. Walker's division.

Promoted Major-General September 12, 1861 ; assigned to com-
mand at Peusacola, Florida, of the troops there assembled,
consisting of the brigades of Colonels Chalmers, Clayton and
Gladden, and the troops under Major Bradford.

Killed at Sharpsburg ; brigade composed of the 7th, 18th, 2Sth,
33d and 37th North Carolina regiments, A. P. Hill's division.
Army of Northern Virginia.

Assigned to the command of a brigade of cavalry In Mississippi.

Brigade composed of the 24th, 27th, 29th, 30th and 34th Missla-
sippi regiments.

Brigade composed of the 1st regiment South Carolina Volun-
teers [Hagood's], the 2d regiment South Carolina Rifles, the
5th and 6th regiments South Carolina Volunteers, and the
Palmetto Sharpshooters, Longstreet's corps, Ai'my of Northern
Virginia.

Promoted Major-General April 14, 1862; afterwards Secretary
of War.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 5th, 7th and 8th regiments Louis-
iana cavalry, Bagby's division, Army of West Louisiana,
Lleutenant-General Buckner commandmg.

Promoted Major-General August 4, 18G4; brigade composed of
the 18th, 26th, 32d and 45th regiments Tennessee Infantry and
Nemman's battalion Tennessee infantry, Stewart's division,
Army of Tennessee ; to these the 3d regiment Tennessee in-
fantry was subsequently added.

Commanding brigade under General H. W. Mercer at the siege
of Savannah, In December, 1864 ; served previously as A. D.
C. to President Davis, with rank of Colonel.

Brigade composed of the 53d, 55th, 50th and 10th Georgia
regiments Infantry, McLaw's division, Longstreet's corps.
Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General August 16, 1862; commanding division
at Bowling Green, Kentucky, and subsequently at Fori
Donelson.

32

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENER A.LS

68

60

Tl

T2

Name.

Buford, A..

Butler, M. CalYln.
Cabell, Wm.L....

Campbell, Alex'r W.,
Canty, James....,..,

Capers, E.

Carroll, Wm. H

Carter, Jolin O

Chalmers, James R.

Chambllss, John R., Jr,
Cheatham, B. F

Chestnut, James, Jr. . .
Chilton, RH

Churchill, T. J.

Clanton, James H..

State.

Kentucky.

S. Carolina.

Virginia.. . .

Alabama. . .

S. Carolina.

Tennessee.
Tennessee.
Mississippi.

Virginia . , .
Tennessee.

S. Carolina,
Virginia....

Arkansas . .
Alabama...

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. L. Polk

MaJ. Gen. Buckner..

Gen. Hood.

Gen. J. E. Johnston .
Gen. A. S. Jolmston.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,
Gen. B. Bragg.,

MaJ. Gen. Sam. Jones
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. Van Dorn

Gen. D. H. Maury..

Nov. 29, 1862,

Sept. 2, 1863.
Apl. 23,1863

1864.

Jan. 8, 1863.

Nov. 30, 1864.

Oct. 26,1861.
July 8, 1864.
Feb. 13,1862.

Jan. 27,1864.
July 9 1861.

Apl. 23,1864.
Oct. 20,1862.

Mch. 6,1862.
Nov. 18, 1863.

i

PS

^

P

Sept.

3, 1862.

Sept

I, 1863.

Jan.

20, 1863.

.. ..1864.

Jan.

8, 1863.

Nov.

30, 1864.

Oct.

26, 1861.

July

T, 1864.

Feb.

13, 1862.

Dec.

19, 1863.

July

9, 1861.

Apl.

23, 1864.

Oct.

20, 1862.

Mch.

4, 1862.

Nov.

16, 1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

^

— OONTINUED.

^5

1

Q

Apl.

22,

1863.

Feb.

17,

1864.

Apl.

23,

1868.

.1865.
1863.

AW.

22,

Nov

30,

1864.

Dec.

20,

1861.

Fe}).
Feb

13i 1862,
and
IT, 1864.

asm. 27,1864.
Aug. 29, 1861.

Jane 9, 1864.

Hell. 6,1862.

Feb. 17, 1864.

Oct. 13,1862.

REMARKS.

Assigned to the command of the 2d division of Forrest's cavalry,
composed of the brigades of Colonels Thompson and Bell ;
Lyon's brigade subsequently constituted a part of this com-
mand ; in 186.5 command consisted of the brigades of Roddy,
Clanton and Armistead.

Promoted Major-General 1864; brigade composed of the 4th, 5th
and 6th regiments South Carolina cavalry and " Keitt Squad-
ron" South Carolina cavalry; also of the 1st and 2d SoutA
Carolina cavalry ; Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding lirigade composed of four regiments Arkansas
cavalry and one battery of Light artillery ; at one time in com-
mand of the ISth, 19th, 20th and 21st regiments Arkansas in-
fantry ; in 1S62 commanding 1st brigade, 2d division, Army of
the West.

Commanding brigade in Jackson's division, Forrest's cavalry
corps.

In command of Mobile and its vicinity, the garrison then con-
sisting of the ITth, 21st and 29th Alabama regiments, the 4tb
and 19th Louisiana regiments, the 30th Louisiana battalion,
and various artillery companies, heavy and light.

Succeeded Brigadier-General Gist in command of his brigade,
composed of the 24th South Carolina, the 16th South Carolina,
the 46th and 65th Georgia regiments, the 8th Georgia battalion
of infantry, and the 1st battalion Georgia Sharpshooters.

Resigned Feliruary 1, 1863; commanding brigade in General
Polk's Department, Mississippi river defences.

Commanding brigade, Brown's division, Cheatham's corps,
Armv of Tennessee.

First command, at Pensacola, Florida, consisted of the 1st and
2d Mississippi regiments, the Quitman artillery company, the
Vicksburg artillery company and the Judson artillery com-
pany; assigned in January, 1864, to tlie command of the
cavalry brigades of Forrest and McCulloch, constituting the
1st division of Forrest's cavalry; Rucker's brigade subse-
quently constituted a part of this command; in 1862 com-
manded 2a lirigade, Reserve corps, Army of the Mississippi,
composed of the 5th, 7th, 9th, 10th, 29th and Blythe's Missis-
sippi regiments, and Ketchum's Light battery.

Killed in action, below Richmond, August 16, 1864; commanded
cavalry brigade in General W. H. F. Lee's division. Army of
Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General March 14, 1862 ; brigade was composed
of the 154th, 6th and 9th regiments Tennessee Volunteers and
Blythe's Mississippi battalion; assigned in 1861 to command
of 2d division of the Western Department, embracing the
brigades of Smith and Stevens.

A. D. C. to President Davis, with rank of Colonel ; In 1864 la
command of a brigade on the coast of South Carolina.

Chief of Staff, Army of Northern Virginia ; Senate refused to
confirm nomination as Brigadier-General April 11, 1863 ; re-
appointed February 16, 1864; confirmed same day, to take
rank from December 21, 1863 ; resigned April 1, 1864.

Commanding 2d cavalry brigade, General Van Dorn's army ; in
1862 commanding 2d brigade, 2d division, Army of the West,
composed of the 4t.h Arkansas infantry regiment, the 1st and
2d Arkansas Kiflemt^n, dismounted, the 4th Arkansas infantry
battalion, Turnbull's Arkansas battalion, Humphrey's Light
battery, and Reve's Missouri Scouts.

Commanding cavalry brigade in the Department of Alabama,
Mississippi and East Louisiana.

84

CONFEDEKATE ROSTEK.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

73

74

76

Name.

Clark, Charles.,

Clarke, John B., Jr....

Clayton, H.D.

76 Cleburne, P. K.

Cllngman, Thos. L.
Cobb, Howell

79 Cobb. Thos. R. R

Cocke, Philip St. Geo.
Cockrell, Francis M...

Colquitt, Alfred H....
Colston, R. B

Conner, James

Cook, PhU

Cooke, John R

Cooper, Douglas H .

State.

To Whom to
Repokt.

Mississippi.
Missouri . . .
Alabama. . .

Ai'kansas . .

N. Carolina
Georgia. . . .

Georgia

Virginia . . .

Missouri...

Georgia. . . .
Virginia . . .

8. Carolina.

Georgia

N. Carolina
Mississippi

/ Depai-tment of )
( Mississippi. /

Gen. E. K. Smith...
Gen. S. B. Buckner.

Gen. Van Dom.

Gen. T. H. Holmes. .
Maj. Gen. Magruder.

Gen. Longstreet.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. Pemberton.

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Ma]. Gen. Huger.,

Gen. R. E. Lee....,
Gen. R. E. Lee....,
Gen. Longstreet..
Gen. E. K. Smith.

a

a

o

^ p.

May 22,1861.
Moh. 12, 1864.
Apl. 25, 1863.

March 6, 1862.

May 17,1862.
Feb. 13,1862.

Nov. 1,1862.

Oct. 21, 1861.

July 23,1863.

Sept. 30, 1862,
Dec. 24, 1861.

June 1, 1864.
Aug. 8,1864,
Nov. 1,1862.

May 22,1861.
Moh. 8,1864.
Apl. 22,1863.

March 4, 1862.

May 17,1862.
Feb. 13,1862.

Nov. 1,1862.

Oct. 21,1861.

July 18,1863.

Sept. 1,1862.
Dec. 24,1861.

June 1, 1864.
Aug. 6,1864.
Nov., 1,1862,

June 23, 1863. May 2, 1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

35

-Continued.

REMARKS.

Aug. 29, 1861.
May 11,1864.
Apl. 25, 1863,

Mch. 6,1862.

Sept. 30, 1862.
Feb. 13,1862.

Dec. 13, 186t.
Feb. IT, 1864.

fiept. 30, 1862.

Dec. 24, 1861,

and
Feb. 17, 1864.

Jane 1, 1864.

Oct. 13, 1862.

Apl. 22,1863.
Feb. 17, 1864.

Resigned October 21, 1863 ; succeeded Brigadier- General Long-
street in command temporarily of Ms brigade, composed of
the 1st, 7th, lltn and 17th Virginia regiments.

Commanding brigade in Marmaduke's cavalry division ; previ-
ously in command of the Third District, Missouri State
Guards.

First command, at Pensacola, Florida, composed of the 1st Ala-
bama and the 1st Georgia regiments, and the 2d Alabama bat-
talion ; subsequently his brigade composed of the 18th, 36th,
38th, 32d and 58th Alabama regiments; promoted Major-
General July 8, 1864.

Promoted Major-General December 13, 1862; brigade composed
of the 2d, 5th, 24th and 48th Tennessee ami the 15th Arljansas
regiments and Calvert's Light Battery, constituting Second
brigade. Third corps, Army of the Mississippi.

Brigade composed of the 8th, 31st, 51st and 61st North Carolina
regiments.

Promoted Major-General September 9, 1863 ; brigade composed
of the 15th North Carolina, the 2d Louisiana and the 16th and
24th Georgia regiments and Cobb's Legion, Army of Northern
Virginia.

Killed at Fredericksburg ; brigade composed of the 18th, 24tli
and 16th Georgia regiments, the Legions of Cobb and Phillipa
and the od battalion Georgia Sharpshooters, McLaw's division,
Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 11th, 18th, 19th and 28th Virginia re-
giments ; as at first constituted, his brigade was composed of
the 18th, 19th, 2Sth and 49th Virginia regiments, and formed
the Fifth brigade. First corps, Army of the Potomac.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th and 6th regiments
Missouri infantry and the 1st regiment and the Sd battalion
Missouri cavalry, dismounted, Bowen's division, Army of the
West

Brigade composed of the 6th, 19th, 23d, 27th and 2Sth Georgia
regiments, D. H. Hill's division, Jackson's corps. Army of
Northern Virginia.

Assigned to the command of the First brigade. Department of
.■• orfolk, consisting of the 3d Virginia, the 13th and 14th North
Carolina regiments, and several unattached artillery and
cavalry companies ; brigade at one time in 1862 composed of
the 13th and 14th North Carolina regiments and Manley's
Light Batt ry ; at the Battle of Chancellorsville, brigade coni-
posed of the 10th, 23d and 37th Virginia regiments and the 1st
and 3d North Carolina regiments, Trimble's division. Army of
Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 3d, 7th, 8th, 1,5th and 20th regiments
South Carolina infantry and James' battalion, Longstreet's
corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

Succeeded General Doles in command of his brigade, composed
of the 4th, 12th, 21st and 44th Georgia regiments, infantry,
Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 15th, 27th, 46th and 48th North Carolina
regiments, Heth's division, A. P. Hill's corps. Army of North-
ern Virginia.

Commanding Indian brigade, composed of the 1st Choctaw and
Chickasas regiment, 2d Choctaw regiment, Choctaw battalion,
1st and 2d Cherokee and 1st and 2d Creek regiments, Seminole
battalion, Osage battalion, and Howell's Texas Light Battery;
Subsequently assigned to command of District "Indian Ter-
ritory."

86

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

100
101

102
103

104
105

106
107

Name.

Cooper, Samuel.
Corse, M. D

Cosby, George B.
Cox, WilUamR..

Cox, John Z. ,

Crewa, C. C

Crittenden, George B . .

Gumming, Alfred..
Dahlgren, Chas. G.
Daniel, Junius

Davidson, H. B..
Davis, Joseph R..

Davis, Reuben..
Davis, W. G. M.

Dearing, James.
Deas, Zach. C. . .

DeBray, X. B...
Deshler, James.

Dibrell, George G.

Dickison, J. J

Dobbins, Aroh. J..

109 Dockery, T. P.

State.

Virginia . . .
Virginia . . .

Kentucky..

N. Carolina

Georgia

Kentucky. .

Georgia

Mississippi.
N. Carolina

Tennessee .
Mississippi.

Mississippi.
Florida ....

Virginia.. . .
Alabama. . .

To Whom to
Report.

President Davis .
Gen. Longstreet.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen, Wheeler .

Gen. Forney

Gen. Beauregard.
Gen. G.W. Smith.

Gen. S. B. Buckner.
Gen. G. W. Smith.

Texas

Georgia

Tennessee .
Florida....

Arkansas . .
Arkansas . .

Gen. A. S. Johnston.
Gen. E. K. Smith....

MaJ. Gen. Pickett...
Gen. J. E. Johnston,

Gen. E. K. Smith.
Gen. B. Bragg. . . .

Gen. Jos. Wheeler.,
Gen. Beauregard. . .

Vlaj. Gen. Fagan.
3en. E. K. Smith.

Mch. 14, 1861.
Nov. 1, 1862,

Apl. 23, 1863,

June 2, 1864.

1864.

Aug. 15, 1861.

Oct. 29, 1862.

Sept. 30, 1862,

Aug. 18, 1863.
Oct. 8, 1862.

Nov. 4,1862.

1864.

Dec. 20,1862.

Apl. 13,1864.
July 28,1863.

July 26, 1864.

1864.

Aug. 10, 1863.

Mch. 14, 1861,
Nov. 1,1862,

Jan. 20, 1863,

May 31,1864,

1864,

Aug. 16, 1861,

Oct. 29, 1862,

Sept. 1, 1862.

Aug. 18, 1863.
Sept. 15, 1862.

Nov. 4,1862,

1864.

Dec. 13,1862.

Apl. 8, 1864.
July 28,1863.

July 26,1864.

1864.

Aug. 10, 1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

87

-Continued.

Mch. 14,
Apl. 22,

Apl. 23,

June 2,

1861.
1863.

1863.

1864.

Aug. 15,
Apl. 22,

1861.

1863.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Feb. IT,
Oct. 8.

1864.
1862.

Apl. 22, 1863.

1864,

Apl. 22, 1863.

i .

rfune 10, 1864,

REMARKS.

Adjutant and Inspector-General; promoted General August 31,
1861, to take rank from May 16, 1861.

Brigade composed of the 15th, 17th, 29th, 30th and 32d Virginia
regiments infantry, Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern
Virginia.

Commanding cavalry brigade in General Stephen D. Lee's di-
vision. Department of Alabama, Mississippi and East Louis-
iana.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 4th, 14th and 30th North Carolina
regiments and such portions of the 1st and 3d North Carolina
regiments as escaped capture on the 12th May, 1864.

Colonel Commanding 12th Confederate cavalry ; acting Brigadier
General.

Commanding brigade composed of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th and 6tli
Georgia cavalry.

Promoted Major-General November 9, 1861; brigade composed
of the 16th Mississippi, 21st Georgia, 21st North Carolina and
l.'Srh Alabama regiments and Captain Courtney's Light Battery,
Longstreet's corps, Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 34th, 39th, 36th and 56th Georgia regi-
ments, Stevenson's division, Army of the West.

Brigadier-General State forces of Mississippi ; never mustered
into the Confederate service, except temporarily.

Killed in action May 12, 1S64; brigade composed of the 32d, 43d,
45th and 53d North Carolina regiments infantry and the 2d
North Carolina battalion, Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding cavalry brigade, Wheeler's corps. Army of the
West.

Brigade composed of 1st Confederate battalion, the 2d, 11th, 26th
and 42d Mississippi regiment, the 55th North Carolina regi-
ment and the Madison Light Artillery ; A. D. C. to President
Davis, Ac, with rank of Colonel.

In command of sixty-day troops from Mississippi, at Bowling
Green, Kentucky.

Brigade composed of 1st regiment Florida cavalry and 6th and
7th regiments of Florida infantry, and Martin's [afterwards
McCant's] Light Battery; in spring of 1863 commanded the De-
partment of East Tennessee ; resigned the latter part of 1863.

In command of a cavalry brigade. Army of Northern Virginia ;
Killed at High Bridge.

Brigade composed of the 19th, 22d, 25th, 26th, 39th and 50th
Alabama regiments and Dent's Light Battery; Withers' di-
vision, Polk's corps, Army of Tennessee.

Brigade composed of the 23d, 26th and 32d regiments Texas
cavalry.

Killed at Chickamauga September 20th, 1863 ; brigade composed
of the Texas regiments of Colonels Wilkes' and Mills, the
Arkansas regiment of Lieutenant-Colonel Hutchinson, and
Douglas' Texas Light Battery ; brigade at one time composed
of the 17th, 18th, 24th and 25th Texas regiments, consolidated ;
the 6th, 10th and 15th Texas regiments, consoUdateu, and the
19th and 24th Arkansas.

Brigade composed of the 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th and 11th Tennessee
regiments cavalry and Shaw's battalion, Army of the West.

In command of East and South Florida; acting Brigadier-
General.

Commanding brigade In Fagan's division.

Commanding middle Sub-District of Arkansas; in 1862 in com-
mand of the 1st brigade, 3d division, Army of the West, com-
posed of the ISth, 19th and 20th Arkansas regiments and the
Arkansas battalions of McCairns and Jones.

38

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

110

111

113

114

115

116
117

118
119

121

122
123

124

120

Naub.

Doles, Qeorge

Donelson, Daniel S.

Drayton, Thomas F.

DuBose, Dudley M. .

Duke, Basil W.
Duncan, J. E..

Dunnovant, John.
Early, Jubal A. , .

Echols, John.
Ector, M.D..,

Elliott, Stephen, Jr.
Elzey, Arlold

Evans, C, A..
Evans, N. G..

Ewell, Richard S.

Fagan, J. F.

State.

Georgia. . . .
Tennessee.

S. Carolina.

Georgia. . . .

Kentucky.
Louisiana.

S. Carolina.
Virginia . . .

Virginia ,
Texas...,

S. Carolina.
Maryland..

Georgia

S. Carolina.

Virginia . . .

Arkansas . .

To Whom to
Repoet.

Gen. Longstreet.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. Heth ,

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. T. H. Holmes.

a

Nov. 1,1862.
July 9, 1861.

Sept. 25, 1861.

Nov., 1864.

Jan. T, 1862.

July, 1864.
Aug. 28, 1861.

Apl. 18,1862.
Sept. 27, 1862.

May 28,1864.
Aug. 28, 1861.

May 20,1864.
Oct. 21, 1861.

June 17, 1861.

Oct. 3, 1862.

Nov. 1, 1862,
July 9, 1861.

Sept. 25, 1861.

Nov., 1864.

Jan. 7, 1862,

July, 1864.
July 21,1861,

Apl. 16, 1862.
Aug. 23, 1862.

May 28,1964.
July 21,1861.

May 19, 1864.
Oct. 21,1861.

June 17, 1861.

Sept. 12, 1862.

— Continued.

<X)NFEDERATE ROSTER.

Apl. 22,1863,

Aug. 29, 1861,

Dec. 13, 1861.

Jan. 14,1862
Aug! '29,"l8'61

Apl. 18,1862.
Sept. 27, 1862.

May 28, 1864.
Aug. 29, 1861.

May 20,1864.
Dec. 19,1861.

Aug. 29,1861,

Oct. 8, 1862.

Oct. 13,1864,

REMARKS.

Brigade composed of the 4th, 12th, 21st and 44th Georgia regi-
ments Infantry, D. H. Hill's division, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia ; killed in action at Bethesda Church.

Promoted Major-General January 17, 1863; commanded 1st
brigade, 2d division, 1st corps, Army of Mississippi, composed
of the 8th, 15th, 16th, 21st and 51st Tennessee regiments and
Games' Light Battery.

At first in command of a military district, Coast of South Caro-
lina ; subsequently transferred to the Trans-Mississippi De-
partment, where brigade was composed of the 8th and 9tll
Missouri Infantry and Ruffner's Missouri Light Battery.

Brigade composed of the 18th, 24th and 16th Georgia regiments,
the Georgia legions of Cobb and Phillips and the 3d battalion
Georgia Sharpshooters, Army of Northern Virginia.

Succeeded General John H. Morgan in command of his cavalry
forces, Department of Southwest Virginia.

In command of River Defences below New Orleans ; died De-
cember 18, 1862, at Knoxville, Tennessee.

Killed at Vaughn Road October 1, 1864.

Promoted Major-General January 17, 1863; brigade composed
of the 5th and 23d North Carolina regiments, the 24th Virginia
and the 20th Georgia regiments ; as at first constituted, hla
brigade was composed of the 5th, 13th and 24th North Caro-
lina regiments, and formed the 6th brigade, 1st corps. Army
of the Potomac ; at the Battle of Fredericksburg Early's
brigade was composed of the 13th, 25th, 31st, 44th, 49th, 52d
and 58th Virginia regiments, Ewell's division, Jackson's corps,
Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 50th, 60th and 63d Virginia regiments
and Edgar's and Derrick's battalions, the 22d Virginia regi-
ment being subsequently added.

Brigade composed of the 10th, 11th, 14th and 82d Texas dis-
mounted cavalry regiments and the 15th Arkansas infantry
regiment ; afterwards commanding brigade in McCown's di-
vision, Polk's army corps. Army of Tennessee.

Died of wounds received in front of Petersburg, Virginia;
brigade composed of the 17th, 18th, 22d, 23d and 26th regi-
ments South Carolina Volunteers and the Holcombe Legion.

Promoted Major-General December 4,1862; commanding bri-
gade in Ewell's division ; brigade at one time composed of
the 12th Georgia and the 13th, 25th, 31st, 44th, 52d and 5Sth
Virginia regiments, Jackson's corps, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Brigade composed of the 13th, 26th, 31st, 38th, 60th and 61st
Georgia regiments infantry. Army of Northern Virginia ; the
12th Georgia battalion was subsequently added.

Brigade composed of the 17th, 18th, 22d, 23d and 26th regiments
South Carolina Volunteers and the Holcombe Legion ; as at
first constituted, his brigade was composed of the 13th, 17th
and 18th Mississippi regiments, and formed the 7th brigade,
Ist corps. Army of the Potomac ; at the Battle of Leesburg his
brigade consisted of the 13th, 17th and 18th Mississippi regi^
ments and the 8th Virginia regiments ; in June, 1862, In com-
mand on James Island, south Carolina.

Promoted Major-General January 24, 1862 ; brigade composed
of the 5th, 0th and 13th Alabama and the 12th Mississippi regi-
ments, constituting 2d brigade, 1st corps, Army of the
Potomac ; afterwards in command of brigade composed of
the 1st, 7th, 11th and 17lh Virginia regiments.

Promoted Major-General April 25, 1864 ; commanding division
in General Price's army.

OONFEDEEATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

126
12T
128

129

130

131

132
133

134

135
136

140
Ul
142

Name.

Fauntleroy, T. T

Featherston, Wm. S.
Ferguson, Sam'l W..

Field, Charles W.

Fincgan, Joseph.
Flnley, J. J

Fizer, John C. .
Floyd, John B.,

Forney, John H.,

Forney, W. H

Forrest, Nathan B.

Fraser, John W.

Frazier, C. W.
French, S. G..

Frost, D. M

Fry, B. D

Gano, Richard M.

143 Gantt, E. W

144 Gardner, Frank.

145 Gardner, Wm. M..

146 Garland, Sam'l, Jr.

State.

Virginia....
Mississippi.
Mississippi.

Kentucky. .

Florida

Florida ....

Mississippi.
Virginia. . . .

Alabama. . .

Alabama...
Tennessee .

Alabama. . .

Mississippi,
Mississippi.

Missouri...
Alabama. .
Kentucky.,

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Maj. Gen. McLaws.
Army of Kanawha..

Gen. Sam. Jones.,

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. B. F. Cheatham,

Gen. Buckner..
Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. T. H. Holmes.,

Gen. R. E.Lee

Gen. J. H. Morgan.,

a

May 18,1861.
Mch. 6,1862.
July 28,1863.

Mch. 14, 1862.

Apl. 5, 1862.
Nov. 18, .1863.

1865.

May 23,1861.

Mch. 14, 1862.

Nov. 9, 1864.
July 21,1862.

May 3, 1863.

May 19, 1863.
Oct. 23, 1861.

Oct. 10, 1862.
May 24, 1864.
April, 1865.

May 18,1861.
March 4, 1862.
July 23,1868.

Mch. 9,1862,

April 6,1862,
Nov. 16, 1863,

1865,

May 23,1861,

Mch. 10, 1862.

Nov. 9,1864,
July 21,1862,

May 3, 1863,

May 19, 1863,
Oct. 23,1861,

Mch. 3,1862
May 24, 1864,

Missouri. . . Gen. Polk

Louisiana.. Gen. Beauregard Apl. 19, 1862. 1 Apl. 11,1862,

Georgia

Virginia . . .

Gen. J. E. Johnston. .
Gen. J. E. Johnston . .

Nov. 14, 1861. Nov. 14, 1861
May 23, 1862. May 23,1862

€ONFEDEEATE ROSTER.

41

— CONTINTED.

Mch. 6, 1862.
Feb. 17, 1SB4.

Mcll. 14, 1862.

Apl. 5, 1862.
Feb. 17, 1864.

Aag. 29, 1861.
Mch. 14, 1862.

Jan'y, 1865.
Sept. 30, 1862.

Dec. 13,1861.

Oct. 10, 1862.
May 24,1864.

Apl. 19, 1S62.

Dec. 13.1861.
Sept. 50, 1862.

Oct. 13, 1864.

REMARKS.

Rank of Brigadier-General conferred by tlie State of Virffinla •
resigned October 8th, 1861. ■'

Brigade composed of the 12th, 16th, 19th and 48th MisslssiDni
regiments and Smith's Light Battery.

Brigade consisted of the 2d Tennessee regiment of cavalry the
56th and 2d regiments Alabama cavalry, the ITth battalion
Tennessee cavalry, the 12th Mississippi battalion of cavalry
and W atie's South Carolina Light Battery.

Promoted Major-General February 12, 1S64 ; brigade was com-
posed of the 40th, 47th, 55th and 60th Virginia regiments the
22d Virginia battalion and Captain Pegram's Light Battery
Heth's division, A. P. Hill's corps. Army of Northern Viro-lnia

Commanding East and Middle Florida ; afterwards In command
^:„'^J?'^Saile, Army of Northern Virginia, composed of the 2d.
5th, 9th, 10th and 11th Florida regiments. • '

Bngade composed of the 1st, 3d, 4th, Gth and 7th regiments
Florida Infantry and the lat regiment Florida cavalry, dis-
mounted. •"

Commanding mixed brigade in Lieutenant-General Hardee's-
corps, on the retreat through the Carolinas.

Relieved; commanding forces in Kanawha Valley: brigade
t^}'!^ '", 1S62. composed of the QOth Mississippi and the'sGth!
50th and slat Virginia regiments. '

Promoted Major-General October 27, 1862; commanding De-
partment of Alabama and West Florida; headquaiters at
Mobile, Alabama ; brigade at first cor;posed of the 9th, 10th
and 11th Alabama, the 19th Mississippi and the 3Sth Virffinia
regiments, Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 8th, 9th, loth, 11th, 13th and 14th,
Alabama regiments.

Promoted Major-General December 4, 1863 ; assigned by General
Bragg to command of a cavalry brigade composed of the 4tli.
8th and 9th Tennessee regiments, Russell's 4th Alabama regi-
ment and Freeman's Light Battery.

Brigade composed of the 55th Georgia, the 62d and 64th North
Carolina regiments and Kain's Light Battery.

Senate refused to confirm.

Promoted Major-General August 31, 1862; In command at
Evansport, Virginia, blocKading the Potomac river- after-
wards in command of the District of Cape Fear, North Caro-

Dropped December 9, 1863; S,- O. 109; also Brigadier-General
Missouri State Guard.

Commanding Walker's and Archer's brigades ; at one time in
command of the District of Augusta, Georgia.

Commanding 2d brigade, Morgan's cavalry division ; afterwards
in command of a brigade of Texas cavalry operating in Indian
Territory and Arkansas, composed of the regiments of Colonels
DcJlorse, Martin, Gurley, Duff and Hardeman. Lieutenant-
Colonel fchowalter's battalion, the light batteries of Captains
Howell and Krumbhar, and Captain Welch's company known
as the "Gano Guards."

Commanding Fort Thompson, Missouri.

Promoted Major-General December 13, 1863; commanding 1st
bngade, reserve division, Army of the Mississippi, composed
of the 19'h, 22d, 25th, 26th and 29th Alabama regiments and
Robertson's Light Battery ; afterwards in command at Mobile

Commanded pes'; at Richmond, Virginia, &c.; at one time In
command of a military district in Florida, Ac, &c

Killed at South Mountain September Uth, 1S62; brigade com-
posed of the 5th, I2tli, 13th, 20th and 23d North Carolina
regiments.

48

CONFEDEKATE IIOSTEK.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

147

148
149

ISO
161

152

163
164
166

166
16T

168

169

160
161

162
103

Name.

Qarnett, E. B.

Qarnett, Robt. S. . ,
Garrott, IshamW..

Gartrell, Lucius J.,
Gary, M. W

Gatlln, R. C.

Gholson, S. J....
Qibbs, George C.
Gi]»on,R. L

Glrardey, Victor J. B. .
Gist, 3. R

Gladden^ A. H.

Godwin, A. 0.

Gordon, G. W.. ..
Gordon, James B,

Gordoa John B.

Gorgas, Josiah.

State.

Virginia ,

Virginia . . .
Alabama...

Georgia....
S. Carolina.

N. Carolina

Missouri . . .
N. Carolina
Louisiana..

Georgia

S. Carolina.

Louisiana..

N. Carolina

Tennessee.
N. Carolina

Georgia....

To Whom to
Report.

Adj't and Insp. Gen.

Gen. J. B. Johnston.,

Gen. Howell Cobb.
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. J. E. Johnston..

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. Pemberton...

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. R E. Lee.,

Gen. J. B. Hood.
Gen. R. E. Lee...

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. S. Cooper.

I

Nov. 14, 1861

June 6, 1861.
May 29,1863

1864,

June 14, 1864,

Aug. 15, 1861.

June 1, 1884.

1864.

Feb. 1, 1864.

Aug. 3,1864.
Mch. 20, 1862.

Sept. 30, 1861.

Aug. 9,1864.

Aug. 16, 1864.
Sept. 28, 1863.

May 11,1863.
1864.

Nov. 14, 1861,

June 6, 1861,
May 26,1863,

1864.

May 19, 1864,

July 8, 1861.

May 6, 1864.

1864,

Jan. 11,1864.

July 80,1864.
Mch. 20, 1862.

Sept. 30, 1861.

Aug. 6, 1864.

Aug. 16, 1864.
Sept. 28, 1863.

May T, 1863.
1864.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

43

— Continued.

Dec. 13, 1861.

Aug. 29, 1861.

June 14, 1864.
Aug. 29, 1861.

Jane 1, 1864.

Feb. 1,1864,

Meh. 20, 1862.

Deo. 13,1861,

reb. 17, 1864,
Jan. 25,1864.

,.1864.

Oct. 13, 1862,

Oct. 13,1862,

REMARKS.

Killed at Gettysburg; succeeded General T. J. Jackson in com-
mand of the "Stonewall Brigade," composed of the 2d, 4th,
5th, 27th and 33d Virginia regiments; brigade at one time
composed of the 8th, 18th, 19th, 28th and 56th Virginia regi-
ments, D. R. Jones' division, Army of Northern Virginia.

Killed at Craddock's Ford, Virginia, July*13, 1861.

Killed at Vicksburg June 17, tS63 ; at the lime of his death lie
was in command of the 20th Alal)ama regiment, of S. D. Lee's
brigade, and fell before his commission as Brigadier-General
was received ; commanded Tracy's brigade, after his death,
for a few days, until Brigadier-General S. D. Lee was assigned
to its command by order of General Pemberton.

Commanded 2d brigade Georgia Reserves, composed of 1st, 2d,
3d and 4th regiments.

Promoted Major-General of cavalry shortly after the Battle of
Darbytown; brigade composed of the "Hampton Legion,"
the 7th South Carolina cavalry, the 7th Georgia cavalry, the
24th Virginia cavalry and Captain Harkerson's Virginia battery
of Light artillery, Army of Northern Virginia.

Resigned Septernber 8, 1862; commanding Southern Depart-
ment, Coast Defense of North Carolina ; Adjutant-General of
North Carolina, with the rank of Major-General.

Commanding brigade of cavalry, Department of Alabama, Mis-
sissippi and East Louisiana.

Acting Brigadier-General; commanding post, &c., at Macon,
Georgia.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 4th, 11th, 18th, 16th, 19th, 20th, 25th
and 30th Louisiana regiments, the 4th Louisiana battalion and
Austin's battalion of Sharpshooters; afterwards in command
of a division at Spanish Fort, near Mobile, consisting of the
brigades of Campbell, Holtzclaw, Ecktor and Thomas, and
Ration's regiment of artillery.

Killed in action in front of Petersburg, Virginia, at the tima
being in command of A. R. Wright's old brigade.

Killed inaction, at the Battle of Franklin, November 30, 1864;
in command of a brigade composed of the 16th and 24th Soutli
Carolina, the 46th and 65th Georgia regiments infantry, the
8th Georgia infantry battalion and the 1st battalion Georgia
Sharpshooters.

Killed at Shiloh ; brigade at Pensacola composed of Lieutenant-
Colonel Adam's Louisiana battalion, Lieutenant-Colonel Cop-
pen's battalion of Zouaves, Major Lary's Georgia battalion,
Colonel Anderson's 1st Florida regiment and Captain Lee's
artillery company.

First Provost-Marshal of Richmond; afterwards in command
of Hoke's brigade, composed of the 6th, 51th and 57th North
Carolina regiments, Early's division, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Brigade composed of the 11th and 29th, 12th and 47th, 13th and
154th Tennessee regiments.

Killed in action at Yellow Tavern, Virginia ; brigade composed
of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th North Carolina regiments,
cavalry.

Promoted Major-General May 14, 1864; brigade composed of
the 13th, 26th, 31st, SSth, 60th and 61st Georgia regiments
[originally Lawton's brigade], the 6th Georgia, and the 12th
Georgia battalion, Early's division, Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Chief of Ordnance.

44

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

164
166

166.

167
168

169

ITO

171

172

173

174

175
176

177
178
179

180
181

Name.

Qovan, D. C...
Grade, A., Jr.

Granberry, H. B.

Grayson, .Talin B.
Gregg, Jobn

Gregg, Maxcy....
Green, Martin E.

Green, Thomas .

Greene, Colton.

Greer, E

Grifflth, Richard.

Grigsby, J. Warren.
Grimes, Bryan

Hagan, James

Hagood, Johnson.
Hampton, Wade..

Hannon, M. W.
Hanson, R. H..

State.

Arl^ansas .
Alabama. .

Texas.

Louisiana.
Texas

S. Carolina,

Missouri..,

Texas ,

Texas

Mississippi.

Kentucky. .
N. Carolina

Alabama. . .
S. Carolina.
S. Carolina.

Kentucky.

To Whom to
Repokt.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. B. Bragg

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. S. Price.

Gren. E. K. Smith.

Gen. T. H. Holmes..
Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. R. B. Lee.

Gen. Wheeler

Gen. Pemherton

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. Wheeler

Gen. J. E. Johnston. .

a

Feb. 6, 1864,
Nov. 4, 1862,

Mch. 6, 1864,

Aug. 15, 1861,
Sept. 27, 1862,

Dec. 14, 1864,
July 23,1862,

May 23,1863.

Oct. 8, 1862,
Nov. 2, 1861,

June 1, 1864.

Febr'y, 1865.
July 21,1862.
May 23, 1862.

1865.

Dec. 20, 1862.

Dec. 29,1863,
Nov. 4,1862,

Feb. 29,1864,

Aug. 15, 1861,
Aug. 29, 1862,

Dec. 14, 1861,
July 21,1862,

May 20,1863,

Oct. 8, 1862.
Nov., 2,1861.

May 19,1864.

Febr'y, 1865.
July 21,1862.
May 23,1862.

.1806.

Dec. 13, JB(»

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

45

— Continued.

^R

Feb. e, 1864.
Apl. 22,1863.

May 11,1864.

Aug. 15, 1861.
Sept. 27, 1862.

Dec. 24,1861.
Sept. 30, 1862.

June 25, 1864.

Oct. 8, 1862.
Deo. 13,1861.

June 1, 1864,

Sept. 80, 1862,
Sept. 30, 1862

Oct. 13, 1862.

ApU 22,1863.

REMARKS.

Brigade composecl of the 1st, 2d, 5tli, 6tli, 7th and 8th Arkansas
regiments, commanded in turn by Generals Hardee, Hindmau
and Liddell.

Killed in the trenches in front of Petersburg December 2, 1864 ;
brigade composed of the 63d Tennessee and the 43d Alabama
regiments, and the Ist, 2d, 3d and 4th battalions of the Ala-
bama Legion, Longstreet's corps.

Brigade composed of the 7th, 10th, 6th and 15th, 17th and 19tli
24th and 25th Texas regiments.

Died at Tallahassee, Florida, October 21, 1861.

Brigade composed of the 7th Texas, the 3d, 10th, 34th, 41st and
50th Tennessee regiments and Bledsoe's Light Battery; bri-
gade at one time composed of the 1st, 4th and 5th Texas and
the 3d Arkansas regiments, Longstreet's corps, Army ot
Northern Virginia.

Killed at Fredericksburg ; brigade composed of the 1st, 12th,
13th and 14th South Carolina infantry regiments and " Orr'8
Rifles " (1st South Carolina Rifles), A. P. Hill's division, Jack-
son's corps, Army of Northern Virginia.

Killed in action during the siege of Vicksburg ; commanded 3d
brigade, 1st division. Army of the West, composed of the 4tli
Missouri regiment, battalion Missouri infantry, battalion
Missouri cavalry, dismounted. Confederate Rangers, and
King's Light Battery ; during the siege of Vicksburg, General
Green commanded a brigade in Bowen's division, composed
of the remnants of the 2d and 6th Missouri infantry regiments,
the 1st and 3d Missouri cavalry regiments, dismounted, and
the Light Batteries of Landis and King.

Killed in action at the Battle of Mansfield, April 12, 1864; com-
manding Texas cavalry brigade under General Marmaduke,
in the Trans-Mississippi Department; in the assault upon
Donaldsville, June 28, 1863, his command consisted of the 4th,
5th and 7th Texas cavalry regiments and the regiments of
Phillips and Stone.

Commanding cavalry brigade, Marmaduke's division, Trans-
Mississippi Department.

Chief of Bureau of Conscription, Trans-Mississippi Department.

Mortally wounded at Savage Station ; brigade was composed of
the 13th, ITth, ISth and 21st Mississippi regiments.

Commanding cavalry brigade. Army of Tennessee.

Promoted Majoi'-General February 23, 1865 ; brigade composed
of the 32d, 43d, 45th and 53d North Carolina regiments infantry
and the 2d North Carolina battalion; General Daniel formerly
commanded this brigade.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 3d, 4th, 12th and 51st Alabama
cavalry regiments, Wheeler's cavalry corps. Army of the
West.

Brigade composed of the 11th, 21st, 25th and 27th South Carolina
regiments and Lieutenant-Colonel Rion's South Carolina
battalion.

Promoted Major-General September 3d, 1863 ; brigade composed
of the 1st, 2d, 4th, 5th and 6th regiments South Carolina
cavalry, Ji'ff. Davis Legion and Cobb Legion, Georgia cavalry
Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding l)rigade in Wheeler's cavalry corps, Martin's di-
vision, composed of the 53d Alabama and the 24th Alabama
battalion.

Killed at Murfreesboro"; commanded brigade composed of the
2d, 4th, 6th and 9th Kentucky regiments and the 41st Alabama
regiment, BrecldQridge's division, Polk's corps. Army of
Tennessee.

46

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

182
183

184
185
186

18T

188

189

190

191
192
193

194

195

196
197

199
200

202
«03

Naue.

Hardee, Wm. J

Hardeman, Wm. P.

Harris, D. B..

Harris, N. H

Harris, Tlios. A

Harrison, Geo. P., Jr.

Harrison, Jas. E

Harrison, Richard.* . . .

Harrison, Thomas.

Hatton, R

Hawes, J. M....,
Hawthorn, A. T.

Hays, Harry T.
Hebert, Louis..

Hebert, Paul O.
Helm, Benj. H..

Heth, Henry.

Higglns, Edward.,
Hill, A. P

Hill, B.J

Hill, D. Harvey.
Uindman, T. C. .

State.

Georgia.

Virginia

Mississippi.
Missouri...

Georgia. . . .

Texas

Texas

Texas.

Tennessee.
Kentucky..
Arkansas . ,

Louisiana.,

Louisiana.,

Louisiana..
Kentucky..

Virginia . . .

Louisiana..
Virginia....

Tennessee.

N. Carolina
Arkansas

To Whom to
Report.

Maj. Gen. Magruder.
Gen. Beauregard ....

Gen. R. E.Lee

Gen. Price

Gen. Hardee

Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.
Maj. Gen, Loring

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. Beauregard . . . .
Gen. T. H. Holmes..

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. D. H. Maury...
Gen. J. E. Johnston .

Gen. B. Bragg

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

a

June IT, 1861,

Feb. IT, 1864.

Febr'y, 1865.
Dec'r, 186-1.
....1865.

Jan'y, 1865.

May 23, 1862.
Mch. 14, 1862.
Feb. 23, 1864.

July 25, 1862.

May 26, 1862.

Aug. 17, 1861.
Mch. 18, 1862.

Jan. 6, 1862.

Nov. 2,1803.
Feb. 26, 1862.

Oct. 15. 1864.

July 10, 1861.
Sept. 23, 1S61.

Jane IT, 1861.

Jan. 20, 1864.

Febr'y, 1865.
Dec'r, 1864.
1865.

Jan'y, 1865.

May 23, 1862.
Mch. 5,1862.
Feb. 18, 1864.

July 25, 1862.

May 26,1862.

Aug. IT, 1861.
Mch. 14, 1862.

Jan. 6, 1862.

Oct. 29, 1863.
Feb. 26,1862.

Oct. 15,1864.

July 10, 1851.
Sept. 28, 1861.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

m

— Continued.

Aug. 29, 1861.

Feb. 17,1864.

Mch, 14, 1862.
May 11, 1864.

Sept. 30, 1862.

May 30,1862,

Aug. 17, 1861.
Mch. 18, 1862.

Jan. 14, 1862.

Feb. IT, >864.
Feb, 26, 1862.

Aug. 29, 1S61.
Dec. 18, 1861.

REMARKS.

Promoter] Major-General October 7, 1861 ; brigaile composed of
the 1st, 2tl, .^th, 6th, Tth and 8th Arkansas refiunents.

Commanfiing brigade. District of Texas, under MaJor-General
Magruder.

Chief Engineer m charge of Confederate defences during the
siege of Charleston, &c.

Brigade composed of the 12th, ICth, 19th and 48th regimenCs
Mississippi Volunteers.

Commissioned Brigadier-General in Missouri State Guard Jun.i
10, 1861; resigned In September, 1861, to occupy a seat In thr
Confederate Congress.

Brigade composed of the 1st Georgia Regulars, the 32d, 4Ttl
and 5th regiments Georgia Volunteers, and the 5th regiment
Georgia Reserves.

Brigade composed of the 15th, 17th and 31st Texas regiments,
and Stephen's Texas regiment, Polignac's division, Trans-
Mississippi Department,

Was Colonel of Terry's Texas cavalry regiment and succeeded
General J. A. Wharton in command of his brigade of Texas
cavalry; afterwards in command of brigade in Stewart's
corps.

Brigade composed of the 8th and lith Texas, the 4th Tennessee,
the 3d Arkansas and the 1st Kentucky regiments cavalry,
Wharton's command.

Killed at Edwards' Farm .June 1, 1862; commanded 5th brigade,
1st division, 1st, corps, Army of Virginia.

Assigned to the command of the cavalrv of General A. S. John-
ston's army just prior to the Battle of Shiloh.

Brigade composed of the ITth, 21st «nd 23d Tennessee and the
33d Alabama regiments and Ao«">tin's Light Battery, consti-
tuting the 5th brigade, 3d corps, Army of the Mississippi.

Brigade cotn|)osed of the 5th. 6th, Ttli, Sth and 9tli Louisiana
regiments, Early's division, Jackson's corps. Army of Northern
Virginia; promoted Major-General April, 1865.

Comifianding brigade in Maury's division. Army of the West;
also C;hief Engineer, Department of North Carolina; In 1862,

. cjmmandlng 2d brigade, 1st division. Army of the West, com-
posed of the 3d Louisiana, the 14th and Uth Arkansas regi-
ments, Whitflold's Texas Legion, Greer's regiment dismounted
cavalry, and McDonald's Light Battery.

in command of the Department of Texas, New Mexico and
. Arizona.

Killed at Chickamauga September 20, 1S63 ; brigade composed
of the 2d, 4th, 6th and 9th Kentucky and 41st Alabama regi-
ments and Cobb's Light Battery, Breckini-idgci's division. Army
of the Tennessee.

Promoted Major-General May 24, 1863; brigade composed of the
40th, 4Tth and 55th Virginia regiments and the 22d Virginia
battalion, A. P. Hill's division. Array of Northern Virginia.

Assigned to the command of the forts and batteries for the de-
fence of Mobile. Alabama.

Promoted Majo."-General May 26, 1862; brigade composed of
th; 1st, Tth, 11th and ITth Virginia regiments and Roger's
Lght Battery, Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding brigade. Smith's division, Cieatham's corps, Army
iof Tennessee.

Promoted Major-General March 26, 1S62. '.

Promoted Major-General April 14, 1862; brigade composed of
the Ibi, 2d, 5th, 6th, Tth and Sth Ai-kausas regiments. Arms of
the West.

I

48

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

Najoi.

S04

206

207

208
S09

SIO

211
212

213

214
215

216

217
218
219

Hodge, George B.
Hogg, JTosepb L...

Hoke, Robert P.

Hoke, W.I

Holmes, Theop. H.
Holtzclaw, J. T....

Hood, John B.

Hager, Benjamin.
Humes, W. Y. C. .

Hampbrles, B. Q.

Hnnton, Eppa..
Imboden, J. D.,

State.

Kentucky.

To Whom to
Report.

Texas.

N. Carolina

N. Carolina
N. Carolina
Alabama.

Iveraon, Alfred, Jr. . .

Jackman, Sidney D. ..
Jackson, Alfred K.....
Jackson, Henry E.. . . .

Texas.

S. Carolina.
Tennessee.

Mississippi.

Virginia . . .
Virginia . . .

N. Carolina

Missouri...
Tennessee.
Georgia....

Maj. Gen. S.Price....

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. J. E. Johnston .

Gen. T. H.Holmes...

Gen. B.Bragg.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,
Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. T. J. Jackson

Gen. G. O. Shelby....

Gen. E. K. Smith

Adjt. and Inspt. Gen.

Nov. 21, 1863,

Feb. 14,1862,

Apl. 23, 1863,

June 6,1861,
July 8, 1861.

March 6, 1662,

June 17, 1861.
Nov. 17, 1863.

Aug. 14, 1863.

Aug. 12, 1863.
Apl. 13, 1863.

Nov. 1, 1862.

Febr'y, 1865.
Apl. 22,1863.
Jane 4, 1861.

Nov. 20, 1863,

Feb. 14,1862.

Jan. 17,1863,

June 6, 1861.
July 7, 1864.

March 3, 1862.

June 17, 1861.
Nov, 16, 1863.

Aug. 12, 1863.

Aug. 9,1863.
Jan. 88,1863.

Nor. 1,1862.

Feb. 9, 1866.
Febr'y, 1863.
June 4, 1861.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

4f

— Continued.

Feb. 14,1862.
ApL 23,1863.

Aug. 29, 1861.

Mcb. t, 1862.

Aug. 29, 1861.
May 26,1864.

Jan. 25, 1864.

Feb. 17,1864.
Apl. 13,1863.

June 10, 1864.

Apl. 22, 1S63.
Aag. 29, 1861.

REMARKS.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 2d and 3d battalions Kentucky
cavalry, the 27th Virginia Partisan Rangers and Lieutenant
Logan's section of Light artillery ; at one time In command of
the District of "South Mississippi and East Louisiana.'^

Died May 16, 1862; brigade composed of 10th, 11th and Major
Crump's regiments Texas riismounted cavalry. Major Mc-
Cray's battalion Arkansas Infantry, and Captain Goode's Light
Battery, constituting 1st brigade, 2d division, Army of the
West.

Promoted Major-General April 20, 1864 ; commanded District of
North Carolina; at one time in command of brigade com-
posed of the 6th, 21st, 24th and 57th North Carolina regiments
and the 1st North Carolina battalion, Early's division, Long-
street's corps, Army of Northern Virginia.

Acting Brigadier-General and in command of post at Charlotte,
North Carolina.

Promoted Major-General October 7, 1861 ; commanding brigade.
Army of the Potomac.

Brigade composed of the 18th, 36th and 38th, and the 32d and
58th (consolidated) Alabama regiments; subsequently the 21st
Alabama regiment and Major Williams' battalion (the Pelham
Cadets) were added.

Promoted Major-General October 10, 1862; commanding Texas
brigade, Longstreet's division, Army of JSorth(.Tn Virginia,
composed of the 1st, 4th and 5th Texas and the 18th Georgia
regiments and the Hampton Legion.

Promoted Major-General October 7, 1S61 ; assigned to command
at Norfolk, Virginia, and of the forces concentrated in that
vicinity.

Promoted Major-General 1865; commanding brigade in General
Wheeler's cavalry; subsequently in cornmauil of a division in
\\ heeler's cavalry corps, composed of the brigades of Ashby,
Harrison and VViiliams.

Brigade composed of the 21st, 13th, 17th and ISth Mississippi
regiments, McLaws' division, Longstreet's corps, Army of
Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 8th, 18th, 19th, 2Sth and 56th Virginia
regiments, Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

In command of the "Valley District," Virginia; brigade com-
l)0S8d of the 18th, 23d and 25th Virginia cavan\v, the 62d Vir-
ginia infantry, mounted, and McClauahau's Battery of Horse
Artillery.

Brigade composed of the 6th, 12th, 20th and 23d North Carolina
regiments, D. H. Hill's division, Jackson's cor|)s, Army of
Northern Virginia; in 1864, brigade coiuijosed of the Ist, 2d,
3d, 4th and 6th Georgia cavalry regiments, Martin's division,
Wheeler's corps.

Brigade composed of his own regiment and those of Colonels
Beiij. P. Elliott and D. A. Williams— all Missouri troops.

Assigned to the command of the 4th Military District of Bast
Tennessee.

At first on duty in Western Virginia; resigned December 2,
1861, and sut)sequently reappointed Septemi)er2l, 1863; brigade
com()osed of the 1st Confederate, the 66th, 29th, 30th and 26th
Georgia regiments and Major Shaaf's battalion; brigade in
May, 1862, composed of the 3d Arkansas, 31st Virginia and Ist
and 12th Georgia regiments and Hansborough's battalion.

820

821

823

824
825

886
S8T

128

829
830

831

832

833

834

835
236

88T

868

Nams.

Jackson, John E.

Jackson, Thomas J..
Jackson, William H..
Jackson, William L. .

Jenkins, Albert G.
Jenkins, M

Johnson, Ed wan)

Johnston, George D.,

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

Johnson, A. R

Johnson, BraUley T.. . .

Johnson, Bushrod R. . .

Johnston, Albert S..

Johnston, G'^orge H.
Johnston, Joseph E..

Johnston, Robert D..

Jones, A. C

Jones, D. K Georgia

State.

Georgia.

Virginia

Tennessee,
Virginia.. . .

Virginia . . .
S. Carolina.

Texas

Maryland .

Virginia . . .
Mississippi,

N. Carolina

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Lt. Gen. Pemberton.
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. W. W. Loring
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. Morgan.. . ,
Gen. R. E. Lee.

Brig. Gen. Loring.
Gen. J. B. Hood...

Jones, John M .
Jones, John R..

Virginia ,
Virginia ,

839 Jones, Samuel Virginia

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Gen. Beauregard.

Feb. 13, 1862.

June IT, 1861.
Jan. 9, 1863.
Sept'r, 1864

Ang. 5. 1862.
July 22, 1S62.

Aug. 4, 1864.
June 23, 1864.

Jan. 24, 1862,

Dec. 13, 1861.
July 26, 1864

Gen. R. E. Lee..
Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Sept. 2, 1863,
June IT, ise'l.

Feb. 14, 1864.

June IT, 1861.
Dec. 29, 1862.
Sept'r, 1864.

Aug. 6, 1862.
July 22, 1862.

Aug. 4, 1864,
June 28, 1864.

Jan. 24,1862,

Dec. 13, 186*,
July 26, 1864,

Sept. 1, 186.^),

June IT, 1861,

May 16, 1863. May 15, 1863.

June 25, 1862.' June 23, 1862,

I

Aug. 28,1861. July 21,1861.1

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

51

— Continued.

Feb. 14, 1862,

and
Feb. IT, 1864.

Aug. 29, 1861
Apl. 22, 1863,

Sept. 30, 1862.
Sept. 30, 1862.

Jan. 24,-1862.
Dec. 24, 1861.

Feb. 16, 1864.

Aug. 29, 1861.

Feb. 17,1864.

Aug. 29, 1861,

REMARKS.

Brigade composed of the 5th and 8th Mississippi and the sth
Georgia regiments, the 1st Confederate regiment, 2d Georgia
battalion of Sharpshooters, and Scogins' Light Battery; in
1862 in command of the 3d brigade, Reserve corps, Ariny of
the Mississippi, composed of the 17th, 18th, 21st and 24th Ala-
bama and the Sth Georgia regiments, and Bortwell's Light
Battery.

Promoted Major-General October 7, 1861 ; commanded 1st bri-
gade. Army of the Shenandoah, composed of the 2d, 4th, 5th,
27th and Sod Virginia regiments and Pendleton's Light Battery.

Commanding cavalry brigade, Forrest's command ; subsequent-
ly commanded cavalry division. Department of Alabama,
Mississippi and East Louisiana.

Brigade composed of the 19th, 2i)th and 46th regiments Virginia
cavalry, the 37th battalion Virginia cavalry and the 1st Mary-
land cavalry.

Commanding cavalry brigade. Army of Northern Virginia.

Killed at the Battle of the Wilderness May 6, 1864; brigade com-
posed of the 1st, 4th, 5th and 6th regiments South Carolina
Volunteers, the 2d regiment South Carolina Rifles and the
Palmetto Sharpshooters, Hood's division, Longstreet's corps..
Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding 2d brigade, General Morgan's cavalry; subse-
quently in command of Tennessee and Kentuckv, after those
States passed into the hands of the United States forces.

Commanded Maryland Line, Army of Northern Virginia; la
August, 1862, command composed of the 2d brigade, Talia-
ferro's division, Array of the Valley, comprising the 21st, 42<1
and 48th Virginia regiments, the 1st Virginia battalion and
two light batteries.

Promoted Major-General May 21, 1864; brigade composed of
the 17th, 23d, 25th, 37th and 44th Tennessee regiments and
Captain Darden's Light Battery; in 1862 commanding 3d
brigade, 3d liivision. Army of the Mississippi.

Promoted Major-General February 28, 1S63 ; commanded "Stone-
wall " Jackson's old division.

Brigade composed Of the 19th, 22d, 25th, 39th and 60th Alabama.
regiments, formerly of Hindman's (afterwards Brown's) di-
vision, Array of Tennessee.

Promoted General August 31, 1861, to take rank from May 30..
1861. ■' '

Commanded brigade In Major-Gen'eral Edw'd Johnson's division^

Promoted General August 3l8t, 1861, to take rank from July 4-
1861 ; assigned to command at Harper's Ferry.

Brigade compo.sed of the 5th, 12th, 20th and 23d North Carolina:
regiments infantry and the 2d North Carolina battalion.

Promoted Major-General October 11, 1862; brigade composed
of the 4th. 5ch, 6th and 9th South Carolina regiments, consti-
tuting the 3<l brigade, 1st corps. Army of the Potomac ; brigade-
afterwards composed of the 17th and 18th Mississippi and the
5th South Carolina regiments.

Killed at battle of Wilderness May '64 ; commanded a brigade In
Johnson's division, Kwell's corps, Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 44th, 42d, 21st, 25th and 60th Virginia
regiments and the 1st battalion Virginia Regulars, Trimble's
division, Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General March 14,1862; brigade composed of
the 7th, Sth, 9th and 11th Georgia regiments, the 1st Kentucky
regiment and Album's Virginia Light Battery,

6i

CONFEDERATE ROSTEB.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

£40
B41

£42
£43

e44

S45
f46

e47

e48

249

:850

B52

es3

«55
t66

C67

fee

Nahs.

Jonea, Thomas M.
Jones, W. E

Jordon, Thomas.
Kelley, J. H

Kemper, J. L.

Kennedy, J. D.
Kershaw, J. B.

King, Wm. H

Klrkland, Wm. W.

Lagnel, J. A. de....
Lane, James H....

Lane, Walter P.
Law, E. M

Lawton, Alex'r R.

Leadbetter, D.

Lee, Edwin G..
Lee, Fltzhugh,.

Lee, Q. W. C...
Lee, Robert E. .

State,

Virginia .

Virginia .
Alabama.

Virginia . . .

S. Carolina.
S. Carolina.

N. Carolina

Virginia

N. Carolina

Texas

Alabama..

Georgia..

Alabama.

Virginia .
Virginia .

Virginia ,
Virginia .

To Whom to
Report.

Comd'g at Winchester

Gen. Beauregard.
Gen. B. Bragg". . . .

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. J. E. Johnston .

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. Huger

Gen. T. J. Jackson.,

MaJ. Gen, Wharton,
Gen. R. E.Lee

(■Commanding De-"}
< partment ;
( of Georgia. )

Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

1862.

Oct, 3, 1862.

Sept. 26, 1SG2.
Nov, 17, 1863.

June 3, 1862.

Dec. 22, 1864.
Feb. 18,1862.

July 15, 1864.
Aug. 31, 1863.

Apl. 18, 1962.
Nov. 1, 1862.

Mch. 18, 1865.
Oct. S, 1862.

Apl, 13, 1861.

Mch, 6,1862.

Sept. 23, 1864.
July 25, 1862.

June 25, 1863.

Sept, 19, 1862,

April 14, 1862.
Nov. 16, 1863,

June S, 1862.

Dec, 22, 1864,
Feb, 13, 1862.

Apl, 8, 1864.
Aug. 29, 1863.

Apl. 15, 1862.
Nov, 1, 1862.

Mch, 18, 1865,
Oct, 3, 1862,

Apl, 13, 1861.

Feb, 27, 1862,

Sept. 23, 1864.
July 24, 1862,

June 25, 1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTEB.

5S

— Continued.

Oct. 8, 1S62.

Sept. 26, 1862.
Peb IT, 1864.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Feb. 13, 1862.

Feb. 16, 1864.

Apl. 18,1862.
Apl. 23, 1863.

Oct. 8. 1862.

Aag. 29, 1861.

March 6, 1862.

Sept. 30, 1862.

REMARKS.

Commanding brigade in the Department of Alabama and
Western Florida.

Killed In action ; commanding cavalry brigade, Army of North-
ern Virginia; also in command of Valley District, Virginia.

Chief of Staff to General Beauregard.

Commanding brigade iu Wheeler's cavalry ; brigade composed
of the 63d Virginia, the 58th North Carolina, the 5th Kentucky
and the 6!5th Georgia regiments ; subsequently in command
of a division in Wheeler's corps, composed of the brigades of
Allen, Dibrell and Hannon.

Promoted Major-General March 1,1864; brigade composed of
the 1st, 3d, 7th, 11th and 17th Virginia regiments, Pickett's
division, Longstreer's corps. Army of Northern Virginia ; for
a time the 24th Virginia regiment was attached to this ijrigade.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 3d, Tth, 8th, l.'^th, and 20th South
Carolina regiments and James' 3d South Carolina battalion,
Longstreet's corns. Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General May 18,1864; brigade composed of
the 2d, 3d, 7th, 8th, 15th and 20th South Carolina regiments,
McLaws' division, Longstreet's corps. Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Assigned to the command of "Walker's division of infantry,"
Trans-Mississippi Department ; afterwards in command of a
Texas brigade in General Poligiiac's division.

Brigade com|)osed of the 26th, 44th, 47th, 52d and 11th North
Carolina Infantry regiments, and subsequently of the ITth,
66th, .50th and 42d regiments North Carolina infantry. Army
of Northern Virginia.

On dutv in the Ordnance Bureau at Richmond.

Brigadi' composed of the 7th, 18th, 2Sth, 33d and 37th North
Carolina regiments, Pender's division, A. P. Hill's corps.
Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding brigade of Texas cavalry in Major-General John
A. Wharton's division, Trans-Mississippi Department.

Promoted Major-General April 9. 1865; brigade composed of the
1.5th, 44th, 47th and 48th and 4th Alabama regiments. Hood's
division, Longstreet's corps, Array of Northern Virginia; at
the Battle of Fredericksburg, his h;igade composed of the 6th,
64th and 57th North Carolina and the 4th and 44th Alabama
regiments.

Subsequently Quartermaster-General of the Confederacy; bri-
gade consisted of the 13th, 26th, 3l8t, 38th, 60th and 61at
Georgia regiments, Ewell's division, Jackson's corps. Army of
Northern Virginia; at one time in command of Ewell's di-
vision.

Commanding in Knoxville, Tennessee, in February, 1812; after-
wards in command of a brigade composed of the 20th and 23d
Alabama regiments and Colonel Vaughn's Tennessee regi-
ment.

In command at Staunton, Virginia; subsequently detailed on
secret service of the Confederacy.

Promoted Major-General September 3, 18^3; brigade composed
of the 1st, 3 ), 4th, .5th and 9th Virginia cavalry regiments,
Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding brigade of local troops for the defence of T?lch-
mond ; previously 'was an aid-de-camp to President Davis,
with the rank of Colonel; promoted Majoi-General early In
1865.

Promoted General August 31, 1861, to take rank from Jane 1^
1861.

I

64

CONFEDERATE EOSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

260

261
262

263
264

265

266
26T

269
270

2T1
372
373

374
275

276
277
278
279

381

Naue.

Lee, Stephen D.

Lee, Wm. H. F.

Leventhorpe, C.
Lewis, Joseph H.

Lewis, W. Q

Uddell, St. John R.

LUley, R. D.

Little, Henry.
Logan, T. M..

Lomax, L. L.

Long, A. L

Longstreet, James.

Loring, W. W

Lovell, Mansfield.
Lowry, M. P

Lowry, Robert.

Lyon, H. B

Mabry, H. P

Miickall, W. W...

MacLay, R. P

MacHae, William.

Magruder, J. B . . .
Mahone, WiUiam.

State.

To Whom to
Rbpokt.

S. Carolina.

Virginia.. . .

N. Carolina
Kentucky. .

N. Carolina
Louisiana..

Virginia . . .

Missouri . . .
S. Carolina.

Virginia . . .

Virginia . . .
Alabama...

Florida

Maryland..
Mississippi.

Mississippi.

Kentucky.

Texas

Maryland..

Maj. Gen. M. L. Smith

Gen. J. E. B. Stuart.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. R. E*. Lee..
Gen. B. Bragg. .

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. Van Dorn.
Gen. R. E. Lee..

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. R. E. Lee....
Gen. Beauregard.

Army of the N. West.

Gen. B. Bragg.

Gen. Beauregard.

N. Carolina Gen. R. E. Lee.,
Virginia ,

Virginia ... Maj. Gen. Huger.,

a

Nov. 6, 1862.

Oct. 3, 1862,

1S6.5,

Oct. 1, 1863,

June 2, 1864.
July 17, 1862.

June 2, 1S64.

Apl. 16, 1862.
Feb. 23,1865.

July 20, 1863.

Sept. 21, 1863.
June 17, 1861.

May 20, 1861.
Oct. 6, 1863.

.1864.

June 14, 1864.

March 6, 1862. Feb. 28, 1862,

Nov. 6, 1862,

Sept. 15, 1862,

1865,

Sept. 30, 1863,

May 31, 1864.
July 12, 1862,

May 31, 1864,

Apl. 16,1862.
Feb. 15, 1865.

July 23, 1863.

Sept. 21, 1863.
June 17, 1881.

May 20, 1861.

Oct. 4, 1863,

.18«4.

June 14, 1864.

June 23, 1864. June 23, 1864.
June 17, 1861,

June 17, 1861.
Nov. 16, 1861.

Nov. 16, 1861,

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

56

-Continued.

oO

Apl. 22, 1863,

Oct. 3, 1862.

Jan. 25, 1864.

Jane 2,
Sept. 30,

Jsne 2, :
Apl. 16,

1862.

Feb. IT, 1864.

Feb. 17,
Aug. 29,

Aug. 29,
Feb. IT,

1861,

June 14, 1864,

Mch. 6, 1862.

Aug. 29, 1861.

Dec. 13, 1861,

an<i !-

Feb. 17, 1864. )

REMARKS.

Promoted Major-General August 3, 1863; brigade composed of
th'^ ITth, 19th, 22d and 2Tth Louisiana regiments, the 20 and
46th .\llssissii)pi regiments, the 1st Louisiana Heavy Artillery
and the 1st Tennessee Heavy Artillery, the last two regiments -
garrisoning the fixed batteries at Vicksburg.

Promoted Major-General April 23, 1864; brigade composed of
the 13th and 19th regiments Virginia cavalry, the id regiment
North Carolina cavalry and McGreggor'a Battery of Horse-
Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 4th, .'Jth, 6th and 9th Kentucky and
41st Alabama regiments, Army of Tennessee; succeeded
General Helm in the command of this brigade.

Commanding brigade, Army of Northern Virginia, composed of
the 6th, 21st, 54th and 5Tth North Carolina regnnents.

Brigade composed of the 2d and 15th. 5th and 13th, 6th, Tth and
8th Arkansas regiments, a Pioneer company and Roberts'
Light Battery, constituting 1st brigade, 3d corps. Army of the
Mississippi.

Brigade composed of the 13th, 31st, 49th, 52d and 5Sth Virginia -
regiments infantry [formerly Pegram's brigade], Army of
Northern Virginia.

Killed in action; Commanded 1st division. Army of the West,.
composed of the brigades of Gates, Hebert and Green.

Brigade composed of the 4th, 5th and 6th regiments South Care- •
lina cavalry, the Keitt South Carolina Squadron and the 1st
regiment [Colonel Black] South Carolina cavalry, Army of
Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General August 10. 1864; brigade composed of
the 5th, 6th and 15th Virginia cavalry regiments and the Ist-
Maryland cavalry. Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigadier-General of Artillery and Chief of Artillery of General^
Ewell's corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General October 7, 1861; brigade composed of
the 1st, 7th, llth and 17th Virginia regiments, and constituted
the 4th brigade, 1st corps, Army of the Potoma(5.

Promoted Major-General February 15, 1862; in command iu-
Western Virginia.

Promoted Major-General October 7, 1861, and assigned to com-
mand at ew Orleans.

Brigade composed of the 32d and 45th Mississippi regiments,
the 16th, 33d and 45th Alaiiama regiments, the 18th Alabama
battalion and Semples' Light Battery, Cleburne's division.
Army of Tennessee; the 5th and Sth Mississippi regiments
Were subsequently added.

Brigade coiiipo.sed of the 6th, 14th, 15th, 20th, 23d and 43d Mis-
sissippi regiments infantry ; succeeded General John Adams
in the command of this brigade.

In command of a brigade composed of the 3d, Tth, 8th and 12th
regiments Kentucky cavalry, Forrest's division ; subsequently
in command of the Department of Kentucky.

Chief of Staff to General Bragg,

Brigade composed of the llth, 26th, 42d, 47th and 52d North
Carolina infantry regiments.

Promoted Major-General October 7, 1861; on duty on the Pe-
ninsula; afterwards In command of t^he District of Texas,
New Mexico and Arizona.

Promoted Major-General July 30, 1S64; brigade composed of
the 3d Alabama, the 6th, T2th, inth and 4lst Virginia and the
2d (afterwards 12th) North Carolina regiments, Anderson's
division, A. P. Hill's corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

^6

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

282
283

284

285

Naitb.

Major, J. P

Mauey, George.

Statb.

Maniganlt, A. M..
Marmaduke, J. S.

286 Marshall, Humphrey...

287
288
1289

290

■291

292

293
1294
295

296
297

■298

299

800
SOI

802

Marshall, .Tohn ..
Martin, Johu D..
Martlu, James G.

Martlu, Win. T....
Maury, Dabney H.,

Maxey, S. B.,

McCausland, John.

McComb, Wax

McCown, John P..

VtcCray, T. H

McCuUoch, Benj

McCuUoch, Henry E.

McGowan, Samuel...

Mcintosh, James "M..
McLaws, Lafayette..

McMurry, J. A

Louisiana..
Tennessee.

S. Carolina,

Missouri..

Kentucky.

Texas

Mississippi
N. Carolina

Mississippi.

Virgiuia . . .

Texas ,

Virginia . . .
Tennessee.
Tennessee.

Arkansas . .

Texas

Texas

S. Carolina.

To Whom to
Rbfobt.

Gen. R. Taylor...
Gen. Beauregard.

a

July 25, 1863. July 21, 1863.
Apl. 18, 1862. Apl. 16, 1862.

Gen. J, E. Johnston.

Gen, T, H. Holmes...

Gen. T. H. Holmes. .
Lt. Gen. Pemberton.
Gen. Van Dorn

Gen. A. S. Johnston.

Gen. Breckinridge...

Gen. A. S.Johnston..

Gen. L. Polk.

Florida .,
Georgia. ,

Tennessee.

Gen. Van Dorn.
Gen. R. E. Lee..

Gen. Magruder.

Apl. 30, 1863.

May 25, 1863,

Oct. 30, 1861

May IT, 1862,
Dec. 2, 1862,
Mch. 18, 1862.

Mch. 7, 1862.

May 24, 1864.

Oct. 12, 1861.

1863.

May 1, 1861.
Mch. 18, 1862.

Apl. 23,1863.

Jan. 24, 1862.
Sept. 25, 1861.

Apl. 26, 1863

Nov. 15, 1862,

Oct. 30, 1861

May 15, 1862,
Dec. 2, 1862,
Mch. 12, 1862.

Moh. 4, 1862.

May 18, 1864.

Oct. 12, 1861,

1863,

May 1, 1861,
Mch. 14, 1862,

Jan. 17,1863.

Jan. 24,1862.
Sept. 25, 1861.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

67

— Continued.

Peb. 17, 1864.
Apl. 18, 1862.

Apl. 30, 1863.
Feb. 17, 1864,

Dec. 13, 1861.

Sept. 30, 1862.
Apl. 22, 1863.
Mch. 18, 1862.

Hch. 0, 1862.

May 24,1864.

Dec. 13,1861.

1863.

May 14,1861.
Mch. 18, 1862.

Apl. 23,1863,

Jan. 24, 1863.
Dec, 13, 1861.

REMARKS.

Commanded 2d cavalry brigade. District of Western Louisiana.

Brigade composed of the 1st and 27th Tennessee, the 4th, 6tli
and 9th Tennessee Confederate regiments, Maney's battalion
and Smith's Light Battery, constituting 2d brigade, 2d division,
1st corps, Army of the Mississippi ; the 14th and 50th Ten-
nessee regiments were subsequently added.

Brigade composed of the 10th and 19th South Carolina, the 24th,^
28th and 34th Alabama regiments and Waters' Light Battery;
in 1862 brigade known as 4th brigade. Reserve corps, Army of
the Mississippi.

Promoted Major-General , 1864; in command of all the

cavalry in North Arkansas ; brigade corapo'^ed of the 3d Con-
federate, the 25th, 29th and 37th Tennessee regiments and
Sweet's Light Battery, constituting the 4th brigade, 3d corps,
Army of the Missistiippl.

Resigned June 17, 1863; at the affair at Princeton, Virginia,
in May, 1862, command consisted of the 54th and 29th Virginia
regiments, the 5th Kentucky regiment, Dunn's battalion,
Bradley's Mounted Kentucky Rifles and Jeffree'3 Light
Battery.

Killed June 27, 1862, in charge at Games' Mill.

Brigade consisted of the 17th, 42d, 50th and 66th North Corolina
regiments.

Promoted Major-General November 10, 1863 ; assigned to tho
command of the cavalry brigades of Roddy and Crosby.

Promoted Major-General November 4, iS62 ; commanding
Moore's, Ross' and Cabell's brigades ; in 1862 commanding 3d
division, Army of th3 West, composed of the brigades of
Dockery, Moore and Phifer.

Superintendent of affairs in the Indian Territory; commanded
brigade in the Army of the Mississippi composed of the 4l8t
Georgia, 24th Mississippi and »th Texas regiments and Eld-
ridge's Light Battery.

Brigade composed of the 14th, 16th, 17th, 21st and 22d regiments
Virginia cavalry and Jackson's Battery of Horse Artillery.

Commanding Tennessee brigade. Heath's division, 3d corps,
Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-General March 10, 1862; commanding brigades
of Cabell and Churcliill, Army of the West; assigned in 1861
to the command of the 3d division. Western Department, em-
bracing the brigades of Marks aud Neely.

Commanding 3d brigade, McCown's division. Army of Ten-
nessee.

Died from wounds received at Pea Ridge; commanding dlvisioa
in Van Dorn's army.

In command of Texas ; also at one time of a bilgade composed
of the regiments of Colonels Waterhouse, Flournoy, Fitzhuglj
and Allen.

Brigade composed of the Ist, 12th, 13th and 14th South Carolina
regiments and "Orr's Rifles" [succeeded General Maxy
Gregg in the command], Pender's division, A. P. Hill's corps,
Army of Northern Virginia.

Killed March 7, 1862, at Pea Ridge; commanding Missouri
brigade. Price's division, Van Dorn's army.

Promoted Major-General May 23, 1862; brigade composed of
the 15th and 32d Virginia, the 5th and 10th Louisiana and tho
10th, 50th, 53d and 57th Georgia regiments and Manlr's Light
Battery, Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding Maney's brigade, 2d division, Ist corps. Army of
the Mississippi.

58

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

304
305

307
308
309

310
311

312
313
314
:315
316

317
318

Naub.

McNair, E..

McRae, D

Mercer, Hugh W.

Miles, W. R

Miller, William.

Moody, T. M

Moore. John C. .

320
321

Moore, P. T......

Morgan, John H.

O'Neal, E. A.
Page, R. L...

Palmer, J. B.

Palmer, S. B...
Parsons, M. M .

Statk.

Arkansas . .

Arkansas . .
Georgia

Mississippi,

Florida

Alabama. . .
Texas

To Whom to
Report.

Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. T. H. Holmes...
Brig. Gen. Lawton....

Nov. 4, 18t)2.

Nov. 5, 13152.
Oct. 29, 1861.

Maj. Gen. Gardner,
To com'd Fla. reserves

Gen. Beauregard.

Morgan, John T

Moulton, Alfred

Munford, Thomas T. . .

Nelson, Allison

Nichols, Francis T

Virginia

Tennessee.

Alabama. . .
Louisiana. .
Virginia . . .

Texas

Louisiana..

Maj. Gen. Kemper...
Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Alabama. . .
Virginia . . .

Tennessee.

Arkansas ,

Gen. B. Bragg

Gen. Beauregard. . .

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. T. H. Holmes.
Gen. R. E. Lee

1SG4.

Aug. 5, 1861.

Nov. 4, 1862.

Nov. 5, 1862. j
Oct. 29,1861.1

Aug

....1864.
2, 1864.

May 26, 1862. 1 May 26, 1862.

May, 1S64. May, 1864,
Dec. 11, 1862. Dec. 11, 1862,

Nov. 17, 1863.
Apl. 18, 1862.
Nov., 18G4.
Sept. 26, 1862.
Oct. 14, 1862,

Gen. D. H. Maury..

Gen. J. B. Hood.

Gen. T. S. Holmes...

Mch. 7, 1864,

.1864.

Nov. 5, 1862.

Nov. 16, 1863,
Apl. 16, 1862,
Nov., 1864.
Sept. 12, 1862.
Oct. 14, 1862.

Mch. 1, 1864.

Sept'r, 1864.

Nov. 6, 1862.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

59

-Continued.

Apl. 22, 1S63.

Apl. 22, 1863.
Dec. 20, 1S61.

Apl. 11, 1S63.

Apl. 22, 1863.

Feb. 17, 1864.
Apl. 18, 1862.

Sept. 26, 1S62.
Apl. 22, 1863.

Jane 9, 1864.

Apl. 30, 1863.

REMARKS.

Brigafle composed of the 1st, 2(1, 4tti, 31st and 25th Arkansas

and the .B9th North Carolina reffim'Mits and Culpeper's Li<,'ht

Battery; his brigade at one time formed part of McCown'a

division, Pollv's corps. Army of Tennessee.
Brii>adH composed of the regiin 'nts of Colonels Glenn, Ganse

and Hart, and the Light Battery of Cai)tain Marshall.
In command at Savannah, Georgia; when in the field, brigade

consisted of the 1st, .54th, 57th and 63d Georgia regiments,

Army of Tennessee.
Assigned to the command of Northeast Mississippi; afterwards

with General D. H. Maury, at .Mobile, Alabama.
Assigned to the command of the District of Florida.

Resigned February 3, 1864; brigade composed of the 2d Texas,
the 35th Mississippi and the 37th, 40th and 42d Alabama regi-
ments ; in 1862 in command of the 2d brigade, 3d division,
Army of the West.

Commanding and organizing reserve forces in and around
Hichrnond, Virginia.

Commanding 3d cavalry brigade, Wheeler's division. Army of
Tennessee, composed of the 2d. 3d, 4th, 5th, 10th, Breckin-
ridgs's anil Ward's Kentucky regiments, Hamilton's battalion,
Quirk's company of scouts, escort under Murphy and Bryne's
Light Battery.

Commanding cavalry brigade composed of the 1st, 3d, 4th, 7th
and 51st Alabama regiments, JMartin's division, Wheeler's
cavalry corps.

Killed at the Battle of Mansfield ; brigade composed of the 18th
and 28th Louisiana regiments, the Cresent Louisiana regi-
ment and the Sth Louisiana battalion.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th and 5th Virginia regi-
ments cavalry and the Maryland battalion of cavalry, Array of
Northern Virginia.

Diefl at camp near Austin, Texas, October 7, 1862; brigade
compos'^d of the 10th regiment Texas infantry and the 15th,
17th and ISth regiments Texas cavalry.

Comman ling District of Lynchlinrg, Virginia; brigade, at the
Battle of Chancellorsville, cotnpost^I of the 1st, 2d, 10th, 14th
and 15th Louisiana regiments, Trimble's division. Army of
Northern Virginia.

Commaiiiliiig Kud -s' brigade, composed of the 3d, Sth, 6th, 12th
and 20th Alabama regiments, D. H. Hill's division, Army of
Northern Virginia.

Assigned to command of Fort Morgan and the Outer Defences
of Mobile Bay; brigade composed of the 21st regiment Ala-
bama infantry, 1st battalion Alabama artillery, 1st battalion
Teimessee Heavy Artillery, 5 companies of the 7th regiment
Alai)ama cavalry and a portion of the 1st Alabama Confederate
regiment.

Brigade composed of the 3d, 18th, 26th, 32d and 45th Tennessee
regimetits. the 23d Tennessee l)attali()a, the 54th and 63d Vir-
ginia regiments and the 58th and 60th iNorth Carolina regi-
ments; i!i December, 1862, Colonel commanding brigade in
Breckinridge's division, Polk's corps. Army of Tennessee.

Brigade composed of the regiments of Colonels Pickett, Hunter,
Pouller and Caldwell, Lieutenant-Colonel Pindall's battalion
aiid Captain Tildeu's Light Battery ; commanded 4tn brigade,
Price's division.

60

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

822

823
824
325

327

828

829
330

831

832
833

834
835

836

33T
338
339

840

841

Pegram, John....
Pemberton, J. C.

Najib.

Parsons, W. H.

Payne, Wm. H.
Paxton, E. P...,
Pearce, N. B,..,

Pender, W.D.

Pendleton, Wm. N.
Perrin, A

Perry, E, A.

Perry, W.F

Pettlgrew, J. J.

Pettus, Edmund W.
Phifer, Charles W...

Pickett, George E.

Pite, Albert

Pillow, Gideon J.,
Polignac, C. J....
Polk, Lucius E...

Posey, Camot.

State.

Texas.

Virginia . . .
Tirginia . . .
Arkansas . .

Virginia ,
Virginia.,

N. Carolina

Virginia . . .
S. Carolina.

Florida .

N. Carolina

Alabama. . .
Texas

Virginia

Arkansas . .
Tennessee.

France

Arkansas . .

Mississippi.

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. T. J. Jackson.,

Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. R. E. Lee.,

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. R. E.Lee

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. Longstreet

Gen. T. H. Holmes..

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. E. K. Smith....
Gen. J. E. Johnston .

Gen. Longstreet

Nov. 4,1864.
Nov. 1, 1862.

Nov. 10, 1862.
June IT, 1861.

July 22,1862.

Mch. 26, 1862.
Sept. IT, 1863.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Apl. 9, 1865.
Feb. 26, 1862.

Sept. 19, 1863.
Spring 1802.

Feb. 13, 1862.

Aug. 15, 1861.
July 9, 1861.
Jan. 10, 1863.
Dec. 20, 1862.

Nov. 1,1862.

Nov. 1, 1864.
Nov. 1,1862.

Nov. 7, 1862.
June 17, 1861.

June 3, 1862.

Mch. 26, 1862.
Sei)t. 10, 1863.

Aug. 28, 1862.

Apl. 9, 1865.
Feb. 26, 1862.

Sept. 18, 1863.
Spring 1862.

Jan. 14, 1862.

Aug. 15, 1861.
July 9, 1861.
Jan. 10, 1863.
Dec. 13, 1862.

Nov. 1,1862.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

61

— Continued.

Apl. 22,1863.

Apl. 25, 1863.
Lug. 29, 1861.

Sept. 30, 1862.

Mch. 26, 1862.
Feb. 17, 1864.

Sept. 30, 1S62.

Feb. 26, 1862,

Feb. IT, 1864.

Jan. 14,1862.

Aug. 15, 1S61.
Aug. 29, 1861,

and
Feb. IT, 1864.
Apl. 23, 1863.

Apl. 22, 1863.

Apl. 22,1863.

Oct. 13, 1862.

REMARKS.

Acting Brigadier-General In command of a brigade composed
of the 12th, 19th and 21st Texas cavalry, Major Morgan'3
battalion of Texas cavalry and Pratt's Battery of Light
Artillery.

Brigade composed of 5th, 6th, 8th and 15th regiments Virginia
cavalry and the 36th battalion Virginia cavalry. Army of
Northern Virginia.

Killed at Cliancellorsville; brigade composed of the 2d, 4th,
5th, 2Tth and 33d Virginia regiments, Trimble's division, Jack-
son's corps, Army of Northern Virtcinia.

Commissioned Brigadier-Geueral May, 1S61, by the Secession
Convention of Arkansas; command composed of Carrol's
cavalry , regiment, the 3d and 5th, regiments Arkansas
infantry. Woodruff's infantry battalion and Reid's Light
Battery.

Promoted Major-General , 1864 ; Killed at Hatcher's Run ;

Brigade composed of the 13th, 31st, 49th, 52a and 58th Vir-
ginia regiments Infautry, Army of Northern Virginia.

Promoted Major-GeneralJanuary 14, 1863; as Brigadier-General,
commanded Confederate forces north of the Nansemond, on
the east Ijank of James river; brigade at one time in 1861
composed of the 13th and 14ih North Carolina regiments and
Mauley's North Carolina Light Battery.

Promoted Major-General May 2f, 1863 ; brigade composed of the
13th, 16th, 22d, 34th and 3'sth North Carolina regiments iu-
fantry, Anderson's division, A. P. Hill's corps. Army of
Northern Virginia.

Chief of Artillery, Army of Northern Virginia.

Killed at Spottsylvania May 12, 1S64; in command of Wilcox's
old brigade.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 5':h and Sth Florida regiments,
Anderson's division, A. P. Hill's corps. Army of Northern
Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 15th, 44th, 4Tth and 48t.h Alabama
regiments, Longstreet's corps. Array of Northern Virginia.

Died July IT, 1S73, of wounds rtcuived July 14th, 1863, at bridge
near Falling Waters; brigade composed of the 26th, 44th,
4Tth, ITth, 52d, 42d and llth North Carolina regiments, Heth's
division, A. P. Hill's corps, Army of Northern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 20th, 23d, 3uth, 31st and 46th Alabama
regiments, Stevenson's division, Army of Tennessee.

Brigade composed of the 6th and 9th Texas cavalry, the 3(1
Arkansas cavalry and the battalions of Stevenson and
Bridges.

Promoted Major-General October 11, 1862; brigade composed
of the 8th, ISth, 19th, 2Sth and 56th Virginia regiments, Army
of Northern Virginia.

In command of the Indian Territories and forces there raised ;
resigned November 11, 1862.

Assigned to command of 1st division. Army of the Western
Department, composed of Walker's and Hussell's brigades.

Promoted Major-General April Sth, 1S64 ; commanding 2d Texas
brigade.

Brigade composed of the 3d and 5th Confederate, the 1st Ar-
kansas, the 2d, 48th and 35th Tennessee regiments and
Calvert's Light Battery, Cleburne's division, Army of Ten-
nessee.

Killed in action; brigade composed of the 12th, 16th, 19th and
48th Mississippi regiments, Auderson's division, A. P. Hill'a
corps. Army of Northern Virginia.

62

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

342
343

344
845

346

34T
348

350

351
352

353

354
355

S56

357

859

860

Name.

Preston, John S.. .
Preston, William.

Price, Sterling..
Pryor, Koger A.

Quarles, Wm. A.,

Raines, Gabriel J.
Raines, James E..

Ramseur, Stephen D..

Randall, Horace

Randolph, George W.
Ransom, Matt. W

Ransom, Robert, Jr...

Reid, John C

Reynolds, A. E

Reynolds, A. W.
Reynolds, D. H.

Richardson, R. V.
Ripley, RoswellS.

Roane, J. Selden. .

State.

To Whom to
Repokt.

S. Carolina,
Kentucky..

Missouri .
Virginia .

Tennessee .

N. Carolina
Tennessee

N. Carolina

Virginia . . .
N. Carolina

N. Carolina

Alabama...
Mississippi.

Virginia . . .
Arkansas . .

Tennessee.
S. Carolina.

Arkansas . .

Gen. Beauregard.

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. E. Johnston .

Lt. Gen. E. K. Smith.

Gen. T. J. Jackson... ,

Maj. Gen. Magruder.
Gen. K. E. Lee

Maj. Gen. Huger.,

Gen. J. E. Johnston.
Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. J. E. Johnston .
Gen. L. Polk

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. Van Dorn.

c<

June 10, 1864.
Apl. 18, 1862.

Apl. 16, 1S62.

Sept. 5, 1863.

Sept. 28, 1861.

June 10, 1864.
Apl. 14, 1862.

Apl. 16, 1862.

Aug. 25, 1863.

Sept. 23, 1861.

Nov. 4, 1862. Nov. 4, 1862.

Nov. 1, 1S62.

Feb. 13, 1862,
June 15, 1SC3.

Mch. 6, 1862.

1864.

March, 1865,

Sept. 17, 1863.
Mch. 12, 1864.

Dec. 3, 1863.
Aug. 15, 1861.

Mch. 20, 1862.

Nov. 1, 1862.

Feb. 13, 1862.
June 13, 1863.

Mcb. 1, 1862.

1864.

March, 1865.

Sept. 14, 1863.
Mch. 5,1864.

Dec. 1, 18S3.
Aug. 15, 1861.

Mch. 20, .1862.

CONFEDEBATE ROSTEK.

63

— Continued.

June 10, 1864.
Apl. 18, 1862.

Apl. 16,1862.

Jan. 25, 1864.
Dec. 13, 1861.

Apl. 22,1863.

Feb. 13,1862.
Feb. 16, 1864.

March 6, 1862.

Feb IT, 1864.
May 16,1864.

Ang. 15, 1861
Mob. 20, 1862.

Oct. 13. 1862.

Oct. 13, 1862.

REMARKS.

In charge of the Bureau of Conscription.

Promoted Major-General 1865; commandecl the 3d brigade In
Major-General Jolin C. Breckinridge's division, composed of
the 20th Tennessee, the 60th Nortli Carolina, the 1st, 3d and
4th Florida regiments and Mebane's Light Battery.

In command of the Missouri State Guard, and received into
Confederate service with the rank of Major-General.

Resigned July 19th, 1862; brigade composed of the 14th Louis-
iana, the 14th Alabama, the 2d Florida and the 3d Virginia
regiments and Coppeu's Light Battery; brigade at onetime
composed of the 3d Virginia, 14th Alabama and the 2d, 5th and
Sth Florida regiments, Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanding brigade in Walthall's division, Stewart's coi'ps.
Army of Tennessee, composed of the 42d, 4Sth, 48th and 55th
consolidated, the 53d and 49th Tennessee regiments, the Ist
Alabama and the 4th and 30th Louisiana regiments.

In charge of the Bureau of Conscription; again, Chief of the
Torpedo and Sub-terra Shell Department.

Killed at the Battle of Stone's River I) 'cemljer 31, 1S62; brigade
composed of the 11th Tennessee, 29th North Carolina and the
41st Georgia regiments, the 3d Georgia battalion and Captain
McTyere's Light Battery.

Promoted Major-General June 1, 1864; brigade composed of
the 2d, 4th, 14th and 30th North Carol, na regiments, D. H.
Hill's division. Army of Northern Virgin a.

Commanding brigade in Walker's division; killed in action at
Jenkins' Ferry.

Resigned Deceriiber 13, 1862; at one time Secretary of War.

Brigade composed of the 24th, 25tti, 35t!i, 4i)th and 56th North
Carolina regiments, Longstreet's corps, Ai'my of Northern
Virginia.

Promoted Major-General May 26, 1863; assigned to command of
the 1st brigade, camp near Kingston, North Carolina, number-
ing some 4,000 men.

Acting as Brigadier-General in recruiting, mustering Into
service and brigading cavali'y in Northern Alabama.

Colonel commanding Tilghnuui's i)nga'ie afier he was killed at
Battle of Baker's Creek ; afterwards Si;nior Colonel command-
ing brigade of General Jos. H. Davis, during his absence,
composed of the 26th, 2d, 11th and 42d Mississippi regiments,
the 1st Alabama regiment and the 55th Nortli Carolina regi-
ment.

Brigade composed of the 54th and 63d Vi;ginia regiments and
the 5Sth and 60th North Carolina regiments, Major-General
Stevenson's division.

Brigade composed of the 1st and 2d Arkansas cavalry regiments,
dismounted, the 4th, 25th and 31^t Arkansas iufanti'y regi-
ments and the 4th Arkansas infantry battalion ; the 39l;h regi-
ment North Carolina infantry was subsequently added, and
was afterwards exchanged for the 9th Arkansas infantry
regiment.

Biigade composed of the 12th, 14th and 15tli regiments Tennessee
cavalry, McDonald's battalion, and the 7th Tennessee regi-
ment was subsequently added.

In command at Charleston, South Carolina; brigade, at the
Battle of Fredericksburg, com lo-ed wf the, 4th and 44th Georgia
and the Isi and 3d Noith Carolina r 'giuunts, D. H. Hili's di-
vision, Jackson's corps, Army of Nonhrrn Virginia.

Assigned to duty at Little Bock, reorganizing the scattered
forces, after the withdrawal d! I^rice uutl Van Dora; com-
manded a brigade attached to Majur-Gsneral Sam. Jones'
division, Army of the West. i

64

CONFEDERATE EOSTER.

BRIGADIER-GENERALS

361
362
363
364
365

366
36T

36S
369
370

371

372

S7S
S74

875
876

877

878
379

380

381

882
863

S34

Name.

Roberts, ,Wm. P N. Carolina

Robertson, B. H Virginia .

Robertson, E. S. C.
Robertson, F. H...
Robertson, J. B

Roddy, P. D.
Rodes, R. E.,

Rucker, E. W.

Ruggles, Dan'l.

Russell, W. W.
Rust, Albert...,

Scurry, W. R.
Sears, C. W...

Semines, Paul J.
Sharp, J. H

Shelby, J. O

Shelley, Charles M...

State.

Texas.
Texas.
Texas.

Alabama...
Alabama. . .

Ross, L. S Texas ,

Ross, Keuljen R

Rosser, Thos. L

Saunders, J. C. C

Scales, Alfred M

Scott, Thomas M

Virginia .

Alabama. . .
N. Carolina
Louisiana..

Texas

Mississippi.

Georgia

Mississippi.

Missouri. .,
Alabama...

Shingler, Wm. P \S. Carolina.

To Whom to
Report.

Gen. R. E. Lee

Gen. T. J.Jackson.

Gen. J. B.Hood....
Gen. T. J. Jackson.,

Gen. B. Bragg

Gen. J. E. Johnston. .

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. R. E. Lee.

Gen. Van Dorn.

Gen. R. E. Lee...
Gen. R. E. Lee...
Lt. Gen. L. Polk.

Gen. T. H.Holmes...,
Lt. Gen. L. Polk

Gen. J. E. Johnston.

Gen. J. B. Hood

Gen. E. K. Smith. . . .

o<;

Feb. 21, 1S65.
June 9,1862.

July 26, 1SG4.

Feb. 21, 1865.
June 9, 1862.

July 26, 1864.

Nov. 1,1862. Nov. 1,1862.

Aug. 3, 1S63. Aug. 3, 1863.
Oct. 21, 1861. Oct. 21, 1861.

Feb. 5, 1864,

Oct. 10, 1SC3,

Aug. 9, 1861.

Mch. 6, 1862.

June 7, 1S64.
Juue 15, 1803.
May 24, 1864.

S"pt. 20, 1S62.
.Mch. 7, 1S64.

Mch. IS, 1862.
July 26, 1S64.
Feb. 5, 1864.

Dec. 21, 1863.

Sept. 28, 1863.

Aug. 9, 1861,

Mch. 4, 1862,

May 31, 1864.
Juue 13, 1863.
May 10, 1864.

Sept. 12, 1862.
Mch. 1, 1864.

Mch. 11, 1862.
July 26, 1864.
Dec. 15, 1863.

CONFEDERATE ROSTER.

65

•—Continued.

oO

Sept. 30, 1862.

Apl. 22,1863.

Jan. 25, 1864.
Dec. 13, 1S61.

Feb. 5, 1864,
Feb."iT,i864',

Aug. 9, 1861,

and
Feb. IT, 1864.

Mch. 6, 1362.

June T, 1864.
Feb. 16,1864.
May 24,1864.

Sept. 27, 1S62.
May 11, 1864.

Men. 18, 1862.

Feb. 5, 1864.

REMARKS.

Assigned to command of Dearing'a old brigade, Anny ol
■ ortliern Virginia.

Brigade composed of the 2d, 6th, 7th and 11th Virginia regi-
ments and the 16th Virginia battalion, Colonel Funsten.

Brlgadier-Gensral of Texas State forces; commanding the 27tb
brigade ; on staff duty with General II. E. McCulloch.

Assigned to command of a brigade composed of the 8th and 11th
Texas and the 4th Tennessee regiments cavalry.

Brigade composed of the 1st, 4th and 5th Texas and the 3d Ar-
kansas regiments, Hood's division, Longstreet's corps. Army
of Northern Virginia.

Commanded brigade in Forrest's cavalry.

Promoted Major-General May 2, 1863; brigade composed of the
3d, nth, 6th*, 12th, 26th and 61st Alabama regiments infantry,
D. H. Hill's division, Jacicson's corps. Army of Northern Vir-
ginia.

Commanded Hume's cavalry brigade, Wheeler's corps.

Promoted Major-General 1864; brigade composed of the 7tb,
11th and 12th regiments Virginia cavalry and the 25th battalion
Virginia cavalry, Army of Northern Virginia.

Commanded brigade in General Forrest's cavalry, composed of
the 7th, 12th, 14th and 15th Tennessee regiments, Forrest's
old regiment and the 7th Alabama and 5th Mississippi regi-
ments.

Brigade consisted of the 9th Mississippi, 10th Mississippi, 1st
Alabama and 7th Alabama regiments. Villipigue's battalion,
the Quitman Artillery and the Vicksbnrg Artillery; subse-
quently in command of other brigades.

Commanding 2d brigade. General W. T. Martin's cavalry
division.

Brigade composed of the Arkansas Infantry regiments oJ
Colonels Carrol, King and Snead, the Arkansas infantry bat-
talions of Colonels McCarver, Lemoyne and -Tones, and a
Light Battery; attached to Major-General Samuel Jones'
division, Army of the West.

Killed in action below Petersburg, Virginia, August 21, 1864 ;
brigade composed of the Sth, 9th, lOth, 11th and 14th Alabama
regiments.

Brigade composed of the 13th, 16th, 22d, 32d and 38th regiments
North Carolina i